Iesc108.pdf Motion Chapter 8 PDF

Chapter 8 MOTION In everyday life, we see some objects at rest Activity ______________ 8.1 and others in motion. Birds fly, fish swim, Discuss whether the walls of yo...

Chapter 8 MOTION In everyday life, we see some objects at rest Activity ______________ 8.1 and others in motion. Birds fly, fish swim, Discuss whether the walls of your blood flows through veins and arteries and classroom ar e at rest or in motion. cars move. Atoms, molecules, planets, stars and galaxies are all in motion. We often Activity ______________ 8.2 perceive an object to be in motion when its Have you ever experienced that the position changes with time. However, there train in which you are sitting appears are situations where the motion is inferred to move while it is at rest? through indirect evidences. For example, we Discuss and share your experience. infer the motion of air by observing the movement of dust and the movement of leaves Think and Act and branches of trees. What causes the We sometimes are endangered by the phenomena of sunrise, sunset and changing motion of objects around us, especially of seasons? Is it due to the motion of the if that motion is erratic and earth? If it is true, why don’t we directly uncontrolled as observed in a flooded perceive the motion of the earth? river, a hurricane or a tsunami. On the An object may appear to be moving for other hand, controlled motion can be a one person and stationary for some other. For service to human beings such as in the the passengers in a moving bus, the roadside generation of hydro-electric power. Do trees appear to be moving backwards. A you feel the necessity to study the person standing on the road–side perceives erratic motion of some objects and the bus alongwith the passengers as moving. learn to control them? However, a passenger inside the bus sees his fellow passengers to be at rest. What do these 8.1 Describing Motion observations indicate? We describe the location of an object by Most motions are complex. Some objects specifying a reference point. Let us may move in a straight line, others may take understand this by an example. Let us a circular path. Some may rotate and a few assume that a school in a village is 2 km north others may vibrate. There may be situations of the railway station. We have specified the involving a combination of these. In this position of the school with respect to the chapter, we shall first learn to describe the railway station. In this example, the railway motion of objects along a straight line. We station is the reference point. We could have shall also learn to express such motions also chosen other reference points according through simple equations and graphs. Later, to our convenience. Therefore, to describe the we shall discuss ways of describing circular position of an object we need to specify a motion. reference point called the origin. 8.1.1 MOTION ALONG A STRAIGHT LINE while the magnitude of displacement = 35 km. Thus, the magnitude of displacement (35 km) The simplest type of motion is the motion is not equal to the path length (85 km). along a straight line. We shall first learn to Further, we will notice that the magnitude of describe this by an example. Consider the the displacement for a course of motion may motion of an object moving along a straight be zero but the corresponding distance path. The object starts its journey from O covered is not zero. If we consider the object which is treated as its reference point to travel back to O, the final position concides (Fig. 8.1). Let A, B and C represent the with the initial position, and therefore, the position of the object at different instants. At displacement is zero. However, the distance first, the object moves through C and B and covered in this journey is OA + AO = 60 km + reaches A. Then it moves back along the same 60 km = 120 km. Thus, two different physical path and reaches C through B. quantities — the distance and the Fig. 8.1: Positions of an object on a straight line path The total path length covered by the object displacement, are used to describe the overall is OA + AC, that is 60 km + 35 km = 95 km. motion of an object and to locate its final This is the distance covered by the object. To position with reference to its initial position describe distance we need to specify only the at a given time. numerical value and not the direction of motion. There are certain quantities which Activity ______________ 8.3 are described by specifying only their Take a metre scale and a long rope. numerical values. The numerical value of a Walk from one corner of a basket-ball physical quantity is its magnitude. From this court to its oppposite cor ner along its example, can you find out the distance of the sides. final position C of the object from the initial Measure the distance covered by you position O? This difference will give you the and magnitude of the displacement. numerical value of the displacement of the What dif fer ence would you notice object from O to C through A. The shortest between the two in this case? distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object is known as the Activity ______________ 8.4 displacement. Automobiles are fitted with a device Can the magnitude of the displacement that shows the distance travelled. Such be equal to the distance travelled by an a device is known as an odometer. A object? Consider the example given in car is driven from Bhubaneshwar to New Delhi. The dif ference between the (Fig. 8.1). For motion of the object from O to final reading and the initial reading of A, the distance covered is 60 km and the the odometer is 1850 km. magnitude of displacement is also 60 km. Find the magnitude of the displacement During its motion from O to A and back to B, between Bhubaneshwar and New Delhi the distance covered = 60 km + 25 km = 85 km by using the Road Map of India. MOTION 99 Q uestions Table 8.1 1. An object has moved through a Time Distance Distance distance. Can it have zero travelled by travelled by displacement? If yes, support object A in m object B in m your answer with an example. 9:30 am 10 12 2. A farmer moves along the 9:45 am 20 19 boundary of a square field of side 10:00 am 30 23 10 m in 40 s. What will be the magnitude of displacement of the 10:15 am 40 35 farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 10:30 am 50 37 seconds from his initial position? 10:45 am 60 41 3. Which of the following is true for 11:00 am 70 44 displacement? (a) It cannot be zero. (b) Its magnitude is greater than 8.2 Measuring the Rate of Motion the distance travelled by the object. 8.1.2 UNIFORM MOTION AND NON - UNIFORM MOTION Consider an object moving along a straight line. Let it travel 5 m in the first second, 5 m more in the next second, 5 m in the third second and 5 m in the fourth second. In this case, the object covers 5 m in each second. As the object covers equal distances (a) in equal intervals of time, it is said to be in uniform motion. The time interval in this motion should be small. In our day-to-day life, we come across motions where objects cover unequal distances in equal intervals of time, for example, when a car is moving on a crowded street or a person is jogging in a park. These are some instances of non-uniform motion. Activity ______________ 8.5 The data regarding the motion of two different objects A and B are given in Table 8.1. Examine them carefully and state whether the motion of the objects is (b) uniform or non-unifor m. Fig. 8.2 100 SCIENCE  Look at the situations given in Fig. 8.2. If Total distance travelled the bowling speed is 143 km h–1 in Fig. 8.2(a) Average speed = Total time taken what does it mean? What do you understand from the signboard in Fig. 8.2(b)? 32 m Different objects may take different = 6 s = 5.33 m s –1 amounts of time to cover a given distance. Some of them move fast and some move Therefore, the average speed of the object is 5.33 m s–1. slowly. The rate at which objects move can be different. Also, different objects can move at the same rate. One of the ways of 8.2.1 SPEED WITH DIRECTION measuring the rate of motion of an object is to find out the distance travelled by the object The rate of motion of an object can be more in unit time. This quantity is referred to as comprehensive if we specify its direction of speed. The SI unit of speed is metre per motion along with its speed. The quantity that second. This is represented by the symbol specifies both these aspects is called velocity. m s–1 or m/s. The other units of speed include Velocity is the speed of an object moving in a centimetre per second (cm s–1) and kilometre definite direction. The velocity of an object per hour (km h–1). To specify the speed of an can be uniform or variable. It can be changed object, we require only its magnitude. The by changing the object’s speed, direction of speed of an object need not be constant. In motion or both. When an object is moving most cases, objects will be in non-uniform along a straight line at a variable speed, we motion. Therefore, we describe the rate of can express the magnitude of its rate of motion of such objects in terms of their motion in terms of average velocity. It is average speed. The average speed of an object calculated in the same way as we calculate is obtained by dividing the total distance average speed. travelled by the total time taken. That is, In case the velocity of the object is Total distance travelled changing at a uniform rate, then average average speed = Total time taken velocity is given by the arithmetic mean of initial velocity and final velocity for a given If an object travels a distance s in time t then period of time. That is, its speed v is, initialvelocity + final velocity s average velocity = v= (8.1) 2 t Let us understand this by an example. A u +v car travels a distance of 100 km in 2 h. Its Mathematically, vav = (8.2) average speed is 50 km h–1. The car might 2 not have travelled at 50 km h–1 all the time. where vav is the average velocity, u is the initial Sometimes it might have travelled faster and velocity and v is the final velocity of the object. sometimes slower than this. Speed and velocity have the same units, that is, m s –1 or m/s. Example 8.1 An object travels 16 m in 4 s and then another 16 m in 2 s. What is Activity ______________ 8.6 the average speed of the object? Measure the time it takes you to walk Solution: fr om your house to your bus stop or the school. If you consider that your Total distance travelled by the object = average walking speed is 4 km h–1, 16 m + 16 m = 32 m estimate the distance of the bus stop Total time taken = 4 s + 2 s = 6 s or school from your house. MOTION 101  Activity ______________ 8.7 km 1000 m 1h = 50 × × At a time when it is cloudy, there may h 1km 3600s be frequent thunder and lightning. The = 13.9 m s –1 sound of thunder takes some time to reach you after you see the lightning. The average speed of the car is Can you answer why this happens? 50 km h–1 or 13.9 m s–1. Measure this time interval using a digital wrist watch or a stop watch. Calculate the distance of the nearest Example 8.3 Usha swims in a 90 m long point of lightning. (Speed of sound in pool. She covers 180 m in one minute Q air = 346 m s-1.) by swimming from one end to the other and back along the same straight path. uestions Find the average speed and average velocity of Usha. 1. Distinguish between speed and Solution: velocity. Total distance covered by Usha in 1 min 2. Under what condition(s) is the is 180 m. magnitude of average velocity of Displacement of Usha in 1 min = 0 m an object equal to its average speed? Total distance covered Average speed = 3. What does the odometer of an Totaltimetaken automobile measure? 180m 180 m 1 min 4. What does the path of an object = 1min = 1min × 60 s look like when it is in uniform motion? = 3 m s -1 5. During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the Displacement ground station in five minutes. Average velocity = Totaltimetaken What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground 0m station? The signal travels at the = 60 s speed of light, that is, 3 × 108 m s–1. = 0 m s–1 The average speed of Usha is 3 m s–1 and her average velocity is 0 m s–1. Example 8.2 The odometer of a car reads 2000 km at the start of a trip and 2400 km at the end of the trip. If the 8.3 Rate of Change of Velocity trip took 8 h, calculate the average speed of the car in km h–1 and m s–1. During uniform motion of an object along a straight line, the velocity remains constant Solution: with time. In this case, the change in velocity Distance covered by the car, of the object for any time interval is zero. s = 2400 km – 2000 km = 400 km However, in non-uniform motion, velocity Time elapsed, t = 8 h varies with time. It has different values at Average speed of the car is, different instants and at different points of the path. Thus, the change in velocity of the s 400 km vav = object during any time interval is not zero. t 8h Can we now express the change in velocity of = 50 km h –1 an object? 102 SCIENCE  To answer such a question, we have to attain a velocity of 6 m s–1 in 30 s. Then introduce another physical quantity called he applies brakes such that the velocity acceleration, which is a measure of the of the bicycle comes down to 4 m s-1 in change in the velocity of an object per unit the next 5 s. Calculate the acceleration time. That is, of the bicycle in both the cases. change in velocity Solution: acceleration = time taken In the first case: If the velocity of an object changes from initial velocity, u = 0 ; an initial value u to the final value v in time t, final velocity, v = 6 m s–1 ; the acceleration a is, time, t = 30 s. From Eq. (8.3), we have v–u a= (8.3) v–u t a= t This kind of motion is known as accelerated motion. The acceleration is taken Substituting the given values of u,v and to be positive if it is in the direction of velocity t in the above equation, we get and negative when it is opposite to the 6 m s –1 – 0 m s –1 direction of velocity. The SI unit of a= acceleration is m s–2. 30 s If an object travels in a straight line and = 0.2 m s–2 its velocity increases or decreases by equal In the second case: amounts in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of the object is said to be initial velocity, u = 6 m s –1; uniform. The motion of a freely falling body final velocity, v = 4 m s–1; is an example of uniformly accelerated time, t = 5 s. motion. On the other hand, an object can 4 m s –1 – 6 m s –1 travel with non-uniform acceleration if its Then, a = velocity changes at a non-uniform rate. For 5s example, if a car travelling along a straight = –0.4 m s–2. road increases its speed by unequal amounts The acceleration of the bicycle in the in equal intervals of time, then the car is said first case is 0.2 m s–2 and in the second to be moving with non-uniform acceleration. case, it is –0.4 m s –2. Q Activity ______________ 8.8 In your everyday life you come across uestions a range of motions in which (a) acceleration is in the direction of 1. When will you say a body is in motion, (i) uniform acceleration? (ii) non- (b) acceleration is against the uniform acceleration? direction of motion, 2. A bus decreases its speed from (c) acceleration is uniform, 80 km h –1 to 60 km h–1 in 5 s. (d) acceleration is non-uniform. Find the acceleration of the bus. Can you identify one example each of 3. A train starting from a railway the above type of motion? station and moving with uniform acceleration attains a speed Example 8.4 Starting from a stationary 40 km h–1 in 10 minutes. Find its position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to acceleration. MOTION 103 8.4 Graphical Representation of the distance travelled by the object is directly proportional to time taken. Thus, for uniform Motion speed, a graph of distance travelled against time is a straight line, as shown in Fig. 8.3. Graphs provide a convenient method to The portion OB of the graph shows that the present basic information about a variety of distance is increasing at a uniform rate. Note events. For example, in the telecast of a that, you can also use the term uniform one-day cricket match, vertical bar graphs velocity in place of uniform speed if you take show the run rate of a team in each over. As the magnitude of displacement equal to the you have studied in mathematics, a straight distance travelled by the object along the line graph helps in solving a linear equation y-axis. having two variables. We can use the distance-time graph to To describe the motion of an object, we determine the speed of an object. To do so, can use line graphs. In this case, line graphs consider a small part AB of the distance-time show dependence of one physical quantity, graph shown in Fig 8.3. Draw a line parallel such as distance or velocity, on another to the x-axis from point A and another line quantity, such as time. parallel to the y-axis from point B. These two lines meet each other at point C to form a 8.4.1 DISTANCE –TIME GRAPHS triangle ABC. Now, on the graph, AC denotes the time interval (t 2 – t1) while BC corresponds The change in the position of an object with to the distance (s2 – s1). We can see from the time can be represented on the distance-time graph that as the object moves from the point graph adopting a convenient scale of choice. A to B, it covers a distance (s2 – s1) in time In this graph, time is taken along the x–axis (t 2 – t1). The speed, v of the object, therefore and distance is taken along the y-axis. can be represented as Distance-time graphs can be employed under various conditions where objects move with s 2 – s1 uniform speed, non-uniform speed, remain v= (8.4) t2 – t1 at rest etc. We can also plot the distance-time graph for accelerated motion. Table 8.2 shows the distance travelled by a car in a time interval of two seconds. Table 8.2: Distance travelled by a car at regular time intervals Time in seconds Distance in metres 0 0 2 1 4 4 Fig. 8.3: Distance-time graph of an object moving 6 9 with uniform speed 8 16 We know that when an object travels 10 25 equal distances in equal intervals of time, it moves with uniform speed. This shows that 12 36 104 SCIENCE  and the velocity is represented along the y-axis. If the object moves at uniform velocity, the height of its velocity-time graph will not change with time (Fig. 8.5). It will be a straight line parallel to the x-axis. Fig. 8.5 shows the velocity-time graph for a car moving with uniform velocity of 40 km h–1. We know that the product of velocity and time give displacement of an object moving with uniform velocity. The area enclosed by velocity-time graph and the time axis will be equal to the magnitude of the displacement. To know the distance moved by the car between time t1 and t 2 using Fig. 8.5, draw perpendiculars from the points corresponding to the time t 1 and t2 on the graph. The velocity of 40 km h–1 is represented by the height AC or BD and the time (t 2 – t 1) is represented by the length AB. Fig. 8.4: Distance-time graph for a car moving with So, the distance s moved by the car in non-unifor m speed time (t 2 – t1) can be expressed as s = AC × CD The distance-time graph for the motion = [(40 km h –1) × (t2 – t1) h] of the car is shown in Fig. 8.4. Note that the = 40 (t2– t1) km shape of this graph is different from the earlier = area of the rectangle ABDC (shaded distance-time graph (Fig. 8.3) for uniform in Fig. 8.5). motion. The nature of this graph shows non- We can also study about uniformly linear variation of the distance travelled by accelerated motion by plotting its velocity– the car with time. Thus, the graph shown in time graph. Consider a car being driven along Fig 8.4 represents motion with non-uniform a straight road for testing its engine. Suppose speed. a person sitting next to the driver records its velocity after every 5 seconds by noting the 8.4.2 V ELOCITY-TIME GRAPHS reading of the speedometer of the car. The velocity of the car, in km h–1 as well as in The variation in velocity with time for an m s–1, at different instants of time is shown object moving in a straight line can be in table 8.3. represented by a velocity-time graph. In this graph, time is represented along the x-axis Table 8.3: Velocity of a car at regular instants of time Time Velocity of the car–1 (s) (m s–1) (km h ) 0 0 0 5 2.5 9 10 5.0 18 15 7.5 27 20 10.0 36 Fig. 8.5: Velocity-time graph for unifor m motion of 25 12.5 45 a car 30 15.0 54 MOTION 105  In this case, the velocity-time graph for the motion of the car is shown in Fig. 8.6. The nature of the graph shows that velocity changes by equal amounts in equal intervals of time. Thus, for all uniformly accelerated motion, the velocity-time graph is a straight line. Velocity (km h ) –1 Fig. 8.7: Velocity-time graphs of an object in non- uniformly accelerated motion. Fig. 8.7(a) shows a velocity-time graph Fig. 8.6: Velocity-time graph for a car moving with that represents the motion of an object whose uniform accelerations. velocity is decreasing with time while Fig. 8.7 (b) shows the velocity-time graph You can also determine the distance representing the non-uniform variation of moved by the car from its velocity-time graph. velocity of the object with time. Try to interpret The area under the velocity-time graph gives these graphs. the distance (magnitude of displacement) moved by the car in a given interval of time. Activity ______________ 8.9 If the car would have been moving with The times of arrival and departure of a uniform velocity, the distance travelled by it train at three stations A, B and C and would be represented by the area ABCD the distance of stations B and C from under the graph (Fig. 8.6). Since the station A are given in table 8.4. magnitude of the velocity of the car is Table 8.4: Distances of stations B changing due to acceleration, the distance s and C from A and times of arrival travelled by the car will be given by the area and departure of the train ABCDE under the velocity-time graph (Fig. 8.6). Station Distance Time of Time of That is, from A arrival departure s = area ABCDE (km) (hours) (hours) = area of the rectangle ABCD + area of A 0 08:00 08:15 the triangle ADE B 120 11:15 11:30 1 C 180 13:00 13:15 = AB × BC + (AD × DE) 2 Plot and interpret the distance-time In the case of non-uniformly accelerated graph for the train assuming that its motion, velocity-time graphs can have any motion between any two stations is shape. uniform. 106 SCIENCE  Activity _____________ 8.10 8.5 Equations of Motion by Feroz and his sister Sania go to school Graphical Method on their bicycles. Both of them start at the same time from their home but take When an object moves along a straight line dif ferent times to reach the school with uniform acceleration, it is possible to although they follow the same route. relate its velocity, acceleration during motion Table 8.5 shows the distance travelled and the distance covered by it in a certain by them in differ ent times time interval by a set of equations known as the equations of motion. There are three such Table 8.5: Distance covered by Feroz equations. These are: and Sania at different times on v = u + at (8.5) s = ut + ½ at2 (8.6) their bicycles 2 a s = v 2 – u2 (8.7) where u is the initial velocity of the object Time Distance Distance which moves with uniform acceleration a for travelled travelled time t, v is the final velocity, and s is the by Feroz by Sania distance travelled by the object in time t. (km) (km) Eq. (8.5) describes the velocity-time relation and Eq. (8.6) represents the position-time 8:00 am 0 0 relation. Eq. (8.7), which represents the relation between the position and the velocity, 8:05 am 1.0 0.8 can be obtained from Eqs. (8.5) and (8.6) by 8:10 am 1.9 1.6 eliminating t. These three equations can be derived by graphical method. 8:15 am 2.8 2.3 8:20 am 3.6 3.0 8.5.1 E Q UATION FOR V E L OCITY - TIME RELATION 8:25 am – 3.6 Consider the velocity-time graph of an object Plot the distance-time graph for their that moves under uniform acceleration as motions on the same scale and Q interpret. uestions 1. What is the nature of the distance-time graphs for uniform and non-uniform motion of an object? 2. What can you say about the motion of an object whose distance-time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis? 3. What can you say about the motion of an object if its speed- time graph is a straight line parallel to the time axis? 4. What is the quantity which is measured by the area occupied Fig. 8.8: Velocity-time graph to obtain the equations below the velocity-time graph? of motion MOTION 107 shown in Fig. 8.8 (similar to Fig. 8.6, but now 1 with u ≠ 0). From this graph, you can see that = OA × OC + (AD × BD) (8.10) 2 initial velocity of the object is u (at point A) and then it increases to v (at point B) in time Substituting OA = u, OC = AD = t and BD t. The velocity changes at a uniform rate a. = at, we get In Fig. 8.8, the perpendicular lines BC and 1 BE are drawn from point B on the time and s=u ×t + (t × at ) 2 the velocity axes respectively, so that the initial velocity is represented by OA, the final 1 or s=u t+ at2 velocity is represented by BC and the time 2 interval t is represented by OC. BD = BC – CD, represents the change in velocity in time 8.5.3 EQUATION FOR POSITION –VELOCITY interval t. Let us draw AD parallel to OC. From the RELATION graph, we observe that From the velocity-time graph shown in BC = BD + DC = BD + OA Substituting BC = v and OA = u, Fig. 8.8, the distance s travelled by the object we get v = BD + u in time t, moving under uniform acceleration or BD = v – u (8.8) a is given by the area enclosed within the From the velocity-time graph (Fig. 8.8), trapezium OABC under the graph. That is, the acceleration of the object is given by s = area of the trapezium OABC Change in velocity OA + BC ×OC a= = time taken 2 BD BD Substituting OA = u, BC = v and OC = t, = = AD OC we get Substituting OC = t, we get u +v t s (8.11) BD 2 a= t From the velocity-time relation (Eq. 8.6), or BD = at (8.9) we get Using Eqs. (8.8) and (8.9) we get v– u v = u + at t= (8.12) a 8.5.2 EQUATION FOR POSITION - TIME Using Eqs. (8.11) and (8.12) we have RELATION v +u v- u s= Let us consider that the object has travelled 2a a distance s in time t under uniform acceleration a. In Fig. 8.8, the distance or 2 a s = v2 – u2 travelled by the object is obtained by the area enclosed within OABC under the velocity-time Example 8.5 A train starting from rest graph AB. attains a velocity of 72 km h–1 in Thus, the distance s travelled by the object 5 minutes. Assuming that the is given by acceleration is uniform, find (i) the s = area OABC (which is a trapezium) acceleration and (ii) the distance = area of the rectangle OADC + area of travelled by the train for attaining this the triangle ABD velocity. 108 SCIENCE  Solution: (ii) From Eq. (8.6) we have We have been given 1 u = 0 ; v = 72 km h–1 = 20 m s-1 and s=ut + at2 2 t = 5 minutes = 300 s. 1 (i) From Eq. (8.5) we know that = 5 m s–1 × 5 s +× 1 m s–2 × (5 s) 2 2 v–u a= = 25 m + 12.5 m t = 37.5 m –2 20 m s –1 – 0 m s –1 The acceleration of the car is 1 m s = 300 s and the distance covered is 37.5 m. 1 = m s –2 15 Example 8.7 The brakes applied to a car (ii) From Eq. (8.7) we have produce an acceleration of 6 m s-2 in 2 a s = v2 – u2 = v2 – 0 the opposite direction to the motion. If Thus, the car takes 2 s to stop after the application of brakes, calculate the v2 distance it travels during this time. s= 2a Solution: –1 2 (20 m s ) We have been given = a = – 6 m s–2 ; t = 2 s and v = 0 m s–1. –2 2×(1/15) ms From Eq. (8.5) we know that = 3000 m v = u + at = 3 km 0 = u + (– 6 m s–2) × 2 s or u = 12 m s–1. 1 The acceleration of the train is m s– 2 From Eq. (8.6) we get 15 and the distance travelled is 3 km. 1 2 s = u t+ at 2 1 Example 8.6 A car accelerates uniformly = (12 m s–1 ) × (2 s) + (–6 m s–2 ) (2 s)2 –1 –1 2 from 18 km h to 36 km h in 5 s. Calculate (i) the acceleration and (ii) the = 24 m – 12 m distance covered by the car in that time. = 12 m Thus, the car will move 12 m before it Solution: stops after the application of brakes. Can you now appreciate why drivers We are given that a re cautioned to maintain some u = 18 km h–1 = 5 m s–1 distance between vehicles while v = 36 km h–1 = 10 m s–1 and travelling on the road? Q t = 5s. (i) From Eq. (8.5) we have uestions v–u a= 1. A bus starting from rest moves t with a uniform acceleration of 10 m s -1 – 5 m s -1 0.1 m s-2 for 2 minutes. Find (a) = 5s the speed acquired, (b) the = 1 m s–2 distance travelled. MOTION 109  2. A train is travelling at a speed of Let us consider an example of the motion 90 km h–1. Brakes are applied so of a body along a closed path. Fig 8.9 (a) shows as to produce a uniform the path of an athlete along a rectangular acceleration of – 0.5 m s-2. Find track ABCD. Let us assume that the athlete how far the train will go before it runs at a uniform speed on the straight parts is brought to rest. AB, BC, CD and DA of the track. In order to 3. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an keep himself on track, he quickly changes acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will his speed at the corners. How many times be its velocity 3 s after the start? will the athlete have to change his direction 4. A racing car has a uniform of motion, while he completes one round? It acceleration of 4 m s- 2. What is clear that to move in a rectangular track distance will it cover in 10 s after once, he has to change his direction of motion start? four times. 5. A stone is thrown in a vertically Now, suppose instead of a rectangular upward direction with a velocity track, the athlete is running along a of 5 m s-1. If the acceleration of the hexagonal shaped path ABCDEF, as shown stone during its motion is 10 m s–2 in Fig. 8.9(b). In this situation, the athlete in the downward direction, what will have to change his direction six times will be the height attained by the while he completes one round. What if the stone and how much time will it take to reach there? track was not a hexagon but a regular octagon, with eight equal sides as shown by ABCDEFGH in Fig. 8.9(c)? It is observed that 8.6 Uniform Circular Motion as the number of sides of the track increases When the velocity of an object changes, we the athelete has to take turns more and more say that the object is accelerating. The change often. What would happen to the shape of in the velocity could be due to change in its the track as we go on increasing the number magnitude or the direction of the motion or of sides indefinitely? If you do this you will both. Can you think of an example when an notice that the shape of the track approaches object does not change its magnitude of the shape of a circle and the length of each of velocity but only its direction of motion? the sides will decrease to a point. If the athlete moves with a velocity of constant magnitude along the circular path, the only change in his velocity is due to the change in the direction of motion. The motion of the athlete moving along a circular path is, therefore, an example of an accelerated motion. (a) Rectangular track (b) Hexagonal track We know that the circumference of a circle of radius r is given by 2 r. If the athlete takes t seconds to go once around the circular path of radius r, the velocity v is given by 2 r v= (8.13) t (c) Octagonal shaped track (d) A circular track When an object moves in a circular path Fig. 8.9: The motion of an athlete along closed tracks with uniform speed, its motion is called of different shapes. uniform circular motion. 110 SCIENCE  Activity _____________ 8.11 If you carefully note, on being released the stone moves along a straight line Take a piece of thread and tie a small tangential to the circular path. This is piece of stone at one of its ends. Move because once the stone is released, it the stone to describe a circular path with constant speed by holding the continues to move along the direction it has thread at the other end, as shown in been moving at that instant. This shows that Fig. 8.10. the direction of motion changed at every point when the stone was moving along the circular path. When an athlete throws a hammer or a discus in a sports meet, he/she holds the hammer or the discus in his/her hand and gives it a circular motion by rotating his/her own body. Once released in the desired Fig. 8.10: A stone describing a circular path with direction, the hammer or discus moves in the a velocity of constant magnitude. direction in which it was moving at the time Now, let the stone go by r eleasing the it was released, just like the piece of stone in thread. the activity described above. There are many Can you tell the direction in which the more familiar examples of objects moving stone moves after it is released? under uniform circular motion, such as the By repeating the activity for a few times motion of the moon and the earth, a satellite and releasing the stone at different positions of the circular path, check in a circular orbit around the earth, a cyclist whether the direction in which the on a circular track at constant speed stone moves remains the same or not. and so on. What you have learnt Motion is a change of position; it can be described in terms of the distance moved or the displacement. The motion of an object could be uniform or non-uniform depending on whether its velocity is constant or changing. The speed of an object is the distance covered per unit time, and velocity is the displacement per unit time. The acceleration of an object is the change in velocity per unit time. Uniform and non-uniform motions of objects can be shown through graphs. The motion of an object moving at uniform acceleration can be described with the help of three equations, namely v = u + at s = ut + ½ at2 2as = v2 – u2 MOTION 111  where u is initial velocity of the object, which moves with uniform acceleration a for time t, v is its final velocity and s is the distance it travelled in time t. If an object moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is called uniform circular motion. Exercises 1. An athlete completes one round of a circular track of diameter 200 m in 40 s. What will be the distance covered and the displacement at the end of 2 minutes 20 s? 2. Joseph jogs from one end A to the other end B of a straight 300 m road in 2 minutes 30 seconds and then turns around and jogs 100 m back to point C in another 1 minute. What are Joseph’s average speeds and velocities in jogging (a) from A to B and (b) from A to C? 3. Abdul, while driving to school, computes the average speed for his trip to be 20 km h–1. On his return trip along the same route, there is less traffic and the average speed is 30 km h–1. What is the average speed for Abdul’s trip? 4. A motorboat starting from rest on a lake accelerates in a straight line at a constant rate of 3.0 m s–2 for 8.0 s. How far does the boat travel during this time? 5. A driver of a car travelling at 52 km h–1 applies the brakes and accelerates uniformly in the opposite direction. The car stops in 5 s. Another driver going at 3 km h–1 in another car applies his brakes slowly and stops in 10 s. On the same graph paper, plot the speed versus time graphs for the two cars. Which of the two cars travelled farther after the brakes were applied? 6. Fig 8.11 shows the distance-time graph of three objects A,B and C. Study the graph and answer the following questions: Fig. 8.11 112 SCIENCE  (a) Which of the three is travelling the fastest? (b) Are all three ever at the same point on the road? (c) How far has C travelled when B passes A? (d) How far has B travelled by the time it passes C? 7. A ball is gently dropped from a height of 20 m. If its velocity increases uniformly at the rate of 10 m s-2, with what velocity will it strike the ground? After what time will it strike the ground? 8. The speed-time graph for a car is shown is Fig. 8.12. Fig. 8.12 (a) Find how far does the car travel in the first 4 seconds. Shade the area on the graph that represents the distance travelled by the car during the period. (b) Which part of the graph represents uniform motion of the car? 9. State which of the following situations are possible and give an example for each of these: (a) an object with a constant acceleration but with zero velocity (b) an object moving in a certain direction with an acceleration in the perpendicular direction. 10. An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 42250 km. Calculate its speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth. MOTION 113