Physical Science Past Paper PDF - NegOr Q4 Week 2

ARISTOTELIAN, GALILEAN AND NEWTONIAN CONCEPTS OF MOTION for Physical Science – Grade 11 Quarter 4 / Week 2 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 N e...

ARISTOTELIAN, GALILEAN AND NEWTONIAN CONCEPTS OF MOTION for Physical Science – Grade 11 Quarter 4 / Week 2 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 N e g O  FOREWORD This self-learning kit will serve as a guide and to help the learners compare and contrast conceptions of motion by Aristotle, Galileo and Newton. It is anchored on a holistic approach in developing the basic learning competencies in Physical Science of the K-12 Basic Education Curriculum. We already know that physics is concerned with the motion of objects and the quantitative analysis of that motion. To properly define such motion is not an easy thing. It has a lot of ambiguity especially when dealing with interacting motions. In this particular SLK (Self Learning Kit) we will be tackling about the various concepts of motion by Aristotle, Galileo and Newton. 2 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the learners shall be able to: K: explain the concepts of motion by Aristotle, Galileo and Newton; S: demonstrate concepts of motion by Aristotle, Galileo and newton; and A: display interest in the process of understanding the connection between the various concepts of motion. LEARNING COMPETENCIES ✓ Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean conceptions of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion. (MELC) S11/12PS-Ivc-46 ✓ Explain How Galileo inferred that Objects in Vacuum Fall in Uniform Acceleration, and that force is not necessary to retain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVc-47) ✓ Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVd-51) 3 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 I. WHAT HAPPENED SCI-QUIZ: TRUE OR FALSE Read each of the statements carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is wrong. Answer in your notebook. 1. According to Galileo heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. 2. In the absence of air resistance, a dry cotton ball would fall faster than a stone. 3. In a vacuum, a feather falls faster than a metal ball. 4. In Galileo’s experiment he found out that the steeper the inclined plane , the lesser is the acceleration 5. One of Galileo’s observation was that the maximum acceleration of the rolling ball was reached when the inclined plane was positioned vertically as if the ball was simply falling. 6. According to Galileo the ball would decrease in speed when rolling in a horizontal plane. 7. Law of inertia states that gravity is needed in order for a body to move. 8. Galileo observed that a ball released down from an inclined plane will reach exactly the same height as it simultaneously rolls up in another inclined plane. 9. According to Galileo, a ball rolling in a horizontal plane would keep moving considering that friction is neglected. 10. Galileo’s assertion and Newton’s inertia are similar, the only difference is the concept of force. 4 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 II. WHAT I NEED TO KNOW DISCUSSION: ARISTOTELIAN AND GALILEAN CONCEPTIONS OF VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL AND PROJECTILE MOTION Sample timeline of astronomers and early physicists during the time of Galileo. https://www.slideshare.net/06426345/the-history-of-astronomy 5 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 Based from the photo above, our current understanding on the physics of motion did not happen overnight. Instead, it gradually developed as philosophers take up previously held philosophies and improve on it or give critique identifying possible weakness or inconsistencies with observations. Galileo’s two major contributions to modern physics were the ‘Law of Falling Bodies’ and the ‘Law of Inertia’. Inertial motion of an object means that this motion can solely be changed by forces acting upon it. Gravity accelerates all objects equally regardless of their masses or the materials from which they are made and this is a cornerstone of modern physics. Galileo discovered the law of inertia, but he did not name it. https://www.qsstudy.com/physics/galil https://www.slideshare.net/abirmingham/ch-221-the-scientific- eos-three-laws-falling-bodies revolution-44788380 Four types of the terrestrial motion 1. Alteration — simply chemical or physical changes 2. vertical or natural local motion 3. horizontal or violent motion 4. celestial motion. Philosophically, these motions are by there very essence different from each other. The closest to each other would be natural motion and violent motion. Natural motion in relation to the four-element model of Aristotle and their “natural position” in the Universe — Earth being at the 6 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 middle of it, hence object made more of earth falls “faster” than those made more of fire or air. The concept of violent motion is related to the term “violent” being the state of motion that prevents the attainment of natural progression of motion: either frustrates or goes against natural motion. It is caused by external forces applied to the object. Aristotle taught that to maintain motion, an external force must continue to be exerted on the object. Projectile motion is a form of motion experienced by an object or particle that is projected near the Earth's surface and moves along a curved path under the action of gravity only. This curved path was shown by Galileo to be a parabola, but may also be a line in the special case when it is thrown directly upwards. Galileo understood that the projectile's path is a combination of horizontal and vertical motion. Galileo understood that vertical motion does not affect horizontal motion. An object projected horizontally will reach the ground in the same time as an object dropped vertically. The path of any projectile is a parabola. Keep in mind that the natural philosophers had to base their explanations of motion on the prevailing philosophical standpoint. While Galileo is popularly known to have finally nailed the following early Aristotelian thesis on motion, previous ideas and even experimentation has already been done. 7 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 1. Aristotelian: Natural motion (largely vertical motion, falling or rising) and violent motion (largely associated with horizontal, hence projectile, motion) are two motions of distinct nature 2. Aristotelian: A constant amount of force is needed to be applied to objects to keep them moving in horizontal motion. https://slideplayer.com/slide/6839012/ The above premises were largely held by the philosophers and scientists from the time of Aristotle up to the time of Galileo. It would have needed great scientific efforts (evidence and arguments) to change that view. By the time of Galileo, several philosophers already knew of the increasing number of physical observations that violate majority of Aristotelian premises. However, it can be credited to Galileo to quantify the “rate of fall” by measurement of distance and time and plotting it graphically. http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=2&filename=Kine matics_GalileoRamps.xml a. He was able to slow down the “fall” using ramps rather than viscous materials as Aristotle did resulting to significantly different conclusions related to the “rate of fall”. b. He correctly measured motion in two independent directions 8 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  (horizontal and vertical) and deduced that the “rate of fall” is better measured in terms of downward acceleration. c. Used geometry to provide better description (kinematics) of projectile motion whereby horizontal motion has zero acceleration (constant speed horizontally) and content vertical acceleration. Galileo's Experiment of Falling Bodies: Galileo climbed all of 352 steps of the Leaning Tower of Pisa where he took up with him two balls each with a different weight. Once he was at the top, he dropped both balls to see which would land first. Even though their weights were not the same, they hit the ground at the same time. From this experiment, Galileo found that objects fall to the ground at the same rate (regardless of weight) unless things like air resistance change the rate. https://jimadamsauthordotcom.wordpress.com/20 18/01/04/galileo-was-right/ Violent Motion: This idea said that any motion that requires a force is a Violent Motion. For example, pushing a book along a table, or lifting a book. 9 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  The infamous Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment of Galileo may not be true but only likely to have been done by Galileo. Other philosophers before him mentioned a very similar observation. Galileo allegedly demonstrated the https://www.traveloka.com/en- equal rate of fall of objects differing id/activities/italy/product/the-leaning-tower-of- in weight. pisa-tickets-2001606072904 The philosophical argument reductio ad absurdum method used by Galileo in showing that the Aristotelian proposal that heavier objects fall at the same rate must be false and that the only plausible explanation is that all objects fall at the same rate. Galileo instead slowed down the “fall” using ramp. By plotting the position against time, and at the same time increasing the slope, one can deduce that the resulting “rate of fall” (or acceleration) approaches a single value. UNIFORM ACCELERATION OF OBJECTS IN A VACUUM The notion on uniform acceleration of objects in a vacuum would be better understood if we would first recall or understand what is acceleration and what is a vacuum. Acceleration is a vector quantity that is defined as the rate at which an object changes its velocity. An object is accelerating if it is changing its velocity. Example: The data below are representative of a northward-moving accelerating object. The velocity is changing over the course of time. In fact, the velocity is changing by a constant amount - 10 m/s - in each second of time. Anytime an object's velocity is changing, the object is said to be accelerating - it has an acceleration. 10 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  Table 1: Uniform Accelerated Motion Time Velocity elapsed 0s 0 m/s, north 1s 10 m/s, north 2s 20 m/s, north 3s 30 m/s, north 4s 40 m/s, north 5s 50 m/s, north Objects that fall through a vacuum is subjected to only one external force, the gravitational force, expressed as the weight of the object. The weight equation defines the weight W to be equal to the mass of the object m times the gravitational acceleration g: W=m*g the value of g is 9.8 meters per square second on the surface of the earth. The gravitational acceleration g decreases with the square of the distance from the center of the earth. If an object is moved by gravity alone, is called free falling. If the object falls through the atmosphere, there is an additional drag force acting on it. It could be air resistance or any other factors. The motion of any moving object is described by Newton's Second Law of Motion, force F equals mass m times acceleration a: F=m*a We can do a little algebra and solve for the acceleration of the object in terms of the net external force and the mass of the object: a=F/m For a free - falling object, the net external force is just the weight of the object: F=W 11 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 Substituting into the second law equation gives: a = W / m = (m * g) / m = g The acceleration of the object equals the gravitational acceleration. The mass, size, and shape of the object are not a factor in describing the motion of the object. All objects, regardless of size, shape or weight, fall freely with the same acceleration. In a vacuum, a cotton ball falls at the same rate as a metal ball. Knowing the acceleration, we can determine the velocity and location of any free falling object at any time. Such wonderful observation that all objects fall with the same acceleration in a vacuum was first proposed by Galileo Galilei nearly 400 years ago. Galileo conducted experiments using a ball on an inclined plane to determine the relationship between the time and distance traveled. He found that the distance depended on the square of the time and that the velocity increased as the ball moved down the incline. The relationship was the same regardless of the mass of the ball used in the experiment. The experiment was successful because he was using a ball for the falling object and the friction between the ball and the plane was much smaller than the gravitational force. He knew that falling objects increase their speed as they go down. This change in speed is acceleration. However, Galileo did not have any equipment to measure this change, so what he did is he used inclined planes to lessen the acceleration of the moving bodies. Through such inclined plane he was able to figure out the change in speed. 12 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  Here are his observations: *A ball rolling down an inclined plane will increase its speed by the same value after every second. For instance, the speed of a rolling ball was found to increase by 5 m/s every second. This means that the rolling ball would have the following speeds for every given second. Note: The steeper the inclined plane, the more is the acceleration. 13 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  The maximum acceleration of the rolling ball was reached when the inclined plane was positioned vertically as if the ball is simply falling. These things have lead Galileo to conclude that regardless of the mass and air resistance, falling objects would always have uniform acceleration. NEWTON’S INERTIA AND GALILEO’S ASSERTION What is Galileo’s assertion on motion? Galileo Galilei was one of those who initiated the concept of inertia before Newton came up with the “law of Inertia”. In his experiment, he found out that when a ball rolls down an inclined plane, its speed maximizes or increases; and decreases speed when it rolls upward an inclined plane. In such scenario where the ball decreases speed when going up a plane and increases speed when going down respectively, gravity is taking effect. 14 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 The ball rolling down the inclined plane was pulled by gravity, causing the speed to increase. The opposite happened when the ball was rolling up the inclined plane. It was in here where he theorized “what would probably happen if the ball is rolling in a horizontal plane?” Galileo then made the experiment and found out that the ball would continue moving, but then eventually stopped because of the effect of friction. On his set up, Galileo theorized that the ball rolling on a floor would probably keep moving with constant velocity if the friction between the floor and ball is neglected. It would continue moving unless a push or a pull disturbs the state of motion. Galileo called this tendency of materials to resist change in their state of motion as inertia. It is in his assertion where Newton actually based his concepts of his first law of motion. They both implied that no force is needed to keep the motion of an object and the object’s inertia would keep it from changing its state of motion. There is actually a little difference. The difference is in the concept of force. Galileo was aware about friction but was not able to consider the concept of force. He focused on the term 'push and pull' to indicate forces but it was Sir Isaac Newton who defined the concept of force and its relation to motion. 15 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force. This is normally taken as the definition of inertia. The key point here is that if there is no net force acting on an object (if all the external forces cancel each other out) then the object will maintain a constant velocity. If that velocity is zero, then the object remains at rest. If an external force is applied, the velocity will change because of the force. Performance Task SCI-ACTIVITY: FALLING BODIES Materials: a) One coin b) a piece of paper (may be a paper bill) Directions: A mini Leaning Tower of Pisa experiment may be done using a piece of paper (or paper bill) and a coin. Obviously, one is lighter than another. In their usual state, when a paper (or bill) and a coin are released from rest in midair at the same level, the coin will reach the ground first, showing that Aristotelian physics is right. However, when the paper is crumpled the two will strike the ground at the same time, showing that Galileo’s conclusions are right. Now to better understand this, you perform this activity and determine possible special cases. For example, would the conclusion be the same if it’s done in greater height? You write your observation in your activity notebook. WARNING: Experiments higher than one floor height may pose danger to health or life, so it is strictly prohibited. Notice that a standing height or even standing on a chair or table should be enough for the activity’s objective. 16 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 III. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED TRUE OR FALSE Directions: Read each of the statements carefully. Write TRUE if the statement is true and write FALSE if the statement is false. Do this in your activity notebook. 1. When an object is stationary, all of the forces acting on it are balanced. 2. The only way to slow down a moving object is to apply a force to it. 3. An object in motion will slow down if acted on by an force in the direction of motion. 4. According to Galileo the ball would decrease in speed when rolling in a horizontal plane. 5. Law of inertia states that gravity is needed in order for a body to move. 6. Galileo observed that a ball released down from an inclined plane will reached exactly the same height as it simultaneously rolls up in another inclined plane. 7. According to Galileo, heavier objects fall faster than lighter ones. 8. In the absence of air resistance, a dry cotton ball would fall faster than a stone. 9. In a vacuum, a feather falls faster than a metal ball. 10-15. Give the 3 observations of Galileo about his experiment / set up. And explain each. ( two points each) Observations Explanation 17 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 FEREFENCES: Acceleration due to Gravity. physicslab.org http://dev.physicslab.org/Document.aspx?doctype=2&filename=Kinematics_Galileo Ramps.xml “Acceleration”. The Physics Classroom. https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/1DKin/Lesson- 1/Acceleration. Aristotle vs Galileo. Slideshare.net https://www.slideshare.net/abirmingham/ch-221-the-scientific-revolution-44788380 Astronomy. Wikipedia.com https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astronomy Astronomy Timeline. Slideshare,net https://www.slideshare.net/06426345/the-history-of-astronomy “Free Falling Objects”. NASA. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k- 12/airplane/ffall.html#:~:text=The%20remarkable%20observation%20th at%20all,the%20time%20and%20distance%20traveled. Last Updated: May 05 2015. Galileo was right.wordpress.com https://jimadamsauthordotcom.wordpress.com/2018/01/04/galileo-was-right/ Law of falling objects. Slideplayer.com https://slideplayer.com/slide/6839012/ https://www.qsstudy.com/physics/galileos-three-laws-falling-bodies “Law of Inertia”. https://www.britannica.com/science/law-of- inertiahttps://www.britannica.com/science/law-of-inertia. Leaning tower of Pisa. Traveloka.com https://www.traveloka.com/en-id/activities/italy/product/the-leaning-tower-of-pisa- tickets-2001606072904 “Newton’s Laws of Motion.” NASA. https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k- 12/airplane/newton.html. “Search for an answer to any question: Brainly. https://brainly.in/question/1753174. 18 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2  DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION SCHOOLS DIVISION OF NEGROS ORIENTAL SENEN PRISCILLO P. PAULIN, CESO V Schools Division Superintendent JOELYZA M. ARCILLA EdD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent MARCELO K. PALISPIS EdD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent NILITA L. RAGAY EdD OIC - Assistant Schools Division Superintendent / CID Chief ROSELA R. ABIERA Education Program Supervisor – (LRMS) ARNOLD R. JUNGCO PSDS – Division Science Coordinator MARICEL S. RASID Librarian II (LRMDS) ELMAR L. CABRERA PDO II (LRMDS) KRISHIELLE A. SALVA Writer JOAN B. VALENCIA Editor NOELYN E. SIAPNO Layout Artist _________________________________ ALPHA QA TEAM LIEZEL A. AGOR EUFRATES G. ANSOK JOAN Y. BUBULI MA. OFELIA BUSCATO LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA DEXTER D. PAIRA BETA QA TEAM LIEZEL A. AGOR - BESAS JOAN Y. BUBULI - VALENCIA LIELIN A. DE LA ZERNA PETER PAUL A. PATRON THOMAS JOGIE U. TOLEDO DISCLAIMER The information, activities and assessments used in this material are designed to provide accessible learning modality to the teachers and learners of the Division of Negros Oriental. The contents of this module are carefully researched, chosen, and evaluated to comply with the set learning competencies. The writers and evaluator were clearly instructed to give credits to information and illustrations used to substantiate this material. All content is subject to copyright and may not be reproduced in any form without expressed written consent from the division. 19 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2 SYNOPSIS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR ANSWER KEY With the help of this SLK in PHYSICAL SCIENCE, particularly on the topic about various concepts of motion by Aristotle, Galileo and newton, it is hoped and presumed that the learners are now well equipped with the knowledge on how these concepts are interconnected with one another. THE EDITOR The author, KRISHIELLE A. SALVA, is a 2016 graduate of Silliman University with a degree in Bachelor of Secondary Education major in Biological Science. She was a science teacher in Silliman University Junior High School and is currently teaching in Manjuyod Senior High School. At present, she is pursuing her Master of Arts in Educational Management (MAEd) in St. Paul University Dumaguete. 20 NegOr_Q4_PhySci11_SLKWeek2_v2