History Of Ancient Egyptian Art PDF

# History of Art ## The Egyptian Eternal Life Book (كتاب البعث) - The Egyptian Eternal Life Book - Known as Egyptian Book of the Dead - Anubis weighing the soul of the scribe Ani, from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, c. 1275 bce. ## How was ancient Egyptian art created? - Ancient Egyptians created...

# History of Art ## The Egyptian Eternal Life Book (كتاب البعث) - The Egyptian Eternal Life Book - Known as Egyptian Book of the Dead - Anubis weighing the soul of the scribe Ani, from the Egyptian Book of the Dead, c. 1275 bce. ## How was ancient Egyptian art created? - Ancient Egyptians created both monumental and smaller sculptures, using the technique of sunk relief. - In this technique, the image is made by cutting the relief sculpture into a flat surface, set within a sunken area shaped around the image. - In the wall painting of Nefertari, the side view is apparent. ### Sunken relief - High sunk relief - Low sunk relief ## What influenced ancient Egyptian art? - The belief in life after death was a major force in the development of art and architecture during Egypt's history. - Religious festivals affected the forms of architecture and art. The forms of artistic expression were the direct result of the needs of ritual actions and; art reflected ritual and belief. ## The Pyramids - The pyramids of Giza are among the most recognizable symbols of ancient Egypt civilization. - The Giza Necropolis, built in the Fourth Dynasty, includes the Pyramid of Khufu (also known as the Great Pyramid or the Pyramid of Cheops), the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure, along with smaller "queen" pyramids and the Great Sphinx. ## The Temple of Karnak - Shown here is the hypostyle hall of the Temple of Karnak. - The Temple of Karnak was first built in the 16th century BCE. About 30 pharaohs contributed to the buildings, creating an extremely large and diverse complex. - It includes the Precincts of Amon-Re, Montu and Mut, and the Temple of Amehotep IV (dismantled). ## Key Points in Ancient Egyptian Art - Ancient Egyptian art includes painting, sculpture, architecture, and other forms of art, such as drawings on papyrus, created between 3000 BCE and 100 CE. - Most of this art was highly stylized and symbolic. Much of the surviving forms come from tombs and monuments, and thus have a focus on life after death and preservation of knowledge. - Faience was sintered-quartz ceramic with surface vitrification, used to create relatively cheap small objects in many colors. - Glass was originally a luxury item but became more common, used to make small jars for perfume and other liquids, and was placed tombs. - Carvings of vases, amulets, and images of deities and animals were made of steatite. - Pottery was sometimes covered with enamel, particularly in the color blue. - Papyrus was used for writing and painting. Architects carefully planned buildings, aligning them with astronomically significant events, such as solstices and equinoxes. They used mainly sun-baked mud brick, limestone, sandstone, and granite. ## Famous Ancient Egyptian Arts - Ancient Egyptian art was made in many forms using different materials, these different art forms served different purposes. - They were always made in a conventional, traditional style with allusions to symmetry, proportionate size, etc. - They were made of silver, gold, jewelry, faience, glass, wood and much more. - There were also paintings and art inscriptions on walls and papyrus which were made for different purposes. - Examples include the: Mask of Tutankhamun, Akhenateon. ## The Columns - A column in architecture is any piece whose length is more than ten times its diameter smaller, and can withstand pressure. - Column in constructions: It is a vertical support and is called building pillars, meaning it is made a pillar for it. - Some believe that the column is a straight column, whose cross-section may be square, rectangular, or... Round or oval, it is the structural element or member that supports beams, slabs, and... - Static and dynamic loads in - Structures built of stone, brick, concrete, Wood or metal, and its section size is designed according to the loads imposed on it. ### Fluted Columns - This column form resembled bundled reeds or plant stems but was sometimes made as polygonal shafts. - Lotiform columns. - Palmiform columns. - Papyriform column. - Coniform columns. - Tent Pole columns. - Composite columns. ### Column Parts - The main parts are the base, the body, and the crown, which mostly distinguishes each type of column from the other. ## Everyday furniture of Ancient Egypt - Most ordinary Egyptians did not have a lot of furniture; the pieces they did have were very simple, and they made the pieces themselves. - The most common piece of furniture was a three or four legged low stool covered by leather or wool. - The cheapest stools had frames made of reeds and had seats made of woven rushes like the wicker furniture of today. - Stools with three flared legs and a shaped wooden seat were commonly used by artisans. - Most of the people in the lower classes had chests and baskets to hold their few belongings. - Wood was expensive, so the chests were often made of reeds. - Tables were not common, not even among the wealthier scribes-they usually squatted on the floor and used a wooden board to write on. ## Beds - Wooden bed frames were rectangular and slanted downwards, with foot boards. - Often the legs of the bed were carved into lions or bulls. - At the head of the bed was a headrest consisting of a semicircular upper piece supported by columns affixed to a base. - The base of the skull rested on the headrest and may have been more comfortable than a pillow in the heat of Egypt. - Leather and fabrics were often used to upholster the bed. - Materials were woven through the open part of the frame to support mattresses. - The beds of some pharaohs were made of gold and the foot boards were richly decorated. ## Renaissance - The Renaissance is a period in European history marking the transition from the Middle Ages to modernity and covering the 15th and 16th centuries. ## Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino - Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino, better known as Raphael, was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance. - His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. - Together with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo, he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. ## Perspective Projection - The most characteristic features of linear perspective are that objects appear smaller as their distance from the observer increases. - Italian Renaissance painters and architects including Masaccio, Paolo Uccello, Piero della Francesca and Luca Pacioli studied linear perspective, wrote treatises on it, and incorporated it into their artworks. ## Innovative Flowering of Renaissance - As a cultural movement, the Renaissance encompassed innovative flowering of Latin and vernacular literatures, beginning with the 14th-century resurgence of learning based on classical sources, which contemporaries credited to Petrarch; the development of linear perspective and other techniques of rendering a more natural reality in painting. ## Vitruvian Man - Vitruvian Man is a drawing by the Italian Renaissance artist and scientist Leonardo da Vinci, dated to c. 1490. - Inspired by the writings by the ancient Roman architect Vitruvius, representation of the High Renaissance. - The drawing represents Leonardo's conception of ideal body proportions, originally derived from Vitruvius but influenced by his own measurements, the drawings of his contemporaries. ## The Ancient Roman Architect Vitruvius - Writing near the end of the first century B.C.E., Roman architect Vitruvius Pollio identified three elements necessary for a well-designed building: firmitas, utilitas, and venustas. - Firmness or physical strength secured the building's structural integrity. - Utility provided an efficient arrangement of spaces and mechanical systems to meet the functional needs of its occupants. - And venustas, the aesthetic quality associated with the goddess Venus, imparted style, proportion, and visual beauty. - Rendered memorably into English by Henry Wotton, a seventeenth century translator, "firmness, commodity, and delight" remain the essential components of all successful architectural design. ## Vitruvius - Very little is known about Vitruvius apart from the inferences that can be drawn from his sole surviving work, the Ten Books of Architecture. - It seems apparent from his description of battles and sieges that he served as a military engineer under Julius Caesar, both in the Gallic wars (52-51 B.C.E.) and in Caesar's civil war (49-46 B.C.E.). - He is also credited with the design of a Basilica in Fanum Fortunae that was completed in 19 B.C.E. ## A Book of Architecture - James Gibbs - Influenced by Palladio and Inigo Jones, the work of James Gibbs also owed much to the example of Sir Christopher Wren, who supported Gibbs's career at an early stage. - And set a model for ecclesiastical architecture with the design of St. Paul's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches. ## Inigo Jones - Jones gained renown as the principal designer of scenery and costumes for entertainments at court and as the architect of notable royal structures, among them the Queen's House at Greenwich and the Banqueting House in Whitehall. - The monograph of his work published in 1727 included designs for completed buildings as well as conceptual schemes awaiting a client. - This plate illustrates a vertical section of one of Jones's proposed structures, a "Palace with circular Portico's, within which is a large Court with a Doric Colonade." ## Baroque Architecture - Baroque architecture is a highly decorative and theatrical style which appeared in Italy in the early 17th century and gradually spread across Europe. ### High Baroque - High Baroque was used in churches and palaces in Italy, Spain, Portugal, France, Bavaria and Austria. ### Late Baroque Period - Late Baroque Period reaches as far as Russia and the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in Latin America. ## What is the Golden Age of Islam in History? - The lunar Hijri calendar consists of 12 lunar months, which began in September 622 according to the Gregorian calendar. - The Islamic Golden Age was an era from the 8th to 14th century marked by the expansion of Islam and Arabic culture throughout North Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia and Southern Europe, during which there was a great flourishing in the arts, commerce, and science. ## Islamic Architecture - Umayyad architecture (660-750 CE) - The Mosque of Amr ibn al-As was originally built in 641-642 AD, as the center of the newly founded Capital of Egypt (Fustat). - Another example is the Great Mosque of Damascus in which floral ornamentation inspired by the landscape of Damascus. - The Abbasid Palace was established by Caliph Al-Naser Ledinillah in the 12thcentury, during the Abbasid period of history, making it one of the oldest palaces in the world, and it is the oldest surviving building in Baghdad. - The first independent dynasty to rule Islamic Egypt, as well as much of Syria, was the Tulunid dynasty. - The Mosque of Ahmad ibn Tulun in Cairo - In 899 Abd Allah al-Mahdi, became leader of the movement. - Fatimids gain power in Egypt and attack Palestine, Syria, and Arabia. - The Fatimid general, Jawhar al-Siqilli, built a new palace city near to Fusţāt upon winning Egypt in 969, the name was changed to al-Qahira "the victorious city" in 973 is founded. - The heartland of architectural activity and expression during Fatimid rule was at al-Qahira, the old city of Cairo, on the eastern side of the Nile, where many of the palaces, mosques, and other buildings were built. - The Fatimid Caliphs competed with the rulers of the Abbasid and Byzantine empires and indulged in luxurious palace building. ## Walls and Gates - When Cairo was first built it had 8 main gates. 2 palaces were built were built within the walls. Gardens as well - only 3 exist today - Bab El Fetuh, - Bab al-Futuh (Gate of Conquests) is one of the gates in the northern wall of Fatimid Cairo. - It opens onto the historic al-Muizz Street, which leads to Bab Zuwayla. - It was built by the vizier and commander-in-chief, Badr al-Jamali, during the reign of the Fatimid Caliph al-Mustansir Billah in 480 AH/1087AD. - Bab al-Nasr and Bab al-Futuh, along with Bab Zuwayla (485 AH/1092 AD), are among the rare examples of military architecture in the Islamic world prior to the Crusades. ## Bab Zuwayla - Bab Zuweila or Bab Zuwayla is one of three remaining gates in the city wall of the Old City of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. - It was also known as Bawabbat al-Mitwali during the Ottoman period. - It is considered one of the major landmarks of the city and is the last remaining southern gate from the walls of Fatimid-era Cairo in the 11th and 12th century. - Its name comes from Bab, meaning "gate", and Zuwayla, as it was the Western Gate of the city that had a trade route for overland travelers with Zuwayla in the Fezzan. ## Bab al-Nasr - Bab al-Nasr is one of three remaining gates in the historic city wall of Cairo, the capital of Egypt. - The gate's construction is dated to 1087 and was ordered by Badr al-Jamali, a Fatimid vizier. - It is located at the northern end of al-Gamaliya Street in the old city of Cairo and slightly east of, Bab al-Futuh. ## Madrasa of al-Salih Najim al-Din Ayyub - The madrasa is located on a distinctive site on the Fatimid street called al-Muizz li Din Allah Street known for being on the procession path of the Shi'a Fatimids (Bayn al-Qasrayn), Cairo, Egypt.Date of Monument:Hegira 641 / AD 1243 ## Islamic Architecture - Metalwork and Ceramics - Signatures of artists on developed and high-quality brass works decorated with silver. ## Islamic Architecture - Arts - Enameled glass rose to excellence in this period and carved wood was also respected by Ayyubid patrons. - The Ayyubids introduced a more flowing script; the “Naskhi" style, which partially replaced the angular Kufic script in calligraphic ornamentation. - Geometric patterns -star plate- ## Islamic Arts Grids - In Islamic geometric design, there are essentially only three variables: - The grid that forms the invisible structure - The size of the grid - The content/pattern that is placed inside the shapes that form the grid - These variables can be combined in thousands of different ways to make thousands of different compositions. - Grids can be simple or quite complex. Here is a grid of squares and triangles. On the left you can see the grid. On the right, the grid is invisible. ## Significance of Stars in Islamic Art - Every geometric composition has an invisible grid that creates gives structure and is essential for creativity in design. - There are simple grids, such as this grid of squares, but creative opportunities come when different shapes are combined to create more complex grids. ## Islamic Arts Grids in Windows - There is a much more complex grid. - Nevertheless there are only three different shapes: the blue wedge shapes, the green shape with the arrow inside and the red shape with the five-pointed star inside. - Using shapes like these, it becomes possible to be creative and experiment. Shapes can be arranged in many different ways. ## Islamic Geometric Family Tree - About 90% of all patterns and compositions you will ever see, can be categorized as either fourfold, fivefold or sixfold. The remaining 10% is essentially "everything else". ## Now We Can Start To Be Designer's - If we want that, we must love all the Hard worke ## The Madrasa of Mustansiriyeh - Mustansiriya Madrasah, was a medieval-era scholarly complex that provided a universal system of higher education. - It was established in 1227 CE and was named after and built by the Abbasid Caliph al-Mustansir in Baghdad, Iraq. - It has highly ornamented and detailed muqarnas. The entrances exhibit arabesque-sculpted terracotta and geometric patterned brickwork. - The earliest examples of six-point geometry, eight and twelve-point geometrical patterns, rosette pattern and eight-point star were observed. ## Column - A column or pillar in architecture and structural engineering is a structural that transmits, through compression, the weight of the structure above to other structural elements below. - For the purpose of wind or earthquake engineering, columns may be designed to resist lateral forces. - Columns are frequently used to support beams or arches on which the upper parts of walls or ceilings rest. - A long sequence of columns joined by an entablature is known as a colonnade. ## Kinds of Islamic Furniture - Islamic art is a modern concept created by art historians in the 19th century to facilitate categorization and study of the material first produced under the Islamic peoples that emerged from Arabia in the seventh century. - Textile, plastered stained glass, woodwork, and pottery were used to create furnishings ### Mobile Furniture - Central table: The centerpiece of the pentagon is a disk of geometrical motifs carved into shapes of gratings and placed interchangeably in horizontal positions and has been patronized by the designer simplicity and achieved an engineering ratio. - Seats: The seat was done according to the measurements and the concepts of sound and also the fillings simple either after the development of the seat where the upholstery and the cartons in the chamber and the front and side charges down the seat either back chair has been engaged with the church and simple decorations( - Cupboard: (The wall is damaged by walls, divided into a lower part with a human scale that includes the elements and a larger upper part. This leads to the comfort of the human and the paint of the daia is brown to give it its value and it was used in the setting of dishes, pots, brass, copper) - Modules inserted: It consists of three inserts and the lines of the piece are all bent and the use of the vaccination to pack the unit and the star dish was used - Other items of Islamic furniture: Baio of entrance, Partition, Hexagonal dinner stand, dinner stand ### Built-in Furniture - Minbar of Slaheldin Mousqe - Mihrab (Prayer Niche) - Built-in Partition # Window - Stucco windows were known in different Islamic periods and were used in different buildings to filter the sunshine and soften its glare. - When their pierced patterns were covered with stained glass, the aesthetic effect was exquisite. # Everyday furniture of ancient Egypt - The ancient Egyptians had sophisticated furniture for their time period; tomb paintings show Egyptians using chairs, tables, couches, chests, stools, and beds. - In fact, some well-preserved pieces of ancient Egyptian furniture have been recovered from tombs of Egyptian queens, Pharaohs, and other wealthy ancient Egyptians, and can be seen today in museums. - There was a big difference between the furniture of peasants and the wealthy and it is largely due to the burial rituals of the wealthy that pieces of furniture from ancient Egypt have been preserved and can be seen today.