ICS 2601 Introduction to Computing MODULE 5 PDF

ICS 2601 Introduction to Computing Module 5: THE SYSTEM UNIT Picture/s from Google Objectives ▪ Describe the six basic types of system units. ▪ Discuss how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters electronically. ▪ Describe each of the major system unit...

ICS 2601 Introduction to Computing Module 5: THE SYSTEM UNIT Picture/s from Google Objectives ▪ Describe the six basic types of system units. ▪ Discuss how a computer can represent numbers and encode characters electronically. ▪ Describe each of the major system unit components. ▪ Discuss microprocessors, including microprocessor chips and specialty processors. ▪ Discuss memory including RAM, ROM, and flash memory. Picture/s from Google Introduction ▪ Speed, capacity, and flexibility determine the power of microcomputers. ▪ Knowledge of a computer’s power allows you to make good buying decisions and to determine if your current system will run new applications. ▪ Competent end users need to understand the basic principles of how microcomputers are put together. Picture/s from Google SYSTEM UNIT Picture/s from Google SYSTEM UNIT TYPES Desktop System Units Media Center System Units Notebook System Units Netbook System Units Tablet PC System Units Handheld Computer System Units Picture/s from Google SYSTEM UNIT System Chassis System board Motherboard Microprocessor Memory Socket Bus lines Expansion slots Picture/s from Google Inside the System Unit System Unit – The main case of a computer – Houses the processing hardware for a computer – Also contains storage devices, the power supply, and cooling fans – Houses the CPU, memory, interfaces to connect to peripheral devices (printers, etc), and other components such as CD/DVD drives – With a desktop computer, usually looks like a rectangular box Picture/s from Google Inside the System Unit Picture/s from Google Inside the System Unit Picture/s from Google System Board ▪ Main board or motherboard ▪ Controls communications ▪ Components connect to the system board ▪ Data path ▪ Traffic monitor Picture/s from Google System Board Components ▪ Sockets ▪ Connection point for chips ▪ Chips ▪ Tiny circuit boards etched onto squares of silicon ▪ Silicon chip, semiconductor, or integrated circuit ▪ Mounted on carrier packages Picture/s from Google System Board Components Slots – Provide a connection point for specialized cards or circuit boards Bus lines – Provide pathways that support communication among the various electronic components Picture/s from Google Microprocessors ▪ Central Processing Unit (CPU) ▪ Contained on the microprocessor chip ▪ Brains of the computer ▪ Two Basic Components ▪ Control unit ▪ Arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) Picture/s from Google Microprocessors Chips Picture/s from Google  Processing Speed Word Size Picture/s from Google Electronic Data and Instruction Data and instructions are represented electronically Two-state system or Binary System – Off/on electrical states – Characters represented by 0’s (off) and 1’s (on) – Bits – Bytes Picture/s from Google Character Coding Schemes Binary coding schemes – ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Exchange – EBCDIC - Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code – Unicode - handles languages with large numbers of characters Picture/s from Google Microprocessors Chips ▪ Multi-Core Chip Two separate and independent CPUs Parallel Processing Windows 7 and Mac OS X Picture/s from Google Picture/s from Google System Board Components Coprocessors – Designed to improve specific computing operations – Graphics coprocessors / Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) Smart cards – Credit card with an embedded chip Specialty processors in cars RFID tags – Information chips – Embedded in merchandise to track their location Picture/s from Google Bus Width, Bus Speed, and Bandwidth – Bus width is the number of wires in the bus over which data can travel A wider bus allows more data to be transferred at one time – Bus width and speed determine the throughput or bandwidth of the bus The amount of data that can be transferred by the bus in a given time period Picture/s from Google Memory Holding area for data, instructions, and information Chips connected to the system board Refers to chip-based storage located inside the system unit Storage refers to the amount of long-term storage available to a computer RAM – Random Access Memory ROM – Read Only Memory Flash Picture/s from Google RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) chips hold programs and data that are currently being accessed – Volatile – Cache memory or RAM cache Additional RAM can be added using an expansion module called a DIMM Other types of RAM – DRAM – SDRAM – DDR – Direct RDRAM Picture/s from Google RAM Computer’s main memory Consists of chips arranged on a circuit board called a memory module which are plugged into the motherboard Stores essential parts of operating system, programs, and data the computer is currently using Picture/s from Google  Adequate RAM is needed to run programs Volatile – RAM content lost when the computer is shut off – ROM and flash memory are non-volatile Measured in bytes – Amount installed is depends on the CPU and operating system being used Most personal computers use SD-RAM MRAM and PRAM - non-volatile RAM under development Picture/s from Google  ROM Read-only memory (ROM) – Information stored by the manufacturer – Non-volatile and cannot be changed CPU can read, or retrieve data and programs in ROM but the computer cannot change ROM Contain special instructions – Start the computer – Access memory – Handle keyboard input Picture/s from Google ROM Non-volatile chips located on the motherboard into which data or programs have been permanently stored Retrieved by the computer when needed Being replaced with flash memory Picture/s from Google Flash Memory Type of nonvolatile memory that can be erased and reprogrammed Some flash memory chips are used by the computer – Used to store the computer’s BIOS and firmware Flash memory chips are also used in flash memory storage media (sticks, cards, and drives) and devices such as digital cameras, mobile phones, handheld gaming devices, and digital media players Picture/s from Google Flash Memory Flash memory offers a combination of the features of RAM and ROM Like RAM, it can be updated Like ROM, it is non-volatile Contains startup information – Amount of RAM – Type of keyboard, mouse, and secondary storage devices connected Picture/s from Google Cache Memory – Special group of very fast memory chips located on or close to the CPU – Level 1 is fastest, then Level 2, then Level 3 – More cache memory typically means faster processing – Usually internal cache (built into the CPU) Picture/s from Google Registers High-speed memory built into the CPU Used to store data and intermediary results during processing Fastest type of memory Picture/s from Google Expansion Slots and Cards ▪ For adding devices ▪ Plug and play ▪ ExpressCard slots ▪ PCMCIA slots ▪ Notebooks and handheld devices Picture/s from Google Expansion Cards Advanced graphics cards Sound cards Network interface cards (NIC) Wireless network cards TV tuner cards Picture/s from Google Picture/s from Google Picture/s from Google TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips Allows you to view your favorite TV shows while running other applications such as Excel Video can be captured to a file, added to a Web page, attached to an email, or added to a presentation Inexpensive and easy to install Picture/s from Google Bus Lines Also known as a bus Connect parts of the CPU to each other Pathway for bits Bus width – Number of bits that can travel at once Two basic categories – System buses – Expansion buses Picture/s from Google Expansion Buses Connects the CPU to other components on the system board, including expansion slots Universal Serial Bus (USB) – Connects external USB devices onto the USB bus FireWire – Audio and video equipment PCI Express (PCIe) – Single dedicated path for each connected device Picture/s from Google External Ports and Cables ▪ Video Ports and Related Cables A few different standards govern video traffic between the computer and external video devices. HDMI and displayPort are examples of video ports that require a specific cable to operate. ▪ Other Ports and Related Cables Motherboards have a number of other ports used for device connectivity; USB is a common example. ▪ Adapters and Converters Adapters and converters can be a solution if a motherboard does not have the proper port to connect to a device. Adapters do not usually process the signal; they simply redirect it to another pin. Converters are more likely to process and transform the signal, converting it to be accepted by an existing port. Picture/s from Google Ports Socket for connecting external devices Ports can connect directly to the system board or they can connect to cards that are inserted into slots on the system board Three Types – Standard Ports – Specialized Ports – Legacy Ports Picture/s from Google Standard Ports VGA and DVI – Analog and digital monitors USB – Keyboards, mice, printers, storage devices FireWire – High speed Ethernet – High speed networking Picture/s from Google Specialized Ports Sony/Philips Digital Interconnect Format (S/PDIF) – Optical audio connections – High end audio and home theatre High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) – High definition video and audio Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) – Connect musical instruments Picture/s from Google Legacy Ports Old types of ports mostly replaced by faster, more flexible ports such as USB – Serial – Parallel – Keyboard and mouse Infrared Data Association (IrDA) Game Picture/s from Google Picture/s from Google  Portable computers have ports similar to desktop computers, but often not as many Smartphones and mobile devices have more limited expansion capabilities – Usually have at least one expansion slot – Flash memory cards use the Secure Digital (SD) format Picture/s from Google Cables Used to connect external devices to the system unit via the ports One end of the cable is attached to the device and the other end has a connector that is attached to a matching connector on the port Picture/s from Google  Cases and Power Supplies ▪ Cases Influences the motherboard form factor choice Must allow for good air flow Available in different sizes ▪ Power Supplies Provides power to all computer components. Must be chosen based on current and future needs. Deliver different voltage levels to meet different internal component needs. ▪ Power Supply Wattage P=VxA Picture/s from Google Power Supply Computers require direct current (DC) DC power provided by converting alternating current (AC) from wall outlets or batteries Desktop computers use power supply units Notebooks and handhelds use AC adapters Picture/s from Google Picture/s from Google  Understanding Computers: Today and Tomorrow, 14th Edition Computing Essentials 2019, 27th Edition by Timothy O'Leary and Linda O'Leary and Daniel O'Leary (9781260096057) http://staff.iium.edu.my/fuhaina/download %20notes%202.xhtml Picture/s from Google Asst. Prof. Maria Lourdes L. Edang Picture/s from Google