ICCS Finals PDF

Feminism 2. Second Wave (1960s-1980s) Focus: Women's liberation, addressing issues Feminism is a movement advocating for equal like workplace inequality, reproductive rights, rights and oppor...

Feminism 2. Second Wave (1960s-1980s) Focus: Women's liberation, addressing issues Feminism is a movement advocating for equal like workplace inequality, reproductive rights, rights and opportunities for all genders. It seeks and domestic violence. to address and dismantle gender-based oppression and inequality. 3. Third Wave (1990s-Present) Focus: Embracing diversity and intersectionality Key Terms in Feminism within feminism. Key Issues: Body positivity, LGBTQ+ rights, and 1. Patriarchy challenging traditional gender norms. A societal structure where men hold primary power and dominate roles in leadership, moral 4. Fourth Wave (2010s-Present) authority, and property ownership. Focus: Digital activism, #MeToo movement, and combating online misogyny. 2. Gender Equality Example: Campaigns against gender-based violence using social media. The state in which individuals of all genders have equal rights, responsibilities, and Culture and Cultural Studies opportunities. 1. Culture 3. Intersectionality Defined as the shared practices, values, norms, A concept introduced by Kimberlé Crenshaw, and artifacts of a group or society. emphasizing how various forms of oppression Examples: Language, traditions, art, and (e.g., race, gender, class) intersect and influence religion. each other. 2. Cultural Hegemony 4. Sexism A concept by Antonio Gramsci, referring to the Discrimination or prejudice based on gender, dominance of one social group over others through cultural means. typically against women and girls. 3. Representation 5. Misogyny How individuals or groups are portrayed in Hatred, dislike, or mistrust of women. media and society, influencing perceptions and stereotypes. 6. Suffrage The right to vote in political elections, often 4. Cultural Identity associated with the women's suffrage movement. The sense of belonging to a particular cultural group. Waves of Feminism Intersection of Feminism and Cultural 1. First Wave (19th and Early 20th Century) Studies Focus: Women's suffrage and legal rights. Example: Seneca Falls Convention (1848) in the USA, where the Declaration of Sentiments was - Feminism often critiques how culture signed. reinforces gender stereotypes and inequality. - Examples include analyzing gender roles in 4. Homophobia and Transphobia media, literature, and advertising. Prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on their sexual orientation or gender Feminist Movements in the Philippines identity. 1. Gabriela (General Assembly Binding 5. Allyship Women for Reforms, Integrity, Equality, Support provided by those outside the LGBTQ+ Leadership, and Action) community in fighting discrimination and Focus: Addressing issues such as violence advocating for equal rights. against women and human rights. 6. Pride 2. Kababaihan para sa Kalayaan (Women for A celebration and affirmation of LGBTQ+ Freedom) identity, often marked by parades, marches, and Role: Active participation in the events. anti-dictatorship movement during the Marcos regime. Historical Milestones of LGBTQ+ Movements LGBTQ+ Movements 1. Stonewall Riots (1969) LGBTQ+ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, A pivotal event in LGBTQ+ history, where Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and others. It members of the community protested against represents a diverse community united by a police raids at the Stonewall Inn in New York shared experience of marginalization due to City. sexual orientation or gender identity. 2. Formation of Gay Liberation Key Terms in LGBTQ+ Organizations Examples: Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and 1. Sexual Orientation Human Rights Campaign (HRC) Describes a person's emotional, romantic, or 3. Same-Sex Marriage Legalization sexual attraction to others. Examples: Heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, USA: Supreme Court ruling in 2015 (Obergefell asexual. v. Hodges). Philippines: Discussions around the SOGIE 2. Gender Identity Equality Bill and broader acceptance in recent A person’s deeply felt sense of their gender, years. which may or may not correspond with the sex assigned at birth. 4. AIDS Crisis and Activism (1980s) Examples: Cisgender, transgender, non-binary. LGBTQ+ activists like ACT UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) advocated for 3. Coming Out medical research and public awareness. The process of accepting and sharing one’s sexual orientation or gender identity. Cultural and Societal Contributions of the 2. SOGIE Equality Bill LGBTQ+ Community Proposed legislation to protect individuals from discrimination based on sexual orientation, 1. Art and Media gender identity, and expression. Contributions to film, literature, fashion, and music. Cultural Identity in the Digital World Examples: - RuPaul (Drag and LGBTQ+ representation What is Cultural Identity? in media) - Works of Virginia Woolf and James Baldwin. - It’s how you feel connected to a culture or 2. Political Activism community. Advocacy for laws and policies that promote - This includes things like language, customs, equality. beliefs, and traditions that are shared and passed down. 3. Intersectionality - It shapes how we see ourselves and the world, Understanding how race, class, and other factors helping us embrace diversity and fairness. intersect with sexual orientation and gender identity. How is Cultural Identity Formed? Key Concepts in Culture and Cultural 1. Main Influences: Studies - Family and Community: What you learn growing up. 1. Cultural Norms and Deviance - Where You Live: Your location and national LGBTQ+ identities challenge traditional norms, identity shape your perspective. highlighting the fluidity of culture and identity. - Life Experiences: Education, travel, and work can refine your identity. 2. Representation in Media Increased visibility of LGBTQ+ characters and 2. Cultural Identifiers: stories has influenced societal perceptions. - Inherited Traits: Like your family background, race, gender, religion, and 3. Queer Theory language. Academic discipline analyzing how gender and - Learned Traits: Groups you join, like sexuality are constructed and questioning schools, clubs, or online communities. binaries. Key Figures: Judith Butler (Gender Trouble) Why is Cultural Identity Important? LGBTQ+ Movements in the Philippines - It helps you feel secure and like you belong. - It connects you with supportive networks and 1. Pioneering Organizations shared goals. ProGay Philippines and the establishment of - It encourages trust and understanding in your Pride March in 1994. community. - It improves well-being, education, and 1. For Individuals: relationships. - Share your culture and stories online. - Learn how to use digital tools wisely. Cultural Identity in the Digital World 2. For Communities: 1. Good Effects of Technology: - Make online spaces for your culture. - Create content like podcasts or videos to Saving and Sharing Culture: preserve traditions. - Digitizing old texts, artifacts, and traditions keeps them alive and accessible. 3. For Institutions: Example: UNESCO’s projects and apps like - Use tech in schools to teach cultural history. Duolingo. - Digitally store important artifacts and Global Connections: documents. - Social media lets us share and learn about different cultures. Examples of Cultural Expression Online Example: K-pop’s popularity and online discussion groups. 1. Streaming Festivals: Mixing Traditions with Modernity: - Holi Festival: Shows Hindu culture. - Artists use tech to blend old and new styles. - Lunar New Year: Features dances, Example: Digital art, music, and fashion collaborations. fireworks, and family customs. - Aomori Nebuta Festival: Brings Japanese 2. Bad Effects of Technology: traditions to a global audience. Loss of Diversity: traditional celebrations or cultural events broadcast live on digital platforms. this allows - Dominant cultures overshadow smaller people worldwide to participate virtually, even if ones. they can't be there in person. Example: Western trends replacing local customs. 2. Viral Trends: Cultural Misuse: - BookTok: Connects readers worldwide. - Using cultural elements without respect or - K-pop Dance Challenges: Spreads Korean understanding. Example: Wearing cornrows or traditional culture through music and dance. costumes incorrectly. - Food Trends: Shares recipes and cooking styles from various cultures. Tech Access Gaps: - Not everyone can use digital tools, limiting Digital Threats to Cultural Identity some voices. Causes: High costs, lack of tech, or poor 1. Algorithms Favoring Big Cultures: internet. - Small cultures may get ignored. How to Protect Cultural Identity Online 2. Fake News and Stereotypes:  - Can harm cultural understanding and erase - Post-Independence (1946-1970s): heritage. Focused on marketing natural beauty. Importance of Tourism in the Philippines - Marcos Era (1970s): Rapid tourism growth with infrastructure What is Tourism and Why is it Important? development. Tourism involves visiting different places for leisure, adventure, or cultural experiences. In the -1990s Onwards: Philippines, tourism contributes to the economy, Campaigns like WOW Philippines and low-cost creates jobs, promotes cultural exchange, and airfares boosted domestic travel. supports environmental preservation. - COVID-19 Pandemic (2020-2021): Tourism’s Impact on the Philippines Tourism was disrupted, but recovery efforts began in 2022. 1. Economic Benefits: - GDP Contribution: 12.7% in 2019. Positive and Negative Impacts of Tourism - Job Creation: Provided jobs for 5.7 million Filipinos in 2019. Positive: - Foreign Exchange: Earned $9.3 billion in - Boosts local businesses and creates jobs. 2019 from international visitors. - Promotes cultural awareness and preservation. - Develops infrastructure and rural areas. 2. Development: - Improved infrastructure: Airports, hotels, Negative: and transport. - Environmental Issues: Coral reef damage, - Boosted rural areas and small businesses. pollution, deforestation. - Over-commercialization: Festivals becoming 3. Cultural Preservation: tourist spectacles. - Promotes local crafts, festivals, and heritage - Cultural Loss: Traditional crafts were sites. replaced with mass-produced items. - Disruption: Local lifestyles modified to meet 4. Environmental Conservation: tourist expectations. - Encourages preservation of natural resources and biodiversity. Preserving National Identity Amidst Globalization History of Philippine Tourism - National identity distinguishes the Philippines - Spanish Colonial Era (1521-1898): from other cultures. Limited travel due to lack of infrastructure. - Promoting cultural heritage ensures traditions are passed down. - American Period (1898-1946): - Examples: Supporting local crafts, traditional Promoted the Philippines as a tropical paradise. festivals, and eco-tourism. Pop Culture and Its Influence on the Philippines 3. Food: - Filipinos enjoy Korean cuisine like kimchi, What is Pop Culture? samgyeopsal (grilled pork belly), and Korean - Pop culture, or popular culture, includes music, snacks. movies, TV shows, fashion, and trends that reflect what’s popular in society. 4. P-Pop (Philippine Pop): - It changes over time and represents the time's - Filipino groups like SB19 draw inspiration values, issues, and norms. from K-Pop's choreography and production - It influences identity by helping people find styles. groups, beliefs, or styles that resonate with them, like hip-hop or punk rock. Influences of Japanese Pop Culture (J-Pop) in the Philippines Philippine Pop Culture (Pinoy Pop Culture) A mix of Filipino traditions with Asian and 1. Anime and Manga: Western influences. - Popular titles like Naruto and One Piece have led to a strong cosplay and fan community. Examples: - Original Pilipino Music (OPM): 2. Fashion and Technology: Reflects local talent and stories. - Japanese styles influence Filipino fashion - Karaoke Culture: A popular social activity trends. in the Philippines. - Collaborations with Japanese brands bring - Beauty Pageants and Variety Shows: unique merchandise to the Philippines. Represent Filipino pride and entertainment. - Pagmamano: A traditional gesture of respect 3. Events and Communities: to elders. - Anime conventions and cosplay contests attract large crowds in the Philippines. Influences of Korean Pop Culture (Hallyu) in the Philippines 4. Food: - Japanese cuisine like takoyaki, sushi, and 1. Music and Entertainment: ramen is highly popular. - K-pop groups like BTS and Blackpink have huge Filipino fan bases. How Foreign Pop Cultures Influence - Korean dramas (K-Dramas) have become Philippine Pop Culture popular for their unique storytelling and emotional themes. - The Philippines has a history of being influenced by various cultures: 2. Fashion and Beauty: - K-pop idols set trends in clothing and - Spanish, American, Japanese, and Chinese cosmetics. influences. - Korean beauty products are widely available in Filipino malls. - Globalization and digital platforms make it - They lived in their master’s household and easier for foreign trends to shape Filipino had no personal freedom. culture. - Often captured during wars, sold into slavery, - Despite foreign influences, Philippine pop or born into the class. culture remains uniquely Filipino, blending global and local elements. - Religion: - Practiced animism, polytheism, and ancestor Reviewer: War Periods in Philippine History worship. - Influenced by Islam and Hinduism; rituals and 1. Early Philippines sacrifices were central. Pre-Spanish Colonization - Language: - Geography & Society: - Over 150 languages and dialects, including - The Philippines was a diverse archipelago Tagalog, Visayan, Ilocano, and Pampanga. with over 7,000 islands, inhabited by indigenous - Scripts like Baybayin and Kulitan were used, groups such as the Negritos, Igorot, Mangyan, influenced by Sanskrit and Chinese trade. and Lumad. - Society was organized into barangays ruled Baybayin: A pre-colonial script widely used in by a datu, with a hierarchy including nobles, Luzon and some parts of Visayas. It’s syllabic, freemen, serfs, and slaves. with characters representing consonant-vowel pairs. Nobles (Maharlika): - The highest class in the barangay. Kulitan: A script specific to Kapampangan, - Included the ruling families, such as the datu written vertically and with unique characters (chief) and their relatives. tailored to the Kapampangan language. - They had privileges, owned land, and were exempt from taxes. Alibata: A misnomer for Baybayin, introduced by early scholars. It’s not an actual script but is Freemen (Timawa): often mistakenly used to refer to Baybayin. - A middle class composed of free individuals who were neither nobles nor slaves. Baybayin and Kulitan are authentic scripts, - They worked their land or provided services while Alibata is an incorrect term. to the datu in exchange for protection. - Economy: Serfs (Aliping Namamahay): - Based on agriculture, fisheries, and trade with - Individuals who worked for a master but had India, China, and Japan. their own house and some degree of freedom. - Known for jewelry making and burnay clay - They served their master in agriculture or pots. other tasks but were not entirely dependent. - Art: Slaves (Aliping Saguiguilid): - The lowest class.  - Created textiles, wood carvings, and - Economy: metalwork. Traditional houses and performing - Shifted to export-driven industries fueled by arts flourished. globalization. Spanish Occupation (1521–1898) - Art & Education: - Artists like Amorsolo and Tolentino emerged. - Religion: Education adopted an American system with - Catholicism was introduced, replacing vocational and K-12 reforms. indigenous beliefs. Islamic and Protestant influences persisted. 2. Philippine Revolution (1896–1898) - A rebellion against over 300 years of Spanish - Language: rule, marking the birth of Filipino nationalism. - Spanish became the main language, influencing Filipino dialects. Chavacano (a 1. Katipunan Formation (1892) Spanish creole) emerged. 2. Outbreak of Revolution (1896) 3. Tejeros Convention (1897) - Economy: 4. Biak-na-Bato Pact (1897) - Centered on agriculture and the 5. Resurgence of the Revolution (1898) Manila-Acapulco galleon trade. 3. Spanish-American War (1898) - Art: A conflict between Spain and the U.S. sparked - Combined native styles with Catholic and by Cuba’s independence struggle and the USS Western influences, visible in churches, Maine explosion. The U.S. gained control of paintings, and sculptures. Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Cuba became independent. - Education: - Focused on Christianization. Elite institutions 4. Philippine-American War (1899–1902) like the University of Santo Tomas (1611) were established. - Language & Education: - English was introduced as the medium of Post-Spanish Colonization (1946–1972) instruction. - Public schools expanded, focusing on - Religion: democracy and civic education. - Catholicism remained dominant, with Protestantism, Iglesia ni Cristo, and Islam as - Government & Culture: minorities. Democratic institutions and American cultural influences (music, fashion) emerged. - Language: - Filipino became the national language - Religion: alongside regional languages like Cebuano and Protestant denominations diversified the Ilocano. religious landscape.  corruption, election cheating, and human rights 5. Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) abuses. When Marcos tried to stay in power after a questionable election, millions of Filipinos, - Cultural Impact: including politicians, church leaders, and Promoted “Asia for Asians” and banned ordinary citizens, gathered peacefully on EDSA Western influences. to demand change. - Literature: 1986 Snap Election, which was called by Writers used local languages to depict war Ferdinand Marcos under pressure to prove his experiences. Examples include: legitimacy as president. International pressure, - “Katubusan, Nasaan Ka?” by Mabini Rey especially from the U.S., pushed Marcos to show Centeno that he still had public support. So, he suddenly - “Nangangailangan: Isang Mamimili” by announced the snap election, which was held on Manuel P. Bautista - “Tula sa Tagatulak ng Kariton” by Pedro S. February 7, 1986. Dandan Marcos ran against Corazon “Cory” Aquino, the - Music & Festivals: widow of Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr., a Traditional music replaced American jazz. The popular opposition leader who had been Mud People Festival (Taong Putik) originated assassinated in 1983. The campaign was intense, during this time. with Cory focusing on reform and fighting corruption, while Marcos tried to defend his - Art & Film: administration despite mounting criticism. Fernando Amorsolo’s post-war art reflected the trauma of war. Films like Markova: The Comfort When the votes were counted, both sides Gay highlighted resilience. claimed victory. The official Commission on Elections (COMELEC), controlled by Marcos, 6. Martial Law (1972–1981) declared him the winner. Meanwhile, the - Declaration: National Citizens' Movement for Free - Proclaimed by Ferdinand Marcos under Elections (NAMFREL), an independent Proclamation No. 1081, citing threats from watchdog, reported that Cory had won. Reports communists and separatists. of widespread cheating, vote-buying, intimidation, and tampering with ballots - Suspension of civil liberties, arrests, emerged, especially in areas controlled by censorship, and human rights abuses. Marcos allies. - Economic downturn despite infrastructure development. There’s this moment during the counting when COMELEC computer technicians walked out in The People Power Revolution of 1986, also protest, saying they were being ordered to called the EDSA Revolution, happened because manipulate the election results in Marcos’ favor. Filipinos were angry about Ferdinand Marcos’ This event proved to many that the election was long dictatorship. He ruled for over 20 years, rigged. during which there were many cases of Because of the fraudulent election, protests - Over 400,000 displaced; extensive damage to erupted nationwide. The Catholic Church, led by cultural heritage. Rebuilding efforts continue Cardinal Jaime Sin, called on people to defend amidst criticism. democracy. These protests led to the People Power Revolution, where millions of Filipinos **Reviewer: The Importance of Festivals in peacefully gathered on EDSA. Under growing Preserving and Promoting Cultural Identity** pressure and losing support from the military and the U.S., Marcos fled to Hawaii, and Cory What Are Festivals? Aquino became the new president. Festivals are special events where people The 1986 snap election was meant to legitimize celebrate their traditions, values, and beliefs. Marcos’ rule, but it backfired because of They are important because they help keep a widespread cheating, leading to his downfall and community’s culture alive, bring people together, the return of democracy in the Philippines. and even attract tourists. On the other hand, People Power II, which There are different kinds of festivals: happened in 2001, was about removing President Joseph “Erap” Estrada from office. - Religious Festivals: Celebrating faith, like Estrada was accused of corruption, particularly Christmas, Diwali, and Eid al-Fitr. taking money from illegal gambling operations. - Music and Dance Festivals: Like Coachella His impeachment trial began but was cut short and Tomorrowland. when the Senate refused to open evidence - Art and Cultural Exhibitions: Events such as against him. This angered the public, especially the Cannes Film Festival. students, professionals, and church groups, who - Food and Drink Festivals: Celebrating food, once again filled EDSA in peaceful protests. The like Oktoberfest. pressure forced Estrada to step down, and Vice - Seasonal Festivals: Marking seasons, like President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo took over as India’s Holi or Mexico’s Day of the Dead. president. Why Are Festivals Important? 1986 revolution was about ending a dictatorship - Boosts Economy: Festivals attract tourists, and restoring democracy, while 2001 was about help small businesses, and create jobs. removing a corrupt president in a democratic - Connects People: They help different cultures system. meet, share ideas, and build friendships. - Bridges Generations: Festivals allow younger 7. Battle of Marawi (2017) people to learn about old traditions. - Before the Siege: - Uses Technology: Social media makes - Marawi was a cultural and spiritual hub for festivals popular worldwide. Filipino Muslims, with rich Maranao traditions. Problems in Keeping Filipino Festivals Alive - After the Siege: 1. Modern Changes:  - Cities are growing fast, so traditional practices are being replaced with modern, 4. Cultural Mapping Projects: commercialized events. - The NCCA works with local governments to - Festivals lose their original meaning because identify and protect festivals and traditions. they try to attract tourists. Famous Philippine Festivals 2. Loss of Knowledge: - Young people often don’t know much about Luzon the history and importance of festivals. - Fewer people join and keep the traditions - Pahiyas Festival (Quezon): alive. - Held every May 15 to thank San Isidro Labrador for good harvests. Houses are 3. Social Media Issues: decorated with colorful rice-based designs. - People focus more on how festivals look online instead of their real meaning. - Panagbenga Festival (Baguio): - Celebrated in February, showcasing flowers 4. Religious and Cultural Conflicts: and resilience after the 1990 earthquake. - Some festivals mix indigenous traditions with religious practices, causing disagreements. - Bangus Festival (Dagupan): - Held in April to honor Dagupan’s milkfish 5. Global Influences: industry with competitions and cooking events. - Foreign trends sometimes overshadow local Filipino traditions. - Bocaue River Festival (Bulacan): - Celebrated in July with a river procession to How the Government Helps Protect Festivals honor the Holy Cross of Wawa. 1. Laws to Protect Culture: - Bacao Festival (Isabela): - The National Cultural Heritage Act (RA - A corn festival every March to celebrate the 10066) created a registry to document and harvest and honor Saint Joseph. protect cultural practices. - RA 11961 (2023) improves cultural mapping Visayas and education about heritage. - Sinulog Festival (Cebu): 2. National Commission for Culture and the - Celebrated every January to honor Santo Arts (NCCA): Niño with colorful dances that mimic river - This government agency manages programs currents. to preserve and promote Filipino arts and culture. - Ati-Atihan Festival (Kalibo): - Also in January, this festival honors Santo 3. National Heritage Month (May): Niño while participants dress as Aetas, Panay’s - Celebrated every May to remind Filipinos to first settlers. love and respect their cultural heritage. - Dinagyang Festival (Iloilo): - Help students understand the value of - Features street dances in January to celebrate Filipino heritage. Santo Niño and Christianity. 3. Protect Heritage Sites: - Pintado-Kasadyahan Festival (Tacloban): - Take care of landmarks that show our history - Celebrates pre-colonial tattooed warriors and and culture. local traditions every June. 4. Support Local Artists and Craftsmen: - MassKara Festival (Bacolod): - Promote and buy products tied to Filipino - Held every October with smiling masks and traditions. lively dances to celebrate joy and resilience. 5. Use Technology to Promote Culture: Mindanao - Share and promote festivals online to make them known worldwide. - Kadayawan Festival (Davao): - Celebrated in August to thank nature and honor indigenous traditions. - T’nalak Festival (South Cotabato): - Held in July to celebrate the T’boli tribe and their handwoven T’nalak fabric. - Tuna Festival (General Santos): - Celebrates the city’s tuna industry every September. - Kaamulan Festival (Bukidnon): - A February festival celebrating Bukidnon’s seven indigenous groups. - Kahimunan Festival (Agusan del Norte): - Held in January to honor Santo Niño and Butuan’s history with parades and dances. How to Keep Our Culture Alive 1. Celebrate Indigenous Traditions: - Revive old practices to keep them alive and support communities. 2. Teach Culture in Schools: