IC-UNIT-1_merged 2.pdf

Elective - Intercultural Communications UNIT I: Introduction to Intercultural Communication Ms. Karla Patricia G. Colmenar 1.1 Definition of Key Terms Communication Culture Intercultural Communication 1.2 Differences of the Types of Cultural Communication Intr...

Elective - Intercultural Communications UNIT I: Introduction to Intercultural Communication Ms. Karla Patricia G. Colmenar 1.1 Definition of Key Terms Communication Culture Intercultural Communication 1.2 Differences of the Types of Cultural Communication Intracultural Intercultural Multicultural Cross-Cultural 1.3 Significance of Intercultural Communication Driving Forces 1.4 Communication Process 1.1 Definition of Key Terms COMMUNICATION  Communication Communication is a process. A process is anything that is ongoing, ever changing, and continuous. A process is not static or at rest; it is always moving. Communication is always developing; it is never still or motionless. That communication is a process means that communication is dynamic. Something that is dynamic is considered active or forceful. Communication is interactive and transactive because it occurs between people. Communication requires the active participation of two people sending and receiving messages at the same time—that is, as we are sending messages we are simultaneously receiving messages (transactive).  Communication Symbols can be verbal and non-verbal. They are the vehicle by which the thoughts and ideas of one person can be communicated to another person. People can allow just about any symbols they want to represent just about anything they want. EX: You and your friends probably communicate with one another using private symbols that no one else understands. You have your own secret code. You have words, phrases, gestures, and handshakes that only you and your friends know, understand, and use. This allows you to communicate with one another in your own “foreign” language. Through symbols, meanings are transferred between people.  Communication The simultaneous encoding, decoding, and interpretation of verbal and nonverbal messages between people A process by which information is exchanged between individuals through a common system of symbols, signs, or behavior. (Merriam-Webster)  Communication Communication is much more than a simple transmission of information: it is the mutual creation of meaning. Information is not, in itself, meaningful; it is only when information is intended and interpreted in some way that it attains significance.  Truths about Human Communication Communication is everywhere. Every day, everywhere, people are communicating. Even when alone, people are bombarded with communication. Most people would be miserable if they were not allowed to communicate with others. Indeed, solitary confinement is perhaps the worst form of punishment inflicted on humans. Human communication—that is, the ability to symbolize and use language—separates humans from animals. Communication with others is the essence of what it means to be human.  Truths about Human Communication Through communication, people conduct their lives. People define themselves via their communication with others. Communication is the vehicle by which people initiate, maintain, and terminate their relationships with others. Communication is the means by which people influence and persuade others.  Truths about Human Communication Through communication, local, regional, national, and international conflicts are managed and resolved. Ironically, however, communication—and particularly one’s style of communication—can be the source of many interpersonal problems. Ex: Marriage counselors and divorce lawyers indicate that a breakdown in communication is one of the most frequently cited reasons for relational dissolution in the United States. Human Communication Apprehension Although communication is difficult to define, we know that people begin to communicate at birth and continue communicating throughout their lives. We also know that many people experience fear and anxiety when communicating with others, particularly in situations such as public speaking, class presentations, a first date, or a job interview. The fear or anxiety people experience when communicating with others is called Communication Apprehension. Jim McCroskey, considered the father of this concept, believed that nearly everyone experiences some kind of communication apprehension. McCroskey said that experiencing communication apprehension is normal; that is, all of us experience it occasionally. Human Communication Apprehension McCroskey argued that there are Four Types of Communication Apprehension: v Trait-like v Context-based v Audience-based v Situational-based Human Communication Apprehension TRAIT-LIKE communication apprehension is an enduring general personality predisposition where an individual experiences communication apprehension most of the time across most communication situations. Human Communication Apprehension CONTEXT-BASED communication apprehension is restricted to a certain generalized context, such as public speaking, group meetings, or job interviews. Persons with context-based communication apprehension experience anxiety only in certain contexts. Human Communication Apprehension AUDIENCE-BASED communication apprehension is triggered not by the specific context but by the particular person or audience with whom one is communicating. Ex: Some may experience anxiety when communicating with strangers or their superiors. College students may experience anxiety when communicating with professors but not when communicating with peers. Human Communication Apprehension SITUATIONAL-BASED communication apprehension, experienced by virtually everyone, occurs with the combination of a specific context and a specific audience. Ex: Students may feel anxious interacting with professors only when they are alone with the professor in the professor’s office. At other times, perhaps in the hallways or in the classroom, interacting with the professor may not be a problem. CULTURE  Culture Culture is people. There may not be a universally accepted definition of culture. One definition is, Culture is defined as an accumulated pattern of values, beliefs, and behaviors shared by an identifiable group of people with a common history and verbal and nonverbal symbol systems.  Culture Cultures can be defined by their value and belief systems and by the actions of their members. People who exist in the same culture generally share similar values and beliefs. The members of a particular culture share a common history. Any culture’s past inextricably binds it to the present and guides its future. At the core of any culture are traditions that are passed on to future generations.  Culture Culture shapes communication, and communication is culture bound. People from different cultures communicate differently. The verbal and nonverbal symbols we use to communicate with our friends and families are strongly influenced by our culture. Perhaps the most obvious verbal communication difference between two cultures is language. Even cultures speaking the same language, however, have different meanings for different symbols. Ex: Although English is the dominant language spoken in the United States and England, many words and phrases have different meanings between these two cultures. In England, to “bomb” an examination is to have performed very well.  Culture One of the most important elements of any culture is its communication system. Verbal and Nonverbal Symbol Systems The verbal and nonverbal symbols with which the members of a culture communicate may vary significantly across cultures as well. For instance, the dominant verbal code in the United States is English, whereas the dominant verbal code in Mexico is Spanish. Nonverbal communication includes the use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, voice, smell, personal and geographical space, time, and artifacts. Body language can communicate a great deal about one’s culture. When an adult interacts with a young child in the U.S. , it is not uncommon for the adult to pat the child’s head. This nonverbal gesture is often seen as a form of endearment and is culturally acceptable. In Thailand, however, where the head is considered the seat of the soul, such a gesture is unacceptable.  Culture The sense of “culture” used in intercultural communication is that of “worldview.” Culture is a generalization about how a group of people coordinate meaning and action among themselves. One way they do that is through institutions such as religious, political, and economic systems, and family and other social structures. But underlying these institutions is a habitual organization of how the world is perceived, and thus how it is experienced. These habits are often referred to as cultural assumptions and values, and they occur in all groups, not just national societies. We now have an understanding of the word COMMUNICATION and the idea of CULTURE. So what happens when people from different cultures come together and communicate with one another? We call that process “Intercultural Communication.”  INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION  Intercultural Communication Since “communication” is the mutual creation of meaning and “culture” is the coordination of meaning and action in a group, it follows that “intercultural communication” is the mutual creation of meaning across cultures. This means that intercultural communication is the mechanism whereby people of different groups perceive and try to make sense of one another.  Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication occurs whenever two or more people from different cultures come together and exchange verbal and nonverbal messages. International tensions around the globe are striking examples of the need for effective and competent intercultural communication. Intercultural communication is the study and practice of communication across cultural contexts. It applies equally to domestic cultural differences such as ethnicity and gender and to international differences such as those associated with nationality or world region.  Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is an approach to relations among members of these groups that focuses on the recognition and respect of cultural differences, seeks the goal of mutual adaptation leading to biculturalism rather than simple assimilation, and supports the development of intercultural sensitivity on the part of individuals and organizations to enable empathic understanding and competent coordination of action across cultural differences. 1.2 Differences of the Types of Cultural Communication  Types of Cultural Communication According to Samovar and Porter (2001): Intracultural Communication – is the type of communication that takes place between members of the same dominant culture, but with slightly different values. Intercultural Communication – it is the communication between two or more distinct cultures.  Types of Cultural Communication Intracultural Communication Intracultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are from the same culture or have culturally similar backgrounds. Ex: So, a conversation between two American citizens who both grew up on the farms of Georgia would be intracultural because they will essentially have the same background and cultural orientations.  Types of Cultural Communication Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication describes communication between at least two people who are different in significant ways culturally. Ex: A conversation between a man who grew up in Nepal and a woman who grew up in Micronesia would probably be an intercultural conversation because we could study how the different cultural backgrounds of the two people affect their communication strategies towards each other.  Types of Cultural Communication Multicultural Communication This refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic groups. People live alongside one another, but each cultural group does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other. Ex: In a multicultural neighborhood people may frequent ethnic grocery stores and restaurants without really interacting with their neighbors from other countries.  Types of Cultural Communication Cross–Cultural Communication Cross-Cultural communication IS NOT the same thing as intercultural communication. While intercultural communication deals with the interaction between at least two people, cross-cultural communication describes the comparison of communication styles across cultures. Ex: A paper about what happens when a Moroccan man speaks with a Hawaiian woman would be intercultural, but a paper comparing the communication patterns of people from Morocco with the communication patterns of people from Hawaii would be cross- cultural. 1.3 Significance of Intercultural Communication Benefits of Intercultural Communication Communicating and establishing relationships with people from different cultures can lead to a whole host of benefits: v Healthy Communities v Increased Commerce v Reduced Conflict v Personal Growth Through Tolerance  Healthy Communities Healthy communities are made up of individuals working collectively for the benefit of everyone, not just their own group. Through open and honest intercultural communication, people can work together to achieve goals that benefit everyone, regardless of group or culture, including the global community in the home, business, or neighborhood. Healthy communities support all community members and strive to understand, appreciate, and acknowledge each member.  Increased Commerce Our ability to interact with persons from different cultures, both inside and outside our borders, has immense economic benefits. Ex: In 2015, the top 10 countries with which the U.S. traded—in terms of both imports and exports—were, in order, China, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Germany, South Korea, the United Kingdom, France, Taiwan, and India. The U.S. trade with these countries accounted for nearly $3 trillion. Only through successful intercultural communication can such economic potentials be realized.  Reduced Conflict Conflict is inevitable; we will never be able to erase it. We can, however, through cooperative intercultural communication, reduce and manage conflict. Often, conflict stems from our inability to see another person’s point of view, particularly if that person is from a different culture. We develop blatant negative generalizations about the person, which are often incorrect and lead to mistrust. About Black People About White People About Asian People They’re lazy They think they know They’re sneaky everything They live on welfare They’re all arrogant They’re good at math They like to dance They’re all rich I wouldn’t trust them They smoke crack They’re materialistic They’re really shy The table summarizes some of the most common stereotypes of different racial and ethnic groups in the U.S. that have been documented by researchers.  Reduced Conflict Such feelings lead to defensive behavior, which fosters conflict. If we can learn to think and act cooperatively by engaging in assertive (not aggressive) and responsive intercultural communication, we can effectively manage and reduce conflict with others.  Personal Growth Through Tolerance As you communicate with people from different cultures, you learn more about them and their way of life—including their values, history, and habits—and the substance of their personality. As your relationship develops, you start to understand them better, perhaps even empathizing with them. One of the things you will learn (eventually) is that although your cultures are different, you have much in common. As humans, we all have the same basic desires and needs; we just have different ways of achieving them.  Personal Growth Through Tolerance As we learn that our way is not the only way, we develop a tolerance for difference. This can be accomplished only when we initiate relationships with people who are different from ourselves. Moreover, although this may sound contradictory, the more we learn about others and other cultures, the more we begin to learn about ourselves. When we observe how others conduct their lives, we begin to understand how we conduct our own lives. 1.4 Communication Process  The Communication Process The communication process refers to a series of actions or steps taken in order to successfully communicate. It involves several components such as the sender of the communication, the actual message being sent, the encoding of the message, the receiver and the decoding of the message. The Communication Process There are also various channels of communication to consider within the communication process. This refers to the way a message is sent. This can be through various mediums such as voice, audio, video, writing email, fax or body language. The overall goal of the communication process is to present an individual or party with information and have them understand it. Parts of the Communication Process Sender: This is the person that is delivering a message to a recipient. Message: This refers to the information that the sender is relaying to the receiver.  Parts of the Communication Process Channel of Communication: This is the transmission or method of delivering the message. Decoding: This is the interpretation of the message. Decoding is performed by the receiver.  Parts of the Communication Process Receiver: The receiver is the person who is getting or receiving the message. Feedback: In some instances, the receiver might have feedback or a response for the sender. This starts an interaction. How does the Communication Process work? Here are the seven steps in the communication process: 1.The sender develops an idea to be sent 2.The sender encodes the message 3.The sender selects the channel of communication that will be used 4.The message travels over the channel of communication 5.The message is received by the receiver 6.The receiver decodes the message 7.The receiver provides feedback, if applicable How does the Communication Process work? 1. The SENDER develops an idea to be sent The beginning of the communication process involves the sender creating an idea that they plan to send to another person or group of people. Essentially, they're planning the overall subject matter or information they want to transmit.  How does the Communication Process work? 2. The SENDER encodes the message Once the sender develops an idea, they translate it into a form that can be transmitted to someone else. This means they transform the thoughts of the information they want to send into a certain format. For example, if you are sending a text message, you'll translate your idea into words. The message can also be nonverbal, oral or symbolic. How does the Communication Process work? 3. The SENDER selects the channel of communication that will be used Next, the sender decides how the message will be sent. This involves selecting the most suitable medium for the message they're relaying. Some communication mediums include speaking, writing, electronic transmission or nonverbal communication. If you're communicating at work, make sure to select the proper and most professional channel of communication. How does the Communication Process work? 4. The message travels over the channel of communication After the medium is chosen, the message then begins the process of transmission. The exact process of this will depend on the selected medium. In order for the message to be properly sent, the sender should have selected the appropriate medium. How does the Communication Process work? 5. The message is received by the receiver Next, the message is received by the recipient. This step in the communication process is done by hearing the message, seeing it, feeling it or another form of reception. How does the Communication Process work? 6. The receiver decodes the message The receiver then decodes the sender's message. In other words, they interpret it and convert it into a thought. After they've done this, they analyze the message and attempt to understand it. The communication process is performed effectively when the sender and receiver have the same meaning for the transmitted message. How does the Communication Process work? 7. The receiver provides feedback, if applicable Lastly, unless it's a one-way communication, the receiver will provide feedback in the form of a reply to the original sender of the message. Feedback provides the recipient with the ability to ensure the sender that their message was properly received and interpreted. Between two people, this is two-way communication.  Tips for Improving the Communication Process 7. The receiver provides feedback, if applicable Simplify your Message In order to ensure your message is properly understood, you should keep your language simple and to the point.  Know your Audience It's also important to consider the audience that will receive your message as well as their needs and interests.  Be a Good Listener As a communicator, it's important to actively listen to what those around you are saying. This will ensure that you're sending the right message.  Ask Questions It's also important to ask good questions to keep the communication flowing. Make sure your questions are insightful and engaging.  Take the Time to Respond When communicating, it's important to consider how you might reply to a person to ensure you know what you want to say.  Consider your Body Language If you're communicating through a different medium, it's important to be mindful of your body language. In addition, be aware of the body language of the person you're communicating with, as well.  Maintain Eye Contact It's also important to make eye contact with the person or group you're communicating with. This will show that you're actively listening to who you're communicating with. Clarify your Message if Needed If the recipient of your message is unclear about what you're trying to say, it's important to clarify your message. This will help them to better understand you.  Books: Website References: https://www.indeed.com/career- Neuliep, J., (2018). advice/career- Intercultural development/communication- process Communication: A Contextual Approach (7th https://whatsthestory.middcreate.net/vermont/intracultural- ed.). CA, USA: Sage intercultural-cross-cultural-and- Publications, Inc. international-communication- whats-the-difference/ https://springinstitute.org/whats- difference-multicultural- intercultural-cross-cultural- communication/ https://www.idrinstitute.org/reso urces/intercultural- communication/  Books: End of UNIT 1:Neuliep, J., (2018). Intercultural Communication: A Contextual Approach (7th ed.). CA, USA: Sage Introduction to Publications, Inc. Intercultural Communication  UNIT 2: CULTURAL PERCEPTION & VALUES Intercultural Communications TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED: UNIT 2: CULTURAL PERCEPTION & VALUES Unit 2.1 Types of Collective Identities Race Ethnicity Gender Religion Unit 2.2 Hofstede Theory Unit 2.3 Cultural Differences TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Let us first discuss what is an identity. Identity is our understanding of who we are and who other people are, and, reciprocally other people's understanding of themselves and others. Understanding who we are is divided into two levels; (1) personal level and (2) collective level. Stekelenburg, J. Collective Identity (2013) TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES According to Tajfel and Turner, they argue that a person has one personal and several societal identities. 1. Personal identity refers to self-definition in terms of personal attributes. a. Example: your likes and dislikes, preferences, 2. Social identity refers to self-definition in terms of social category memberships. a. Example: your group's behavior Stekelenburg, J. Collective Identity (2013) TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Who are you? Can you describe yourself? TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES What group or society or membership do you belong?  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Collective Identity, at the collective group level concerns, "the shared definition of a group that derives from members' common interests, experience and solidarity". A group's collective identity can be studied by examining such phenomena as the group's symbols, rituals, beliefs and the values its members share. Stekelenburg, J. Collective Identity (2013) TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Can you give an example of a collective identity that showcases beliefs, rituals, and share common interests in the Philippines? TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Example of Collective Identity: Sagada Hanging Coffins Hundreds of wooden coffins dangle from cliffs and caves in the Philippines. The people of Sagada follow a unique burial ritual.... The reason the coffins were hungwas due to the belief that the higher the dead were placed, the greater chance of their spirits reaching a higher nature in the afterlife. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Race  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Definition of Race human beings as a group a family, tribe, people, or nation belonging to the same stock a class or kind of people unified by shared interests, habits, or characteristics an actually or potentially interbreeding group within a species Merriam-Webster  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES 5 Types of Races African European Asian Oceania Native American sitn.hms.harvard.edu  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Race cannot be biologically defined due to genetic variation among human individuals and populations. The old concept of the “five races:” African, Asian, European, Native American, and Oceanian. According to this view, variation between the races is large, and thus, the each race is a separate category. Additionally, individual races are thought to have a relatively uniform genetic identity. (B) Actual genetic variation in humans. Human populations do roughly cluster into geographical regions. sitn.hms.harvard.edu TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Ethnicity  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Definition of Ethnicity An ethnic group; a social group that shares a common and distinctive culture, religion, language, or the like: Representatives of several ethnicities were present. ethnictraits, background, allegiance, or association: The graph shows class enrollment by gender and ethnicity. The term ethnicities is more broadly defined as “large groups of people classed according to common racial, national, tribal, religious, linguistic, or cultural origin or background. nationalgeographic.com, gse.harvard.edu TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Definition of Ethnicity Can you give an example of an ethnic group in the Philippines and example of their common culture or background? TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Example of an Ethnic Group: Mambabatok, Kalinga Ethnic Group Whang-od Oggay also known as Maria Oggay, is a Filipino tattoo artist from Buscalan, Tinglayan, Kalinga, Philippines. She is often described as the "last" and oldest mambabatok (traditional Kalinga tattooist)and is part of the Butbut people of the larger Kalinga ethnic group. Majority of men with these ancient tattoos are Kalinga warriors or headhunters. Kalinga warriors have marks and traditional designs that represent the battles they fought with their tribe’s enemies. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Gender  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Definition of Gender Gender is the state of being male or female in relation to the social and cultural roles that are considered appropriate for men and women. It is illegal to discriminate on the grounds of race, gender or sexual orientation.... Some people experience a mismatch between their gender identity and their biological sex. collinsdictionary.com  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Gender Role and Intercultural Communications Communication problems are often gender-related Differences in the way men and women communicate Example: communication pattern, giving orders, emotions and information, asking questions Communication purpose, focus and style according to gender Positive impacts of gender diversity communications Ceglarska, E., How does Culture and Gender Diversity Impact Communication in Project Teams, 2008 Retrieved from: https://www.loopline-systems.com/en/blog-en/the-differences-between-male-and-female-communication-style-in-workplace TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Religion TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES What is Religion?  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Definition of Religion Religion is the belief in a god or in a group of gods. : an organized system of beliefs, ceremonies, and rules used to worship a god or a group of gods. informal : an interest, a belief, or an activity that is very important to a person or group. A religion is a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to. say, things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single. moral community called a Church, all those who adhere to them. Religion is the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. Merriam-webster.com Kenyon.edu Oxford Dictionary TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Major World Religions TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Major World Religions TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Major World Religions TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Example of World Religions Big Five Indigenous Religion or New Religion Movement Christianity Taoism Islam Sikhism Judaism Zoroastrianism Hinduism Buddhism TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Example of World Religions Christianity - is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Islam - “Islam” means “submission to the will of God”, Followers of Islam are called Muslims. Muslims are monotheistic and worship one, all-knowing God, who in Arabic is known as Allah Judaism - is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the covenant that God established with the Children of Israel Hinduism - is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life. It is the world's third- largest religion with over 1.25 billion followers, or 15–16% of the global population Buddhism - Buddhism encompasses a variety of traditions, beliefs and spiritual practices largely based on original teachings attributed to the Buddha and resulting interpreted philosophies. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Example of World Religions Taoism - or Daoism, is a philosophical tradition of Chinese origin which emphasises living in harmony with the Tao. The Tao is a fundamental idea in most Chinese philosophical schools Sikhism - is a monotheistic religion that originated in the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent around the end of the 15th century, The word Sikh means Student or Discipline. Their holy book is the Sri Guru Granth Sahib Ji Zoroastrianism - or Mazdayasna is one of the world's oldest continuously practiced religions. It is a multi-faceted faith centered on a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology predicting the ultimate conquest of evil with theological elements of henotheism, monotheism/monism, and polytheism  TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Religion and Intercultural Communications Religion is perceived such as the commanding also prevalent component of culture that influences which means individuals would lead their lives. Religion is one of the main persuasive power in social life. Interaction of religion, traditions and culture. Religion can affect the intensity of intercultural sensitivity which further leads to the communication competence. Religious identities and the position of faith of the individuals have impact on intercultural competence. Nadeem, M. Religion and Intercultural Communication Competence (2017) TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Religion: Impacts on the Workplace Just as individuals’ attitudes, values,moods, skills, and actions spill over to affect their beliefs and actions in theirfamily or social life, workers’ religious views and practices may also spillover to affect their behaviors, preferences, and engagements in organizational life. If not managed adequately, organizational religiosity can lead to discriminationand uncomfortable work environments for workers who are religiously different from the majority. TYPES OF COLLECTIVE IDENTITIES Religion: Impacts on the Workplace Organizations can benefit by tapping into the religious diversity of their workforce.Through creating diverse groups within their organizations, firms make the most of the unique talents, experiences, and backgrounds of their workforces to succeed in a competitive global marketplace. GROUP PRESENTATION Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Religion and Intercultural Communication Form a group with at least 5 members Present examples of the selected Race, Ethnicity, Gender, Religion and its relations to Intercultural Communications