IBSS 1534 Exam 4 PDF

**[LECTURES 1-8]** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DISEASE** | **ETIOLOGY/ | **SIGN & | **TREATMENT | **COMPLICAT | | | TRANSMISSIO | SYMPTOMS** | & | IONS** | | | N** | | PREVENTION* |...

**[LECTURES 1-8]** +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DISEASE** | **ETIOLOGY/ | **SIGN & | **TREATMENT | **COMPLICAT | | | TRANSMISSIO | SYMPTOMS** | & | IONS** | | | N** | | PREVENTION* | | | | | | * | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Rhinitis* | Human | **- Typical | NO ASPIRIN | [ | | * | **Rhinoviru | syndrome** | because it | ]{.underlin | | | s** | -- nasal | will lead | e} | | Upper | (HRV) | discharge & | to Ryes | **Complicat | | respiratory | | obstruction | syndrome | ions:** | | tract | **POE** -- | , | | | | infection | nose, eye, | sneezing, | **NO | Acute | | | mouth | cough, | vaccine** | otitis | | | | malaise, | | media (ear | | | **ALL** | pharyngeal | **NO | infection) | | | **ages** | discomfort, | antiviral** | | | | are | **NO | | Sinusitis | | | **affected* | FEVER** | **NO | (sinus | | | * | | antibiotics | infection) | | | ([higher | \- Symptoms | ** | | | | incidence | are | | **[SERIOUS] | | | in | SELF-LIMITI | | {.underline | | | CHILDREN]{. | NG | | } | | | underline}) | | | Complicatio | | | | Physical | | ns**: | | | Peak | exam | | | | | incidence | findings: | | **[Asthmati | | | via | | | c | | | **[CROWDING | **- | | attack! | | | ]{.underlin | PURULENT | | ]{.underlin | | | e}** | RHINOHEA** | | e}** | | | | -- pale | | | | | HIGH attack | blue | | LRTI -- | | | rate | turbinate's | | lead to | | | | , | | acute | | | | [clear | | exacerbatio | | | | watery | | n | | | | rhinorrhea] | | of chronic | | | | {.underline | | bronchitis, | | | | } | | asthma | | | | | | attacks in | | | | | | children | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Sinusitis | **Viral** | FEVER SEEN | Handwashing | | | ** | -- | | , | | | | rhinovirus | **In | immunizatio | | | Upper | | adults** -- | n, | | | respiratory | **Bacterial | **[purulent | avoid close | | | tract | ** | rhinorrhea] | contact w/ | | | infection | -- | {.underline | sick, avoid | | | | streptococc | }**, | smoking | | | | us | **[facial | | | | | pneumoniae | dental | | | | | (**MOST** | pain]{.unde | | | | | common) | rline}**, | | | | | | postnatal | | | | | | drainage | | | | | | | | | | | | **Physical | | | | | | signs** -- | | | | | | **tender | | | | | | sinuses**, | | | | | | dark | | | | | | circles | | | | | | under eyes, | | | | | | periorbital | | | | | | edema, | | | | | | lymphoid | | | | | | hyperplasia | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Pharyngit | **[Adenovir | **[Viral | Self-limiti | **Group A | | is** | us]{.underl | Pharyngitis | ng | Streptococc | | | ine}** | ]{.underlin | | us** | | Lower | -- MAIN | e}**: | **NO | can cause: | | respiratory | CAUSE!! | | vaccine** | | | tract | | \- Sore | for general | **Immunogen | | infection | 3^rd^ | throat, | public | ic** | | | common | myalgia, | | -- acute | | | cause of | tonsillar | NO | rheumatic | | | LRTI in | exudate, | antiviral | fever | | | children & | chills, | | (ARF), | | | **\#1 agent | cervical | **HAVE TO | acute | | | in adults** | (neck) | TREAT THE | glomerulone | | | | lymphadenop | PT. IF | phritis | | | Transmissio | athy | BACTERIAL!! | (AGN), | | | n | | ** | PANDAS, | | | via | **Viral & | | | | | respiratory | Bacterial = | | **Toxigenic | | | or | INDISTINGUI | | ** | | | **fecal**-o | SHABLE** | | -- scarlet | | | ral | | | fever, M1 | | | route, | **[Bacteria | | serotypes | | | fomites | l | | flesh-eatin | | | | Pharyngitis | | g | | | **[Streptoc | ]{.underlin | | TSS | | | occus]{.und | e}**: | | | | | erline} | | | Can cause | | | (group A | \- Mild | | **RHEUMATIC | | | strep)** | fever, | | HEART | | | | coryza, | | DISEASE** | | | \- | cough, | | w/out | | | Suppurative | **absence | | treatment | | | /Pyogenic | of nausea, | | | | | (pus | vomiting, | | | | | producing) | abdominal | | | | | | pail** | | | | | \- | | | | | | Non-Suppura | | | | | | tive | | | | | | (immunogeni | | | | | | c | | | | | | & | | | | | | toxigenic) | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Diphtheri | **[Coryneba | **Bull | \- Maintain | Vaccination | | a** | cterium | neck** | airway | prevents | | | diphtheriae | | | serious | | **(severe | ]{.underlin | **Gray | \- DO NOT | illness, | | pharyngitis | e}** | Pseudomembr | remove | permanent | | )** | | ane** | Pseudomembr | brain | | | \- main | | ane | damage, | | | **toxemia** | Exotoxin | | death due | | | agent | can be | \- | to | | | | disseminate | Antitoxin, | pertussis | | | \- low IRON | d | antibiotic | | | | activate | hematogenou | therapy, | Prevent | | | exotoxin | s | vaccinate | carriage of | | | | causing | | B. | | | Most cases | hemorrhagic | **VACCINE** | pertussis | | | are | & necrotic | -- Tdap | | | | **INFANTS** | lesions in | | Can be | | | & young | various | | FATAL | | | children | organs | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Epiglotti | Haemophilus | **[THUMB | VACCINE | | | tis** | influenzae | SIGN]{.unde | | | | | type b | rline}** | | | | | | on x-ray -- | | | | | \- **Hib** | enlarged | | | | | causes | epiglottis | | | | | blockage of | | | | | | airway | Abrupt/expl | | | | | | osive | | | | | \- a | onset & | | | | | bacterium | rapid | | | | | NOT a virus | progression | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fever, | | | | | | sore | | | | | | throat, | | | | | | hoarsen | | | | | | ess, | | | | | | dyspnea | | | | | | , | | | | | | dysphag | | | | | | ia | | | | | | (hot | | | | | | potato | | | | | | voice | | | | | | or | | | | | | **seal- | | | | | | like | | | | | | barking | | | | | | cough** | | | | | | ) | | | | | | | | | | | | Bull neck | | | | | | | | | | | | Inspiratory | | | | | | stridor -- | | | | | | high | | | | | | pitched | | | | | | whistling | | | | | | sound | | | | | | during | | | | | | breathing | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Laryngotr | **[Parainfl | [**STEEPLE* | **NO | | | acheobronch | uenza | * | vaccine** | | | itis** | virus]{.und | **SIGN**]{. | | | | | erline}** | underline} | DEC | | | **(VIRAL | (HPIV) | in throat | inflammatio | | | CROUP)** | | on X-ray | n | | | | Common in | | MAINTAIN | | | | CHIDREN | 1. Rhinitis | AIRWAY | | | | | | | | | | Croup = | 2\. Sore | | | | | subglottis | throat, | | | | | edema | hoarseness | | | | | | (dysphonia; | | | | | | heavy | | | | | | voice), | | | | | | **seal | | | | | | like bark | | | | | | cough**, | | | | | | stridor | | | | | | (noisy | | | | | | breathing) | | | | | | dyspnea | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Bronchiti | Doesn't | Prodrome, | | | | s** | mean | bronchospas | | | | | there's | ms, | | | | Lower | infection | mild SOB on | | | | respiratory | | exertion | | | | tract | Acute | | | | | infection | exacerbatio | NO | | | | | n | tachycardia | | | | | of chronic | or | | | | | bronchitis | pneumonia | | | | | or COPD can | | | | | | mean | (not | | | | | INFECTION | testable | | | | | (aka | \^\^\^\^) | | | | | bronchiolit | | | | | | is | | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **Bronchiol | **RSV** -- | Hyperinflat | Steroid | | | itis** | peak = | ed | treatment | | | | premature | lungs in | | | | Lower | infants | children | Antiviral | | | respiratory | | | treatment | | | tract | Most | Fever, | | | | infection | pediatric | cough | Vaccine | | | | pneumonia | | | | | | are caused | Tachycardia | | | | | by RSV | & tachypnea | | | | | | | | | | | | Blue-colore | | | | | | d | | | | | | fingertips | | | | | | & lips | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DISEASES | **TRANSMISS | **PATHOGENE | **CLINICAL | **COMPLICAT | | CONT.** | ION** | SIS** | MANIFESTATI | IONS** | | | | | ON** | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Bordetell | PRIMARY | 1\. Toxins | Uncontrolla | **Lymphocyt | | a | disease of | cause | ble | osis | | Pertussis** | children | damage to | coughing | is PROFOUND | | | (under | cilia | making | in CHILDREN | | **(whooping | 6yrs) | | **whooping* | but RARELY | | cough)** | | 2\. Sticky | * | seen in | | | Often | mucus & | sound | adults** | | | **fatal** | **[LEUKOCYT | | | | | in INFANTS | OSIS]{.unde | | | | | | rline}** | | | | | Zoonotic | | | | | | disease | 3\. Edema | | | | | | of airway | | | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ | **DISEASE** | **EITOLOGY* | **ANTIGENIC | **COMPLCATI | **PREVENTIO | | | * | VARIATIONS* | ONS** | N** | | | | * | | | +=============+=============+=============+=============+=============+ | **Influenza | Influenza | **Antigenic | **[MOST | \- Good | | ** | virus | DRIFT** -- | COMMON]{.un | overall | | | | **MINOR** | derline}**: | vaccine | | | Major | changes via | | efficacy | | | impact | POINT | \- **Otitis | however | | | agent of | mutations | Media** -- | **needs | | | LRT disease | in genes | ear | herd | | | | encoding | infection | immunity | | | Causes | for H & N | | for elderly | | | **tracheobr | glycoprotei | \- | population* | | | onchitis** | ns | Sinusitis | * | | | (vaccine | (occurs in | -- 2^nd^ | due to poor | | | preventable | BOTH A&B | common | vaccine | | | ) | types) can | | efficacy | | | | lead to | **[MOST | (they get | | | | **epidemic* | SERIOUS]{.u | quad | | | | * | nderline}** | vaccine) | | | | | : | | | | | **Antigenic | | \- | | | | SHIFT** -- | \- | **Protectio | | | | **MAJOR** | **Secondary | n | | | | changes via | bacterial | wanes by | | | | genetic | pneumonia** | summer of | | | | recombinati | | following | | | | on | **RYE'S | yr** | | | | of RNA | SYNDROME** | | | | | segments | -- no | \- 6-7 | | | | antigenical | aspirin | months | | | | ly | | later is | | | | new virus | CNS -- | WANES DOWN | | | | (change in | encephaliti | | | | | **hemagglut | s | \- | | | | inin** | & GBS | **Heterosub | | | | protein) | | typic | | | | occurs in | | immunity is | | | | type A | | POOR** -- | | | | | | why | | | | **- results | | vaccinated- | | | | in NO herd | | seroconvert | | | | immunity | | ed | | | | PANDEMIC | | persons | | | | situation** | | still get | | | | | | FLU | | | | | | | | | | | | \- Each | | | | | | year there | | | | | | is a new | | | | | | **trivalent | | | | | | (3-viruses) | | | | | | ** | | | | | | or | | | | | | **quadrival | | | | | | ent | | | | | | (4-viruses) | | | | | | ** | | | | | | vaccine due | | | | | | to | | | | | | antigenic | | | | | | **drift** & | | | | | | **shift** | +-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+-------------+ +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **DISEASE | **DESCRIP | **TRANSMI | **COMMUNI | **HOSPITA | **TREATME | | ** | TION** | SSION** | TY-ACQUIR | L-ACQUIRE | NT** | | | | | ED | D | | | | | | PNEUMONIA | PNEUMONIA | | | | | | (CAP)** | (HAP)** | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | **Pneumon | **Pneumon | **Aspirat | **STREPTO | **KLEBSIE | **Deferve | | ia** | itis** | ion | COCCUS | LLA | scence | | | -- | pneumonia | PNEUMONIA | PNEUMONIA | (fever | | | infection | :** | E** | ** | breaks)** | | | of the | | | | in | | | LUNG | **[MOST | [Caused | [Caused | treated | | | | COMMON]{. | by]{.unde | by]{.unde | and | | | - infla | underline | rline}: | rline}: | untreated | | | mmatory | }** | | | pts | | | res. | cause of | 1. | 1. | | | | of | CAP & HAP | **Aspirat | **Aspirat | - Tells | | | lung | | ion** | ion** | us | | | paren | - Compr | -- frank | of **gram | that | | | chyma | omise | pathogens | - rods** | treat | | | via: | to | -- **gram | | ment | | | | trach | + cocci** | \- INC | is | | | | eobronchi | | risk of | worki | | | | al | 2. | **[necrot | ng | | | | tree | Inhalatio | izing | | | | | oroph | n | pneumonia | [**Vaccin | | | | aryngeal | | ]{.underl | es | | | | organ | [INC risk | ine}** | available | | | | isms | of | | to DEC | | | | to | aspiratio | 2. | incidence | | | | reach | n]{.under | **Bactere | of | | | | alveo | line}: | mia** | pneumonia | | | | li/alveol | | pneumonia | **: | | | | ar | 1. | | ]{.underl | | | | space | **Anteced | [Predispo | ine} | | | | s | ent | sing | | | | | | virus | Factors]{ | - Borde | | | | - **[Et | infection |.underlin | tella | | | | iology | ** | e}: | pertu | | | | AGENT | (ciliosta | | ssis | | | | ]{.underl | sis) | **Host | | | | | ine}** | loss of | compromis | - Hib | | | | -- | ciliated | e**: | | | | | **str | mucous | gram | - Influ | | | | eptococcu | escalator | -rods | enza | | | | s | y | necrotizi | virus | | | | pneum | | ng | | | | | oniae** | 2. | pneumonia | - Strep | | | | | Inhibitio | |. | | | | **Inhalat | n | **Iatroge | Pneum | | | | ion | of cough | nic**: | oniae | | | | of | or gag | administr | | | | | aerosols* | reflux | ation | - Measl | | | | * | | of | es/mumps | | | | | | anesthesi | | | | | - Many | | a | - Dipht | | | | etiol | | or | heria | | | | ogies | | narcotics | [ | | | | agent | | for pain; | ]{.un | | | | s | | poor | derline} | | | | | | cough/gag | | | | | - Legio | | reflux; | | | | | nella | | catheteri | | | | | sp. | | zation | | | | | (from | | | | | | | envir | | | | | | | onment) | | | | | | | | | | | | | | **Hematog | | | | | | | enous | | | | | | | dissemina | | | | | | | tion** | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sprea | | | | | | | d | | | | | | | from | | | | | | | a | | | | | | | conti | | | | | | | guous | | | | | | | site | | | | | | | or | | | | | | | from | | | | | | | anoth | | | | | | | er | | | | | | | site | | | | | | | via | | | | | | | the | | | | | | | blood | | | | | | | via | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - **[Et | | | | | | | iology | | | | | | | AGENT | | | | | | | ]{.underl | | | | | | | ine}** | | | | | | | -- | | | | | | | **Sta | | | | | | | ph. | | | | | | | aureu | | | | | | | s** | | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **[TYPES OF PNEUMONIA ]** +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **TYPE** | **ETIOLOG | **PATHOGE | **X-RAY | **CLINCAL | **TREATME | | | Y | NESIS** | FINDING** | MANIFESTA | NT** | | | AGENTS** | | | TIONS** | | +===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+===========+ | **Typical | [Extracel | **Fluid | **WHITE | **ACUTE | **[HAS | | Lobar** | lular]{.u | buildup** | OUT on | BACTERIAL | CELL | | | nderline} | - | x-ray ** | PNEUMONIA | WALLS | | (Consolid | Bacteria | **filling | | **: | ]{.underl | | ation) | | of | **PMNs** | | ine}** | | | | alveoli** | predomina | [Sudden | | | | | w/ RBC, | te | onset & | CAN BE | | | | WBC, | sputum | rapid | TREATED | | | | cellular | | progressi | W/ | | | | exudates | | on]{.unde | **PENICIL | | | | | | rline}, | LIN | | | | | | | & | | | | | | \- | CEPHALOSP | | | | | | **Associa | ORIN** | | | | | | ted | | | | | | | lung | | | | | | | sound, | | | | | | | PMNs in | | | | | | | sputum, | | | | | | | detected | | | | | | | by gram | | | | | | | stain, | | | | | | | culture | | | | | | | of blood | | | | | | | agar** | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Atypica | **[Intrac | Involves | **PATCHY/ | \- | **NOT | | l** | ellular]{ | inflammat | LACEY | [Subacute | treatable | | |.underlin | ion | on | & | w/ | | (Intersti | e}** | of | x-ray ** | **INSIDIO | penicilli | | tial | bacteria: | alveolar | | US** | n | | or | | walls | **Monocyt | onset, | or | | Walking) | **Mycopla | | es** | milder | cephalosp | | | sma** | | predomina | than | orin** | | | | | te | lobar]{.u | | | | **Ureapla | | sputum | nderline} | - Mycop | | | sma** | | | | lasma/Ure | | | | | | \- **NO** | aplasma/C | | | **Chlamyd | | | high | hlamydia | | | ia** | | | fever, | **NO | | | | | | pleuritic | CELL | | | | | | chest | WALLS | | | | | | pain, | ** | | | | | | rigors, | | | | | | | mucopurul | - **NO | | | | | | ent | GRAM | | | | | | cough or | STAIN | | | | | | periphera | & NO | | | | | | l | BLOOD | | | | | | leukocyto | AGAR* | | | | | | sis | * | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ | **Chronic | Anaerobes | takes | **Cavitar | Night | | | ** | | 4-10 | y | sweats & | | | | | weeks to | lesions** | weight | | | | | develop  | on x-ray | loss | | | | | | | | | | | | | Pulmonary | Abscesses | | | | | | nodules | | | | | | | -- | Cause | | | | | | **coin-li | **PERMANE | | | | | | ke | NT | | | | | | lesions | lung | | | | | | appear | damage** | | | | | | opaque | | | | | | | due to | | | | | | | calcifica | | | | | | | tion** | | | +-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+-----------+ **[PNEUMONIA CONTINUED]**: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **BUGS** | **TYPES** | **CHARACTERISTI | **IMPORTANT | | | | CS** | INFO TO | | | | | MEMORIZE** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Legionella | Gram negative | **Legionnaire's | **LEGIONNAIRES* | | pneumophila** | | Ds** -- | * | | | **Interstitial* | compromised | DISEASE: CAP | | **(SEVERE | * | immune systems | sources: | | pneumonia)** | pneumonia | | | | | | **Pontiac | \- Central air | | | | Fever** -- | conditioning | | | | mostly affects | systems | | | | healthy people | | | | | | \- Humidifiers, | | | | **[Transmission | Water heaters, | | | | = INHALATION | hot tubs/ spas | | | | ]** | | | | | | \- Decorative | | | | | fountains w/ | | | | | recirculating | | | | | water, pools | | | | | (birthing | | | | | pools) | | | | | | | | | | \- showerheads, | | | | | sink faucets, | | | | | water | | | | | fountains, | | | | | gardening w/out | | | | | washing hands | | | | | | | | | | **Seasonality** | | | | | = later summer | | | | | & early autumn | | | | | | | | | | **Legionaire's | | | | | Ds** -- age | | | | | (\>50yrs), | | | | | smoking | | | | | (current or | | | | | historical) | | | | | | | | | | Immunocompromis | | | | | ed/suppressed | | | | | **especially | | | | | CMI** | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Staphylococcu | Gram positive | **[COAGULASE]{. | **[TREATMENT]{. | | s | | underline}** | underline}** | | aureus** | **Necrotizing** | -- [major | | | | pneumonia | virulence | Multidrug | | | | factor]{.underl | resistant | | | | ine} | bacteria!!! | | | | | | | | | **Hematogenous | **Methicillin | | | | spread -- NO | resistant S. | | | | aspiration** | aureus (MRSA)** | | | | | | | | | Leading cause | Causes HOLES in | | | | of **CAP** | lungs -- VERY | | | | | BAD!!! | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Pseudomonas | Gram Negative | Rare -- high | | | aeruginosa** | | mortality rate | | | | **Necrotizing** | | | | | pneumonia | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **Klebsiella | Gram Negative | **LEADING cause | | | pneumoniae** | | of HAP** | | | | **Necrotizing** | | | | | pneumonia | | | +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ **[OTHER PNEUMONIA AGENTS]**: +-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ | **FUNGUS** | **PREDISPOSING | **COVID VIRUS** | **CELLULAR | | | FACTORS** | | RECEPTORS** | +=================+=================+=================+=================+ | **Pneumocystis | **[Severe | **SARS-CoV-2** | **Human | | pneumonia | T-cell | | angiotensin-con | | (PCP)** | compromised | | verting | | | ]** | | enzyme 2** | | | | | (hACE2) -- | | | - **AIDS** -- | | highly | | | CD4 \