Nature Writing Tenses PDF

Nature writing is nonfiction or fiction prose or poetry about the natural environment. Nature writing encompasses a wide variety of works, ranging from those that place primary emphasis on natural history facts (such as field guides) to those in which philosophical interpretation predomina...

Nature writing is nonfiction or fiction prose or poetry about the natural environment. Nature writing encompasses a wide variety of works, ranging from those that place primary emphasis on natural history facts (such as field guides) to those in which philosophical interpretation predominate. It includes natural history essays, poetry, essays of solitude or escape, as well as travel and adventure writing. Nature writing often draws heavily on scientific information and facts about the natural world; at the same time, it is frequently written in the first person and incorporates personal observations of and philosophical reflections upon nature. Modern nature writing traces its roots to the works of natural history that were popular in the second half of the 18th century and throughout the 19th. An important early figure was the "parson-naturalist" Gilbert White (1720 – 1793), a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist. He is best known for his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789).  Q1. Nature writing emphasizes on i. Historical facts about the nature ii. Philosophical interpretations of the nature iii. Scientific information and facts iv. None of the above  iv Nature writing is nonfiction or fiction prose or poetry about the natural environment. Nature writing encompasses a wide variety of works, ranging from those that place primary emphasis on natural history facts (such as field guides) to those in which philosophical interpretation predominate. It includes natural history essays, poetry, essays of solitude or escape, as well as travel and adventure writing. Nature writing often draws heavily on scientific information and facts about the natural world; at the same time, it is frequently written in the first person and incorporates personal observations of and philosophical reflections upon nature.  Q2. Based on the passage what is the period to which the modern nature writing can be traced to a) 1850 till 1999 b) 1850 to 1899 c) 1750 till 1899 d) 1750 till 1900  c. 1750-1899 Modern nature writing traces its roots to the works of natural history that were popular in the second half of the 18th century and throughout the 19th. An important early figure was the "parson-naturalist" Gilbert White (1720 – 1793), a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist. He is best known for his Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789).  Q3. Which statement summarizes the above passage a) The passage talks about the life and lessons of Gilbert White, a profound naturalist and ornithologist. b) The passage talks about how the nature writing is missing in the modern era and needs to be revived. c) The passage talks about from where the writers draw inspiration for nature writing, and how its importance is diminishing in the modern era. d) The passage talks about what nature writing is, the different types of nature writing, its style, and about the roots and pioneer of modern nature writing.  d. The passage talks about what nature writing is, the different types of nature writing, its style, and about the roots and pioneer of modern nature writing.  Q4. Which word aptly describes the word “reflections” as used in the passage a) Opinion b) Reproduction c) Images d) None of the above Nature writing often draws heavily on scientific information and facts about the natural world; at the same time, it is frequently written in the first person and incorporates personal observations of and philosophical reflections upon nature.  a. opinions  Q5. According to the passage, what kind of works are written as part of nature writing? i. Natural history essays and essays of solitude or escape ii. Poetry iii. Travel and adventure writing Choose the correct options a) Only (i) b) Only (i) and (ii) c) Only (ii) and (iii) d) All the above  d) All the above Tenses  Time Simple Continuous Perfect Perfect Continuous Aspect Present Simple Present Present Present Perfect Present Prefect Continuous Continuous Past Simple Past Past Past Perfect Past Perfect Continuous Continuous Future Simple Future Future Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous Continuous  Present Simple Form subject + verb Ground Rules generally true permanent habits books, plays, or films Two and two make four The sun rises in the east She works in a bank. I don't travel very often I play tennis every Tuesday. In this book, an army invades Britain. Special ground rules If it rains, I won't come. conditionals When does the class finish. about the future after words like ' 'when', 'until', 'after', 'before' and 'as soon as I will call you when I have time. (Not: 'will have') timetable or a fixed plan This soup tastes great/ I promise I will help you. stative verbs (verbs which we don't use in continuous tenses), in situations where we'd usually use the present continuous  The Present Continuous Tense Form: subj.+ am/is/are+ verb (-ing form) Ground Rules things that are happening at the moment of speaking I'm working at the moment./ Harry is _____(sleep) situations, when we feel something won't continue for a long time She's staying with her friend for a week. I am _________(read) a really great book. temporary or new habits He's eating a lot these days. You are ____(smoke) too much.  Special Ground Rules You're always losing your keys! annoying habits, something happens too often and we don't like it. I'm meeting my father tomorrow. definite future arrangements (with a future time word). I'm getting better at playing the piano. a situation which is slowly changing.  The Present Perfect Ground Rules Unfinished Business that started in the past and continue to the present. I have known Karen since 1994. She has lived in London for three years. Finished Business – Life experience (They have visited Paris three times.) – A finished action with a result in the present (focus on result) They've missed the bus (so they will be late). – With an unfinished time word (this month, this week, today, in the last year) I haven't seen her this month.  The Present Perfect Continuous I've been living in London for two years. To say how long for unfinished actions which started in the past and continue to the present. We often use this with for and since She _____(work) here since 2004. She_____ (work) here for the past three years. I'm so tired, I've been studying since 3 PM. Actions which have just stopped (though the whole action can be unfinished) and have a result, which we can often see, hear, or feel, in the present (focus on action) I______(read) your book, it's very good. I _____ (check) your exam copies, dear class, and all of you will fail.  Form: Subject+ verb (past)Past Simple Ground Rules Finished events | no connection to the present Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa. Finished time word (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock, in 2003) I went to the cinema yesterday. For stories / lists of events He went to a café, sat down and lit a cigarette. Yesterday I ____(go) to the library, _______(meet) a friend for lunch, and_______ (play) tennis.  Special GR Details of news: I've hurt my leg. I fell off a ladder when I was painting my bedroom. As part of the second conditional: If I won the lottery, I would buy a house in Chelsea.  The Past Continuous Form: subj. + was/were+ verb (-ing form) Ground Rules Unfinished past action interrupted by another action I was watching TV when the telephone rang. Background information, to give atmosphere to a story It was a beautiful day. the sun was shining when I heard the bomb go off. An annoying and repeated action in the past, usually with 'always‘ He was always leaving the tap running. For two actions which happened at the same time in the past I was watching TV and he was reading.  Past Perfect Form: subj.+ had+ verb (past participle) Ground Rules To indicate the first past action (when there are two or more past actions) When I reached the office yesterday, the meeting had begun.  He had locked the front door before he went to bed. By the time the fire engines came, we had put out the fire. I got sick because I had eaten too much the previous night.  Past Perfect Continuous Form: subj.+ had been+ verb (-ing form) Something that started in the past and continued up to another action or event (tells us 'how long') I felt tired because I had been driving whole day. Cause of something in the past The pavement was wet, it had been raining.  The boys had been waiting for two hours when the principal finally arrived. I switched off the T.V., which had been running for six hours. The ground was wet because it had been raining.  Future Simple Form: subj. + will+ verb (base/V1) Ground Rules Indicates future activity I will write to him next week. Instant decisions, offers, and promises I will have a cup of coffee. I will help you carry those files. I will give you a ride home.  Ground Rules A decision at the moment of speaking: A: 'I'm cold'. B: 'I'll close the window'. Prediction based on opinion: I think the Conservatives will win the next election. A future fact: The sun will rise at 7am.  A note on ‘shall’ 'Shall' is used mainly in the forms 'shall I ?' and 'shall we?' in British English. These forms are used when you want to get someone's opinion, especially for offers and suggestions: Shall I open the window? (=do you want me to open the window). Where shall we go tonight? (=what's your opinion?).  The Future Continuous Form: subj.+ will be+ verb (-ing form) A continuous action in the future which is interrupted by a time or by another action. He'll be waiting when you arrive. A complete action in the future that will happen in the normal course of events. The Government will be making a statement later. To make a guess about the present. My mother will be working now (= I think she is working now, but I’'m not completely certain).  The Future Perfect Form: Subject+will have+verb-ed An action that will finish before a certain time in the future, but we don't know exactly when. By 10 o'clock I will have finished my homework By the time I'm sixty, I will have retired  The Future Perfect Continuous Form: Subj.+ will have been+ verb (-ing form) time in the future and continues up to that time. In April 2009, I will have been teaching here for two years. (=I started in April 2007 and still teach here now, probably I will continue after April 2009 but we are not sure). Summary Sheet  Review Simple present He walks to school. Present continuous 2. He is walking to school. Simple past (Completed) 3. He walked to school yesterday. Past continuous (Interruption) 4. He was walking to school when the car crashed in to a nearby shop. Future Simple 5. He will do it. Future continuous (ongoing actions in future) 6. Neha will be running her family business by the time her brother leaves for college.  Review: The Perfect Tenses 1. Present Perfect (started early, but impact now) 2. I have washed all the clothes so that you can wear them. 3. Present perfect continuous (how long for unfinished actions) 4. I have been washing the clothes for two hours. 5. Past perfect (two past events, one after the other) 6. I had washed all the clothes before dad came for dinner. 7. Past perfect continuous (two past events, one into another) 8. I had been washing the clothes for two hours and I felt extremely tired. 1. Future perfect (completed actions in future) 2. I will have cooked dinner by 5 p.m. tomorrow. 3. Future perfect continuous (ongoing actions in future with duration) 4. By 5 p.m. tomorrow, I will have been cooking for 2 hours.