HZT4U1 2023 Review PDF

HZT4U1 2023 Review Format True/False Multiple choice Paragraph Series Matching Short answer Fill in the Blanks Philosophy Foundations 1) Define Philosophy and describe its branches Philosophy is the pursuit and love of wisdom (Phila is love), (Sophia is wisdom) Epi...

HZT4U1 2023 Review Format True/False Multiple choice Paragraph Series Matching Short answer Fill in the Blanks Philosophy Foundations 1) Define Philosophy and describe its branches Philosophy is the pursuit and love of wisdom (Phila is love), (Sophia is wisdom) Epistemology: The study of knowledge (looks at the structure/reliability/extent and kinds of knowledge). Metaphysics: The study of the most general or ultimate characteristics of reality or existence. Physics asks the question of how we exist, while metaphysics asks the question of why we exist. Ethics: The study of our values and moral principles and how they relate to our conduct and to our social institutions. 2) Summarize the main theme of Socrates’ Dialogues/ Who was Socrates? Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher, considered one of the founders of Western philosophy. The main theme of Socrates' dialogues often revolved around ethical and philosophical questions. He aimed to encourage critical thinking and self-examination. 3) Describe the gender stereotypes in the philosophy Philosophy, like many academic disciplines, historically has been male-dominated, leading to certain gender stereotypes. These include the view of reason as masculine and emotion as feminine, the exclusion of women's experiences from philosophical discourse, and the association of women more with nature than with intellect or reason. 4) Describe the views of Mary Daly/ Genevieve Lloyd / Janice Moulton Mary Daly: Mary Daly was an American radical feminist philosopher and theologian. She argued against the patriarchal structures of religion and society, and advocated for a shift towards a culture that celebrates and uplifts the feminine. Genevieve Lloyd: Genevieve Lloyd is an Australian philosopher known for her work on the history of ideas, feminist philosophy, and the philosophy of emotion. She has critiqued the historical bias and gendered metaphors in philosophical concepts, such as reason being characterized as male. Janice Moulton: Janice Moulton was an American philosopher who critiqued the adversarial method common in philosophical debate, arguing it was biased towards masculine ways of thinking. She called for philosophy to be more inclusive and collaborative, reflecting a wider range of human experiences and thinking styles. Human Nature 1) Freud’s view of humanity Humans are cruel, selfish, and aggressive and only do things that benefit themselves. “Men are not gentle, friendly creatures wishing for love, but possess a powerful measure of desire for aggressiveness. 2) Describe the Traditional Rationalist/ Traditional Western Religious / Darwinian/ Feminist/ Dualist/ Materialist/ Behaviourist/ Functionalist/ Computer/ Enduring Self/ No Self-view of humanity Name of Viewpoint Rationalistic Version of Traditional Western Philosopher Name Plato, Aristotle Main Contention about Human Nature is fundamentally rational, and that reason is the key humans/human nature understanding the world and our place in it. Humans have a natura capacity for reasoning but are also subject to biases and limitations can distort their understanding of the world. Opposition Sigmund Freud, Plato and Aristotle sometimes disagreed. Coined terms and Terms: The Golden Mean, Virtue, Soul, and “Perfect forms” Quotations Quote: “To know the good is to do the good” - Plato Name of Viewpoint Judeo-Christian Version of Traditional Western Philosopher Name St. Augustine, St. Aquinas, Plato (influenced) Main Contention about Holds that human nature is inherently flawed and that humans are humans/human nature prone to sin and in need of redemption. The main contention is that humans are created in the image of God but have fallen from grace to original sin and require salvation through faith in God. Opposition Coined terms and “Humans have within the powerful desired that, like unruly seeds, d Quotations us down to the earth and away from heaven above”- Augustine Name of Viewpoint Darwinian Challenge Philosopher Name Charles Darwin Main Contention about Humans are not a unique or exceptional species, but rather are sub humans/human nature to the same natural processes of evolution as all other living beings This challenges traditional views of humans as separate from and above the natural world, and raises questions about the nature of human identity, morality, and purpose. Coined terms and “The struggle for existence and natural selection” Quotations Name of Viewpoint Existentialist Challenge Philosopher Name Jean-Paul Sartre Main Contention about Humans are fundamentally free and responsible for creating their o humans/human nature meaning and purpose in life. This challenges traditional views of humans as having a fixed nature or predetermined destiny, and emphasizes the importance of individual choice and authenticity. It raises questions about the nature of human existence, the search f meaning, and the experience of anxiety and despair. Coined terms and “You are what you do” - Jean-Paul Sartre Quotations Name of Viewpoint The Dualist view Philosopher Name Rene Descartes Main Contention about Humans are made out of two substances: Material body, and humans/human nature Immaterial soul. The Relationship between the soul and the body- or the mind and t body. We are material and immaterial- how do they work together Our minds are different from our bodies Opposition Gilbert Ryle Coined terms and “We can think of the self without a body, so it is not a body: we can Quotations think of the self without, which is not a material act. So, the self mu a thinking, immaterial mind with a material body” Name of Viewpoint The Materialist View Philosopher Name Thomas Hobbes Main Contention about All human thoughts, behaviours, and emotions can be explained so humans/human nature in terms of physical processes in the brain and body. Human consciousness and behaviour can be reduced to purely material  causes and can be studied and understood through the scientific method. everything about humans can be explained through the stu of biology, chemistry, and physics. Opposition Coined terms and “The Universe, the whole mass of things that are corporeal.” Quotations Name of Viewpoint The Behaviourist Philosopher Name Gilbert Ryle Main Contention about Human behaviour is determined by past experiences and the exter humans/human nature environment rather than any innate qualities or free will. Behaviouri argue that humans are essentially blank slates at birth and that all behaviour is learned through a process of conditioning. Opposition Coined terms and “The Category Mistake”. Term: Super actor Quotations Name of Viewpoint Functionalist View Philosopher Name Hilary Putnam, Jerry Fodors, David Armstrong Main Contention about Human behaviour can be explained by the way that individuals and humans/human nature groups fulfill specific functions or roles within a social system. Functionalist theorists argue that social institutions such as family, education, and government all serve specific functions and that individuals within those institutions must adapt their behaviour to fu those functions. In essence, the main contention of the functionalis view is that human nature is shaped by social structures and institutions and that individual behaviour can be explained in terms the functions that it serves within those structures. Opposition Coined terms and Terms: Sensory Input, Behavioral output, Quotations Name of Viewpoint Enduring Self View Philosopher Name Rene Descartes, John Locke, Main Contention about Individuals have a persistent and unchanging core identity that rem humans/human nature stable over time, despite changes in experiences, thoughts, and behaviours. This core self is believed to be essential for personal identity and provides a sense of continuity and stability throughout person's life. Experiences tattoo you and make you the person that are. (You remain the same person from afar/at heart but change overall). Opposition Coined terms and Tabula Rasa: Blank Slate Quotations Name of Viewpoint No Self View Philosopher Name Main Contention about Individuals do not have a fixed or permanent self or identity. T humans/human nature view suggests that the self is a temporary construction that arises from the interplay of various mental and physical processes. According to this view, the sense of self is an illus and the self is constantly changing and evolving based on experiences and environmental factors. Opposition Coined terms and Transient Quotations Name of Viewpoint Feminist View Philosopher Name Genevieve Lloyd Main Contention about Gender is a socially constructed concept that has been used t humans/human nature justify gender inequality and discrimination against women. T view emphasizes the importance of challenging traditional ge roles, stereotypes, and power dynamics that have historically privileged men and marginalized women. Feminist theory also advocates for the promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of women in all aspects of society. Opposition Coined terms and Quotations  3) What are the key contentions of Abraham Maslow/Plato/Aristotle/St. Augustine/ Charles Darwin/ J.P. Sartre/ Rene Descartes / Thomas Hobbes/ John Locke/ and St. Thomas Aquinas concerning Human Nature, and existence of the souls. Plato: Plato believed in the existence of an immortal soul that contains reason and drives human behavior. He saw human nature as a tripartite soul divided into rational, spirited, and appetitive parts. Aristotle: Aristotle held a more empirical view of human nature, arguing that it is the rational aspect that distinguishes humans from other animals. He didn't believe in an independent soul, but instead saw the soul as the "form" or functionality of the body. St. Augustine: St. Augustine saw human nature as fundamentally sinful due to the Original Sin. He believed in the existence of the soul, arguing that it is this immaterial soul that yearns for God and moral goodness. Charles Darwin: Darwin didn't explicitly comment on the soul, but his theory of evolution suggests a biological and naturalistic view of human nature, shaped by natural selection for survival and reproduction. Jean-Paul Sartre: Sartre, an existentialist, argued that human nature is characterized by radical freedom and responsibility. He didn't believe in a pre-existing soul, arguing that existence precedes essence; we exist first and define our nature through our actions. René Descartes: Descartes believed in the existence of an immaterial soul separate from the body, arguing for dualism. He saw human nature as rational thinking, famously stating, "I think, therefore I am." Thomas Hobbes: Hobbes held a materialistic view of human nature, seeing humans as self-interested and driven by desires. He didn't explicitly argue for the existence of a soul, focusing instead on the physical and social aspects of human life. John Locke: Locke argued that the mind at birth is a "tabula rasa" or blank slate, suggesting that human nature is shaped by experience. He believed in the existence of a soul but thought our personal identity was tied to consciousness, not the soul. St. Thomas Aquinas: Aquinas saw human nature as a union of body and soul. He followed Aristotle's concept of the soul as the "form" of the body but also believed in its immortality, integrating both Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology. Logic 1) What is the difference between deductive and inductive arguments and the various fallacies Deductive arguments are arguments in which if the premises are true, then the conclusion must be true. The classic example is: 1. All men are mortal. 2. Socrates is a man. 3. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. In this argument, if the premises (1 and 2) are true, the conclusion (3) is necessarily true. Inductive arguments, on the other hand, are arguments in which the truth of the premises makes the conclusion likely, but not certain. For example: 1. The sun has risen every day in the past. 2. Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow. In this argument, the truth of the premise (1) makes the conclusion (2) likely, but not certain because there's always a possibility, however slight, that the sun won't rise tomorrow. 1) zzz Epistemology 1) Explain David Hume’s belief of philosophy/ ideas/ impressions 2) What is the numenal and the phenomenal world according to Kant? 3) How does a priori differ from a posteriori? 4) What is meant by John Locke’s blank slate? 5) Locke argued that at birth, the human mind is like a blank slate, devoid of innate ideas or knowledge. According to his view, individuals acquire all their knowledge and understanding through sensory experiences and interactions with the external world. He emphasized the role of observation, perception, and reflection in shaping one's thoughts, beliefs, and character. 6) How do primary qualities differ from secondary qualities ` 7) How would an empiricist explain how knowledge is acquired? Ethics 1) What is the difference between Rule Utilitarianism, Divine Command Theory, Natural Law ethics? 2) What is St. Thomas Aquinas’ view of ethics/ utilitarianism 3) What are virtues/virtue ethics? Art 1) What is Plato and Aristotle’s view of art 2) What are the factors that determine if art is art? 3) What are the various philosopher’s opinions of what constitutes art? Quotations- Who said the following and how do they pertain to their view? 1) “ I think therefore I am” This quote is from René Descartes, a French philosopher often referred to as the 'Father of Modern Philosophy.' It is part of his method of radical doubt, in which he sought to find an indubitable basis for knowledge. The statement is the conclusion of his argument that he, as a thinking entity, must exist, because even to doubt one's own existence is to engage in thinking, and one must exist to think. 2) “All the choirs of Heaven and the furniture of the world… existence of all” This is a line from the philosophical writings of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, a prominent philosopher and mathematician. It reflects Leibniz's belief in an all-encompassing, harmonious universe guided by a divine intelligence. Leibniz argued that this is the best of all possible worlds, and that everything in the universe, including the "choirs of Heaven" and the "furniture of the world," is part of a grand, divinely orchestrated plan. 3) “The Unexamined life is not worth living” This quote is from Socrates, as recorded in Plato's "Apology." Socrates believed in the moral obligation of self-examination, self-knowledge, and critical thinking. He used this philosophy to promote the importance of questioning and examining our beliefs, actions, and life's purpose. 4) “Credo ut intelligam” (I believe so that I may understand): This quote is from Anselm of Canterbury, an early Christian philosopher and theologian. This statement exemplifies the concept of faith seeking understanding, asserting that faith precedes and is necessary for understanding or comprehending theological truths.  5) “That than which nothing greater can be conceived.” This is another quote from Anselm of Canterbury, used in his Ontological Argument for the existence of God. He postulates that, by definition, God is that than which no greater can be conceived, and if such a being can be conceived of in the mind, it must also exist in reality. 6) “Esse est percipi” This quote is from George Berkeley, an 18th-century Irish philosopher. He developed a form of idealism known as subjective idealism or immaterialism, which holds that material objects only exist insofar as they are perceived. In other words, if an object is not currently being perceived by a mind, it does not exist. Natural Law: A pattern of necessary and universal regularity; a universal moral imperative derived from the nature of things; a moral standard inferred from the nature of human beings that indicates how everyone ought to behave. Agnosticism: A claim of ignorance, particularly of religious matters; the claim that God’s existence can be neither proved nor disproved. Atheism: Denial of theism; the view that God or a god does not exist. Leap of Faith: Making significant choices in the absence of clear knowledge that we are choosing correctly. Believing in or accepting something not on the basis of reason. A priori: Pertaining to knowledge whose possession is logically prior to experience; reasoning based on such knowledge. A posteriori: Pertaining to knowledge that is empirically verifiable; based on inductive reasoning from what is experienced. Egoism: Ethical theory that contends that we act morally when we act in a way that promotes our own interests. Deontological skepticism: Doubting the idea that moral rules are always right or wrong, no matter what. Ethical absolutism: Believing some actions are always right or wrong, no matter what happens because of them. Ethical relativism: A view that denies the existence of any universally applicable moral standard; a view that claims that the truth or validity of a moral standard is not absolute but depends on the standards held or accepted by a social group. Ethics: The branch of philosophy that tries to determine the good and right things to do. Hedonism: The view that only pleasure is intrinsically worthwhile. Idealism: In metaphysics, the position that reality is ultimately non-matter; the view that reality consists of the mind and its contents. Empiricism: The position that knowledge has its origins in and derives all of its content from experience. Theory of forms: An idea by Plato that perfect "forms" or ideals of things exist beyond our world. Heteronomy: Allowing someone else or something else to determine what we should do. Consequentialist Theory: In ethics, the position that the morality of an action is determined by its nonmoral consequences. Non-consequentialist: In ethics, a theory that holds that the morality of an action is determined by more than just its consequences. Omniscience: The capacity to know everything. In Buddhism, Hinduism, Sikhism and the Abrahamic religions, this is an attribute of God. Turing Test: A test to see if a machine can trick a person into thinking it's a human during a conversation.