Hydrolysis and Carbohydrates PDF

Hydrolysis is an opposite of the condensation reaction Glucose and fructose are exampels of the sugars that acts as the building blocks of carbohydrates Glucose being the most important Mono/di/oligo added to the root saccharide to discribe the tybe of carbohydrates Cellulose is not digestible in...

Hydrolysis is an opposite of the condensation reaction Glucose and fructose are exampels of the sugars that acts as the building blocks of carbohydrates Glucose being the most important Mono/di/oligo added to the root saccharide to discribe the tybe of carbohydrates Cellulose is not digestible in our body because we dont have the enzyme needed to digest it Cell membrane usually contains saturated fat Proteins is a form of DNA Catabolism is a biochemical pathway that generate energy by breakdown large molecules into smaller Most cells dont even acknowledgeADP as an energy source only ATP Carbohydrates Most abundant class of bioorganic Produced by photosynthetic activity Also referred to as saccharides Complex carbohydrate are best for diet Two major uses of carbohydrate 1 structural component 2 functional component to create energy Carbohydrate needs at least 3 or more carbon molecules Monosaccharides The simple sugar Water soluble Classification of monosaccharides If the c has a double bond with h its probably aldose On aldoses we start M from 1 because if we multiply it by zero it well lead us to a total of 2 carbons and that is less than the minimum while ketoses multiply by 0 gives us 3 Monosaccharides is an emanates of trioses Hexoses is the most common type of monosaccharides Trioses is the base structure Fischer projection formula is the D where the OH is on the right Fructose Ketohexose Sweetest Found in fruit and honey Glactosemia is a genetic disease in infants it’s a result of a deficiency in the gene responsible for the enzyme that converts D galactose to D glucose. Its solution is a free galactose milk. Furan is five side cycle Pyran is a six side cycle In aldhaide with six carbons carbon number 1 connects with carbon number 5 The structure left to the carbon is inside the ring while the left ones is outside If it was. 6 aldehyde carbons it is a 6 cycle If it was 5 aldehyde carbons it is a 5 cycle If it was 6 Ketone carbons it is a 5 cycle If it was ketone carbon it well not form a cycle Chiral means a carbon atom with four different bonds Mutarotation means sugar turns from alpha to beta or beta to alpha Oligosaccharides Raffinose and stachyose is a type of oligosaccharides and it is undigestible Solanin toxic associated withe alkaloid bitter taste Poly saccharide Reaches10000 mono saccharides Homopolysaccharide is when it components i all the same Heteropolysaccaharide is when it components aren’t the same Also called glycan types of polysacccharides Storage – starch – Glycogen Structural – cellulose – Chitin Acidic – Heparin Amylopectin is blanched while amylose isn’t Glycogen is branched Lower 1-4 more 1-6 than amylopectin Chapter diabetes Diabetes cause is unknown but believed it is hereditary Environmental factors may also play role Viruses and obesity nay play a role also Treatment Goals Control blood glucose levels Provide optimal nourishment for client Prevent symptoms and delay complications Normal blood glucose level 70 to 100 mg/dL Treatment regimes Diet alone Diet with glucose lowering medication Diet combined with insulin Exercise combined with any of the above Regularly monitor blood glucose levels Nutritional management Goals Maintain optimal nutritional status Reach and maintain a healthy weight Diets exchange lists Most common diet is based on exchange lists Lists were developed by the American diabetes association (ADA) The lipids:- Lipids are organic compounds in living organisms that are soluble in nonpolar organic Lipids are not polymers they are mostly small molecules Not soluble in water Made from c h o With a too small percentage of oxygen Organic compounds must have carbon Soluble in compounds that have carbon and hydrogen Ester linkage Precursors :- ‫ﻣواد &ﺣﺎم‬ Carboxylic group contains the 2 oxygens It is usually a even number Organisms in cold weather conditions often contains a membrane made with unsaturated fatty acids Less carbons means more solubility