HUMSS 008 Information Sheet PDF

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES INFORMATION SHEET What is Social Science? - Social science - is a scientific study of human society and social relationships. - Humanities – seeks to understand human reactions to events and the m...

DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES INFORMATION SHEET What is Social Science? - Social science - is a scientific study of human society and social relationships. - Humanities – seeks to understand human reactions to events and the meaning imposed on experience as a function of culture, historical era, and life history. - Natural Science – aims to predict natural phenomena and its studies are based on experimentally controlled existence. Defining Pure Social Sciences Social Sciences – explore the historical, cultural, sociological, psychological, and political forces that shape the actions of individuals and their impact on society. The different disciplines under social sciences all help us better understand and appreciate the complex issues we face in society. BRANCHES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Economics – studies allocating scarce resources and producing and exchanging goods and services in society. Anthropology –the scientific study of humans and their cultures in the past and present time. History –the systematic study of human past events to understand the meaning, dynamics, and relationship of the cause and effects of events in the development of societies. Political science – primarily studies human behavior about political systems, governments, laws, and international relations. Psychology – studies how the human mind works in consonance with the body to produce thoughts that lead to individual actions. Sociology- a systematic study of people’s behavior in groups. Demography- the composition of a particular human population. Geography – is the study of the interaction between people and their environment. Note: People who study to solve social problems are called social scientists. In their study, they solve these social problems systematically in a process called the scientific method. Scientific Method refers to standardized ways of techniques for building scientific knowledge systematically such as how to interpret and generalize results which start from identifying problems and end with conclusions and recommendations. Steps in Scientific Method: 1. Defining problem 2. Reviewing the Related Literature 3. Forming Hypothesis 4. Collecting and Analyzing Data 5. Drawing Conclusions and Recommendations Discipline and Ideas in the Applied Social Sciences Applied Social Science – focuses on the use and application of the different concepts, theoretical models, and theories from Pure Social Sciences to help understand people and society including the different problems and issues it faces. Note: Applied Social Scientists can use his/her training in different work settings and use the different theories in analyzing social problems and help to solve these: Three main career tracks for Applied Social Sciences: Counseling is one of the fields of applied social sciences as an application of the social sciences, counseling provides guidance, help, and support to individuals who have a diverse set of problems in their lives. In this discipline, you can learn about how important is to listen to some problems of other people and provide guidance to them to help them solve their own problems. Counseling can be done through the following: *Guidance counseling *Personal Growth Counseling *Life Coaching *Career counseling Social work- another professional activity in applied social sciences. Here practitioners or those who practice a certain work, help individuals, families, and groups, communities to improve their collective well-being. Communication Studies – provides adequate training for careers in the field of journalism and mass communication. If it happened you see the news on TV, and those people who work to provide us with information through any idea or means fall into this discipline. Good communication skills are also important in counseling as well as in social work. DISCIPLINE OF COUNSELING COUNSELING — the process of guiding a person during the stage of life when reassessments or decisions have to be made about himself or herself in his/her life. Provide advice or guidance in decision-making in emotionally significant situations by helping clients explore and understand better ways to resolve problems. COUNSELING is a discipline involved in providing advice or guidance in decision-making, especially in emotionally significant situations. It is an avenue where trustworthy experts help clients explore and understand their worlds so they can discover better ways of thinking and living. In practical terms, counseling happens when a distressed person asks for help and permits another person to enter into a kind of connection with him/her. It is indicative with formal of someone in search of counseling requesting time and attention from a person who will listen, who will allow him/her to speak, and who will not condemn and criticize him/her. WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF COUNSELING? The ultimate aim of counseling is to enable the client to make their own choices, reach their own decisions and act on them. GOALS OF COUNSELING GOAL DESCRIPTION Insight Understanding of the origins and development of emotional difficulties, leading to an increased capacity to take rational control over feelings and actions. Relating with Becoming better to be able to form and maintain meaningful and satisfying relationships others with other people: For example, within the family or workplace. Self- awareness Becoming more aware of thoughts and feelings that had been blocked off or denied or developing a more accurate sense of how the self is perceived by others. Self- acceptance The development of a positive attitude toward self, marked by an ability to acknowledge areas of experience that had been the subject or self criticism and rejection. Self — Moving in the direction of fulfilling potential or achieving an integration of previously actualization conflicting parts of self. Enlightenment Assisting the client to arrive at a higher state of spiritual awakening. Problem- Finding a solution to a specific problem that the client had not been able to resolve Solving alone. Acquiring a general competence in problem—solving. Psychological Enabling the client to acquire ideas and techniques with which to understand and control education behavior. Acquisition of Learning and mastering social and interpersonal skills such as maintenance of eye Social contact, turn taking in conversations, assertive, or anger control. Skills Cognitive change The modification or replacement of irrational beliefs patterns associated with self- destructive behavior. Behavior change The modification or replacement of self- destructive patterns of behavior. Systematic Introducing change into the way in that social systems operate. change Empowerment Working on skills, awareness, and knowledge that will enable to the client to take control of his or her own life. Restitution Helping the client to make amends to previous destructive behavior. Generality Inspiring in the person a desire and capacity to care for others and pass on knowledge and contribute to the collective good through political engagement. NEEDS FOR COUNSELING BENEFITS FOR COUNSELING To help in total development of the student: Along with Improved communication and interpersonal skills the intellectual development proper motivation and clarification of goals and ideas to pupils' inconformity with their basic potentialities and social tendencies are important total development of students. To help in the proper choices of courses and careers Greater self-acceptance To help in the student in vocational development Ability to change self defeating behavior/habits To develop readiness from choices and changes to face Better expressions and management of emotions new challenges including anger To minimize the mismatching between education and Increased confidence and decision making skills employment and help in the efficient use of man power To motivate the youth for self employment. Ability to manage stress effective;y SCOPE OF COUNSELING Individual Counseling Adolescent identity, teen-parent relationship, peer relationship Anger management Anxiety and Depression Sexual abuse recovery Workplace stress and relationship Relationships with the opposite sex Stress management MARITAL AND PRE-MARITAL COUNSELING Marital and relational dynamics Extended family relationships Fertility issues FAMILY COUNSELING Adolescent and child behaviors within family dynamics Divorce and separation issues and adjustments Family dynamics: conflict, communication Family of origin / extended family issues Life stages and transitions CORE VALUES OF COUNSELING RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY- The counselor must provide a client unconditional positive regard, compassion, non- judgment attitude, empathy and trust. PARTNERSHIP - A counselor has to foster partnerships with the various disciplines that come together to support an integrated healing that encompasses various aspects such as the physical, emotional, spiritual and intellectual. These relationships should be of integrity, sensitivity and openness to ensure health, healing and growth of clients. AUTONOMY- This entails respect for confidentiality and trust in a relationship of counseling and ensuring a safe environment that is needed for healing. It also means that healing or any advice cannot be imposed on a client. RESPONSIBLE CARING- This primarily means respecting the potential of every human being to change and to continue learning throughout his/her life and especially in the environment of counseling. PERSONAL INTEGRITY- Counselors must reflect personal integrity, honesty and truthfulness with clients. SOCIAL JUSTICE- This means accepting and respecting the diversity of the clients, the diversity of individuals, their cultures, languages, lifestyles, identities, ideologies, intellectual capacities, personalities and capabilities regardless of the presented issues. PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING (VELLEMAN) Process Factors in Counseling The process factors constitute the actual counseling undertaking. Velleman (2001) presents the following Six Stages, which for him apply to all problem areas in the process of counseling. Developing Trust This involves providing warmth, genuineness and empathy. Exploring problem areas This involves providing a clear and deep analysis of what the problem is, where it comes from, its triggers, and why it may have developed. Helping to set goals This involves setting and managing goal-directed interventions. Empowering into action This means fostering action to achieve set goals. Helping to maintain change This means providing support and other techniques to enable the client to maintain changes. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship This implies that assurances are there that guarantee the process is being directed by the client and toward independence PROFESSIONALS AND PRACTITIONERS IN COUNSELING FUNCTIONS OF COUNSELORS Providers of Individual and Group Counseling Services - School counselors take an active role in counseling groups or individuals. - Example: In a school setting, helping individuals understand themselves and also providing a correct evaluation of a student's behavioral and clinical problems. Developmental Classroom Guidance Specialists ❑ Professional counselors implement guidance instructions for students. These are executed by developing clear and measurable objectives to meet the needs of the students. Example: Professional counselors deliver talks, seminars, workshops, and other interesting activities. Leaders and Advocates of Academic Success ❑ Professional school counselors have an ethical responsibility to promote academic success by helping students identify barriers to school performance. ❑ These barriers may be personal (example: living with an absentee or separated parents); ❑ socio-emotional (ex. peer pressure); or moral dilemmas (ex. failing an exam or cheating to pass an exam); or ❑ career-related barriers (ex. indecisiveness about a course in college) Career Development Specialists ❑ Professional counselors also provide activities that will prepare students for the demands and requirements of their chosen profession. Examples: Activities include formal writing of resumes, having proper responses to job interviews, and knowing appropriate clothing for job applications. Agents of Diversity and Multiculturalism ❑ Professional counselors are trained to deal with and address the needs of people from different cultural backgrounds. Example: Counselors may assist foreign students through activities that allow interaction with Filipino students. Advocates of a Safe School Environment  ❑ Conflicts, which may lead to violence, happen in some school communities. For instance, there are issues with physical, verbal, cyber, psychological, etc. nowadays. Counselors’ advocacy is to ensure that the students have a safe environment inside the school. Example: School bullying program AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION IN COUNSELING School Counseling ❑ School counselors help students at all levels to understand and cope with social, behavioral, and personal problems. Example: Providing special services, including alcohol and drug prevention programs, and also trying to identify cases of domestic abuse and other family problems that can affect a student's development. Mental Health or Clinical Counseling ❑ Mental health counselors work with individuals, families, and groups to address and treat mental and emotional disorders and promote mental health. ❑ They are trained in a variety of therapeutic techniques used to address issues such as depression, anxiety, addiction, substance abuse, stress, trauma, and grief. Rehabilitation Counseling ❑ These counselors provide counseling, guidance, and case management services to persons with disabilities to assist them in achieving their psychological, personal, social, and vocational goals. Examples: Provide services for elderly people who develop health problems or need accommodations as they age. Assist people with substance use disorders or other addictions. Industrial Counseling ❑ Counselors may also specialize in the industrial setting, where they could provide workplace counseling to respond to the concerns of the employees. Example: Counselors help employees with problems like stress, workplace depression, anxiety, and declining productivity in an office. Marriage and Family Counseling ❑ A marriage counselor helps couples resolve marital problems. Distressed couples seek the help of a marriage counselor when they don't want to divorce but aren't sure how to compromise on various issues. Examples: Third party issues, Fertility issues, and Extended family issues. Private Practice ❑ Counselors may have their wellness center or private clinic. The clinic can accommodate children and/or adults, depending on the counselor's specialization. Example: A child diagnosed with a social anxiety disorder may seek help or psychotherapy during weekends, as a follow-up or support program to the counseling sessions he or she receives from the school on weekdays. Community Counseling ❑ It is provided to members of society who encounter difficulties in the community setting. Counselors who work in the community setting are usually adept in the community's background, culture, or practices. ❑ They help the members of the community improve their relationships with each other. CAREER OPPORTUNITIES IN COUNSELING ❑ Elementary and High School Counselors- Counselors can choose to be inside of the educational system spending on improving student's academic and holistic performance, up until their graduation(Tan, 2009). ❑ College Counselors- These counselors are focused on the different psychological and problem needs of students at the tertiary level. Students taking the tertiary level, also undergo a lot of stress. Example: Brought by the demands and requirements of college life: not to mention that the degree of stress because it varies from course to course.  ❑ Teaching in the Academe- Counselors also have the chance to teach in the academe. They have the opportunity to share their experiences as well as their expertise in the field of counseling and psychology. ❑ Workshop Facilitator- Guidance counselors are equipped with competencies that address the needs of diverse groups through the facilitation of seminars and workshops. ❑ Career Counselors- Through career counseling and career coaching, counselors provide opportunities and skills seminars for college students to be more adept, flexible and ready to face the world of profession. ❑ Substance Abuse Counselors- These counselors usually work hand in hand with social workers. Their academic training and preparation helped them to develop programs and interventions that will address the physical and psychological well-being of clients. ❑ Researcher- They are also researchers, conducting experimental-based outcomes, problem-based research, etc. They also identify the most effective activities that will improve the conditions of certain individuals. RIGHTS, RESPONSIBILITIES, ACCOUNTABILITIES AND CODE OF ETHICS OF COUNSELORS As state, registered and licensed professional counselors are protected. They are governed by scientific theories, practices and processes as well as professional standards and ethics. They are responsible for the practice of their profession in accordance with their mandates and professional guidelines and ethics. They are accountable to their clients, the professional body and the government. Counselors must observe confidentiality at all times. Without confidentiality, clients cannot trust the counselors and therefore make the profession impossible to practice. The code of ethics also states that counselors live and work in accordance with the professional standards of conduct set forth for the practice of guidance and counseling. They should not do harm their clients. They should be people with high moral standards. It’s preamble provides that guidance counselors work with clients. Guidance counselors must respect the dignity, integrity and welfare of these clients. The Institute of Guidance Counselors’ Code consists of four overall ethical principles that subsume a number of specific ethical standards: PRINCIPLE 1: RESPECT FOR THE RIGHTS AND DIGNITY OF THE CLIENT ❑ Guidance counselors honor and promote the fundamental rights, moral and cultural values, dignity and worth of clients. ❑ They respect clients’ rights to privacy, confidentiality, self-determination and autonomy, consistent with the law. PRINCIPLE 2: COMPETENCE ❑ Guidance counselors maintain and update their professional skills. They recognize the limits of their expertise, engage in self-care, and seek support and supervision to maintain the standard of their work. PRINCIPLE 3: RESPONSIBILITY ❑ Guidance counselors are aware of their professional responsibility to act in a trustworthy, reputable and accountable manner toward clients, colleagues and the community in which they work and live. PRINCIPLE 4: INTEGRITY ❑ Guidance counselors seek to promote integrity in their practice. They represent themselves accurately and treat others with honesty, straightforwardness and fairness.