Discipline and Ideas in Applied Social Sciences Reviewer PDF

**DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES reviewer** **LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINE OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES** **-Social sciences** are disciplines concerned with the systematic study of social phenomena. Basically, defined as the study of human society. -Deals with the inst...

**DISCIPLINE AND IDEAS IN APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES reviewer** **LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO THE DISCIPLINE OF APPLIED SOCIAL SCIENCES** **-Social sciences** are disciplines concerned with the systematic study of social phenomena. Basically, defined as the study of human society. -Deals with the institutions, the functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as member of the society. -It includes anthropology, economics, sociology, political science, history, criminology, psychology, geography and communication studies. **-Applied social sciences** is the application of social science theories, concepts, methods, and findings to problems identified in the wider society. -It is an integrated science cutting across and transcending various social science disciplines in addressing a wide range of issues in a contemporary, innovative, and dynamic way. -A broad field that draws on different social theories and perspectives and combines theory and practice drawn from different social disciplines that highlight the complexity of social issues. It includes counseling, social work and communication. **Social sciences are more specific and focused on a distinct facet of a social phenomenon** while **applied social science attempts to focus on distinct issue but use insights arising from various social science disciplines.** **LESSON 2: The Discipline of Counseling** **Discipline of Counseling**- The Discipline of Counseling is a relationship characterized by the application of one or more psychological theories and a recognized set of communication skills appropriate to a client\'s intimate concern, problems, or aspiration. **Counseling**- is the process of guiding a person during a stage of life when re assessment or decisions have to be made about himself or herself and his or her life course. Counseling is affected by the context and the surroundings factors. The context includes the peers, the culture, the neighbors, the counseling, the client, the counselor, and the contextual and the process factors. **Counseling is aimed at empowering a client**. he general goal is to lead an individual client or group to self - emancipation in relation to a felt problem. It is a professional relationship that requires an eventual closure and termination of the counselee - counselor relationship. **Six Stages of Counseling Process** 1\. Developing trust 2\. Exploring problem areas 3\. Helping to set goals 4\. Empowering into action 5\. Helping to maintain change 6\. Agreeing when to end the helping relationship **Principles of Counseling** 1**. Advic**e - involve advise - giving as one of the several functions that counselors perform 2**. Reassurance** - involves providing clients with reassurance, which is a way of giving them courage to face a problem or confidence that they are pursuing a suitable course of action 3\. **Release of emotional tension** - provides client the opportunity to get emotional release from their pent - up frustrations other personal issues 4**. Clarified thinking** - tends to take place while the counselor and counselee are talking and therefore become a logical emotional release 5\. **Reorientation** - involves a change in the client\'s emotional self through a change in basic goals and aspirations 6\. **Listening skills** - good listening helps counselors to understand the concerns being presented 7**. Respect** - clients must be treated with respect, no matter how peculiar, strange, disturbed, weird, or utterly different from the counselor 8**. Empathy and positive regard** - empathy requires the counselor to listen and understand the felling and perspective of the client and the positive regard is an aspect of respect 9\. **Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation** 10\. **Transference and countertransference** **Core Values of Counseling** **1. Respect for Human Dignity** **2. Partnership** **3. Autonomy** **4. Responsible Caring** **5. Personal Integrity** **6. Social Justice** **LESSON 3: The Professionals and Practitioners in the Discipline of Counseling** Roles of Guidance Counselors -The role of the counselors is to assist the person or persons (client) in realizing a change in behavior or attitude, to assist them to seek achievement of goals and assist them to find help. It includes teaching of social skills, effective communication, spiritual guidance, decision making and career - choices. **Functions of Guidance Counselors** 1\. Helping a client develop potentials to the fullest; 2\. Helping a client plan to utilize his or her potentials to the fullest; 3\. Helping a client plan his or her future in accordance with his or her abilities, interests, and needs; 4\. Sharing and applying knowledge related to counseling such as counseling theories, tools and technique; and 5\. Administering a wide range of human development services. **Competencies of Guidance Counselors** Guidance counselors can administer and maintain career guidance and counseling programs. They are capable of properly guiding the students toward becoming productive and contributing individuals through informed career choices with reference to appropriate bureaus, relevant stakeholders and national programs and considering the available opportunities in the community, the country and globally. **Foundation Skills according to Culley and Bond (2004)** 1\. **Attending and listening** - refers to active listening which means listening with purpose and responding in such a way that clients are aware that they have been heard and understood. 2\. **Reflective skills** - concerned with the others person\'s frame of reference 3. Probing skills - facilitate going deeper, asking more directed or leading questions. 3\. **Probing skills** - facilitate going deeper, asking more directed or leading questions. Four Common Skills 1\. **Communication skill** - include the ability to actively listen, demonstrate Understanding, ask appropriate questions, and provide information as needed 2**. Motivation skills** - these skills are the ones that influence a helpee to act after the helping session or consultation 3**. Problem-solving skills** - include differentiating between symptoms and the problem, pinpointing probable causes and triggers for the problem, and then generating a range of possible solutions to the actual problem. 4\. **Conflict resolution skills** - involve learning about styles of conflict resolution. **Areas of Specialization where Counselors Work** 1**. Child development and counseling** - includes parent education, preschool counseling, early childhood education, elementary school counseling, child counseling in mental health agencies, and counseling with battered and abused children and their families 2**. Adolescent development and counseling -** cover middle and high school counseling, psychological education, career development specialist, adolescent counseling in mental health agencies, youth work in a resuential facility, and youth probation officer. 3\. **Gerontology (the aged**) - considered the fastest growing field and essentially involves counseling of older citizen. 4**. Marital relationship counseling** - includes premarital counseling, marriage counseling, family counseling, sex education, sexual dysfunction counseling, and divorce mediation 5**. Health** - offers possibility for nutrition counseling, exercise and health education, nurse-counselor, rehabilitation counseling, stress management counseling, holistic health counseling, anorexia or bulimia counseling, and genetic counseling. 6\. **Career/lifestyle** - includes guidance on choices and decision-making pertaining to career or lifestyle; guidance on career development; provision of educational and occupational information to clients. 7\. **College and university** - offer the following opportunities: college students counseling, student activities, student personnel work, residential hall or dormitory counselor, and counselor educator. 8**. Drugs** - has several options such as substance abuse counseling, alcohol counseling, drug counseling, stop smoking program manager, and crisis intervention counseling 9\. **Consultation** - covers agency and corporate consulting, organizational development director, industrial psychology specialist and training manager 10**. Business and Industries -** include training and development personnel, quality and work-life or quality circles manager, employee assistance programs manager, employee career development officer, affirmative action or equal opportunity specialist 11**. Other specialties** - include phobia counseling, self-management, Intra- personal management, interpersonal relationships management and grief counseling. **Career Opportunities for Counselors** 1\. **Educational and career counselors** - offer personal, educational, social, and academic counseling services 2\. **Vocational or career counselors** - facilitate career decision-making - Aid individuals or groups in determining jobs that are best suited to their needs, skills and interests 3\. **Marital and family counselors** - offers a wide range of services for couples and families - Help couples and families deal with social issues, emotional problems, and in some cases mental health treatment 4\. **Addiction and behavioral counselors** - work with people suffering from addictions (drugs, alcohol, sex, eating disorder, gambling). 5**.Mental health counselors** - these professionals work with people suffering from mental or psychological distress such as anxiety, phobias, depression, grief, esteem issues, trauma, substance abuse, and related issues - Aim at promoting mental health. 6\. **Rehabilitation counselors** - these professionals are engaged with individual\'s suffering from physical or emotional disabilities such disabilities may elven affect their family, social, school, or work life. 7\. **Genetics counselors** - operate in a very specialized context of dealing with genetic information for individuals and the decision that come with it. **Lesson 4: The Clientele and Audiences of Click to add subtitle Counseling** **Characteristic of the Audiences of Counseling** -The clientele and audiences of counseling are normal people. They are not in need of clinical or mental help. They may be the youth in need of guidance at critical moments of their growth, anyone in need of assistance in realizing a change in behavior for attitude, or simply seeking to achieve a goal. **Needs of Various Types of Clientele and Audiences of Counseling** **School guidance and counselors**, these professionals provide the need for personal guidance by helping students seek more options and find better and more appropriate ones in dealing with situations of stress or simply decision- making. **Job-hunting coaches**, counselors provide avenues for people to find necessary information and get employment that is suitable to them. **Conflict management providers**, these professionals provide the need for principles and theory-based approaches to deal with conflict and deescalate it, if not revolve it positively. **Human resource personnel, these professionals** provide the needs common to all workplaces and they are employed in almost all workplaces to deal with various employee needs that cover aspects of renumerations, social services, compensations, conflict resolution, and discipline. **Marriage counselors**, these professionals provide the need for conflict resolution skills to parties, couples, and children to deal with various stresses and issues that threaten their unity and peaceful coexistence. **Drug abuse and rehabilitation counselors**, these professionals meet the need to help people overcome their problems or mitigate some of the most negative effects of drugs. Their goal is to facilitate client rehabilitation. **Bereavement counselors,** these professionals respond to the need to be helped to go through loss, such as death in the family, in a way that will help prevent depression and other unhealthy ways of dealing or coping with loss **Abused children caretakers and rehabilitation in government and NGO setting,** counselors meet the need to facilitate processing and restoration of abused children through recognition and implementation of existing laws. **The Individual as a Client of Counseling** **-**The individual who need to be helped to to manage manage well a life-changing situation or personal problem or crisis and other support needs may undergo counseling as an individual. **The Group and Organization of Counseling** -Group exist in communities, organizations, students in schools, teachers in school, and departments in workplaces, and such an entity can undergo group counseling to meet counseling needs on that level. **The Community as a Client of Counseling** -When people experience something collectively, which may be socially troubling and constitute the danger of blocking their collective capacity to move on, counseling is necessary to be undertaken on a community level. **LESSON 5: The Settings, Processes, Methods and Tools in Counseling** **Frank Parsons known as the \"Father of Guidance and Counseling,\"** developed a vocational program that matched an individual\'s traits with a vocation. Three schools of thought that became very dominant: psychoanalysis, behaviorism, and humanistic perspective. **\* Represented by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939),** psychoanalysis draw attention to the darker forces of the unconscious and the influence that this has on how we fell about ourselves. **\* Represented by B. F. Skinner (1904-1990),** behaviorism focused on the effects of reinforcement on observable behavior. Classical conditioning involves learning by association. **\* Represented by Carl Rogers (1902-1987),** Abraham Maslow (1908- 1970), and George Kelly (2905-1966), the humanistic perspective attempted to understand the conscious mind, free will, human dignity, and capacity for self-reflection and growth. It is rooted in insights and focus on self- development, growth, and responsibilities. **Basic counseling approaches commonly used:** **Psychoanalytic Therapy i**s based on Freud\'s explanation that human beings are basically determined by psychic energy and early experiences. ** Adlerian Therapy developed by Alfred Adler (1870-1937)** who believed that the first six years of life influence an individual. **Existential Therapy** focuses on the human capacity to define and shape his/her own life, give meaning to personal circumstances through reflection, decision- making, and self-awareness. It emphasizes human freedom to define oneself, and that our lives are not predetermined **Basic counseling approaches commonly used:** -**Person-centered Therapy originated from Carl Rogers (1902-1987).** For Rogers, people get, share, or surrender power and control over themselves and others, and so empowerment depend on the self and such required non-directive process. Non- directive counselors focus on the client\'s self-discovery rather than their input. **Gestalt Therapy was developed and introduce by Frederick. Perls (1893-1970).** Stressing that people must find their own way in life and accept personal responsibility for maturity. **Transactional Analysis was developed by Eric Berne (1910-1970).** Its main uniqueness is its emphasis on decisions and contracts that must be made by the client. **Basic counseling approaches commonly used:** ** Behavior Therapy**, also referred to as behavior modification. It uses many action-oriented methods to help people take steps to change what they are doing and thinking. ** Rational-**emotive **Theory was developed by** **Albert Ellis (1913-2007**). It is a form of cognitively oriented behavioral therapy and assumes that human beings are born with a potential for both rational or straight thinking, and irrational or crooked thinking. ** Reality Therapy was founded and promoted by William Glasser (1925-2013).** It is a short-term approach that focuses on the present and highlights a client\'s strength. It stresses that a client can learn more realistic behavior and achieve success. **The Settings of Counseling** **1.Government Setting** - work with various government agencies that have counseling services such as social welfare, correctional department, court system, child and women affair services, schools, military, police, hospitals, mental and foster homes, and rehabilitation centers **2. Private Sectors Setting** - counselors range from independent providers of services or work for NGOs, of specialized for-profit centers and organizations that render a variety of counselling services. **3. Civil Society Setting** - generally charities or non-profit and issue-based centers or organizations such as for abused women, abandoned children and elderly, veterans, teachers, professionals, or religious groups. 4\. **School Setting** - is more complex since the needs of students can vary widely. 5\. **Community Setting -** community has the greatest and widest application of counseling services considering the diversity of people who constitute the community. **LESSON 6: The Counseling Services, Processes and Methods** **-Needs assessment** is the systematic observation of symptoms of the client to determine the specific felt needs which include conducting formal surveys using a questionnaire. **-Implementation** is the process that involves acting on the plan for an effective counseling. **-Monitoring** is the process of documenting the entire process of counseling while it is going on. **-Evaluation** is the process of examining the results of counselling to find out if the intended were met or unmet. It is the basis to continue or to phase out a program. If monitoring documents the process, evaluation concentrates on the results. **LESSON 7: The Discipline of Social Work** **Social work** profession promotes social change, problem solving in human relationships and the empowerment and liberation of people to enhance well-being. **Social work as a profession** has dual aims of helping individual\'s fit better into their environment, typically known as micro practice, and changing the environment so it works better for individuals, referred to as macro practice. **Goals and Scope of Social Work DuBois and Miley (2008)** Empower people, individually and collectively, to utilize their own problem-solving and coping capabilities more effectively. Support a proactive position about social and economic policy development to prevent problems for individuals and society from occurring. Uphold the integrity of the profession in all aspects of social work practice. Establish linkages between people and societal resources to further social functioning and enhance the quality of life. Develop cooperative networks within the institutional resource system. Facilitate the responsiveness of the institutional resource systems to meet health and human service needs **Goals and Scope of Social Work** Promote social justice and equality of all people regarding full participation in society. Contribute to the development of knowledge for social work profession through research and evaluation. Encourage exchange of information in those institutional systems in which both problems and resources opportunities are produced. Enhance communication through an appreciation of diversity and through ethnically sensitive, non-sexist social work practice. Employ educational strategies for the prevention and resolution of problems. Embrace a world view of human issues and solutions problems. **Principles Relative to Respect for Human Rights** 1\. Upholding and promoting human dignity and well-being 2\. Respecting the right to self-determination 3\. Promoting the right to participation 4\. Creating each person as a whole 5\. Identifying and developing strengths Principles Relative to Social Justice 1\. Challenging discrimination 2\. Recognizing diversity 3\. Distributing resources 4 Challenging unjust policies and practices 5\. Working in solidarity **Principles Relative to Professional Integrity** 1\. Upholding the values and reputation of the profession 2\. Being trustworthy 3\. Maintaining professional boundaries 4.Making considered professional judgements 5.Being professionally accountable **Core Values of Social Work** 1\. **Compassion** --It is the basis for someone to go out and become a voice to the voice less and a friend to the people who need it most. 2\. **Service** - directs social workers to go beyond purely performing a service for a pay and allow them to be generous with their time 3\. **Social justice** - basis of their understanding of the need to ensure that everyone get serviced and that everyone get a share of what the community possess in material and non-material assets 4\. **Core Values of Social Work Dignity and worth of the person** - provide the determination and drive for social workers to seek the marginalized in all forms without much regard as to whether such problem is self-inflected or socially imposed 5\. **Importance of human relationship** - makes it possible for social workers to do their job 6\. **Integrity** - necessary in all human endeavor 7\. **Competence** - very important value for social work because it separates social caregiving from social work **LESSON 8: The Professionals and Practitioners in the Discipline of Social Work** **Role of Social Work** The roles are generally interwoven with functions but DuBois and Miley (2008) have provided elements that can be distinctively viewed as roles rather than functions. **For individuals and families, their role is that of an enabler - helping people find solutions. For formal groups and organizations, their role is that of a facilitator - in aid of organizational development. For community and society, their role is that of a planner - facilitating research and planning.** **Functions of Social Work** ❖ Counsel with individuals, facilitate groups, work with families, refine agency procedures, initiate new programs, lobby for legislative changes, organize community action, educate the public, conduct needs assessment, and evaluate practice and programs at various system level and targets of change or social transformation; ❖ Enhance social functioning of individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities; ❖ Link client\'s systems with needed resources ❖ Improve the operations of the social services delivery networks; and \* Promote social justice through development of social policy. **Areas of Specialization of Social Work** 1**. Family and child welfare**. This includes services to families in situations that seriously disrupt family life such as physical or mental illness, unemployment, divorce, in aid of improving client family life. 2\. **Health.** Social workers help patients and their families in clinics, hospitals, and other health-care facilities. 3\. **Mental Health.** Social workers provide aid to people suffering from mental and emotional stress and many other services like the ones offered by medial social workers. 4**. Correction**. Social workers in correction are involved with programs concerned with the prevention of crime and the rehabilitation of criminals and provide counsel to people who are on probation or parole. 5**. Schools**. Social works in school is part of the program on all levels, from preschool through college. It includes services to students in special school or individuals with emotional disturbances or physical disabilities. Rights, Responsibilities and Accountabilities of Social Work Social work foremost rights include the right to fulfill its professional mandates and to live by its values. Its responsibilities cover those that pertain to the dispensation of its basic functions, roles, professional standards, and adherence to its local and international codes of ethics. Social work is accountable to the clients, the general public, and the society. Responsibilities of social workers working within their field of specialization are to help children, assist those life-threatening problems, or aid people in overcoming addictions. Social workers have a responsibility to promote social justice, in relation to society generally, and in relation to the people with whom they work. Social workers have a responsibility to apply the professional values and principles set out above to their practice. They should act with integrity and treat people with compassion, empathy, and care. Social workers have a responsibility to promote social justice, in relation to society generally, and in relation to the people with whom they work. Social workers have a responsibility to apply the professional values and principles set out above to their practice. They should act with integrity and treat people with compassion, empathy, and care. **Code of Ethics of Social Work** 1\. Social workers are expected to uphold human rights in their practice. 2. Social workers should respect the rights and dignity of people. 3\. Social workers should respect relationships of people who use their services. 4\. Social workers should promote social justice. 5\. Social workers should comply with the laws and regulations governing their 6\. Social workers should carry out their duties professionally and ethically. 7\. Social workers should demonstrate ethical awareness. 8\. Social workers should demonstrate professional accountability. 9\. Social workers should act in the best interest of people who use their services. 10\. Social workers should communicate with people who use their services, careers, and professionals. 11\. Social workers should seek informed consent of people who use their services. 12\. Social workers should keep accurate records. 13\. Social workers should deal appropriately with health and safety risks. 14\. Social workers should willingly collaborate, delegate, and manage appropriately. 15\. Social workers should undertake research ethically. 16\. Social workers should maintain high standard of personal conduct. 17\. Social workers should act with integrity. 18\. Social workers should provide accurate information about their conduct and competence. 19\. Social workers should treat information about people who use their services as confidential except in situation that call for greater ethical requirement such as preservation of life. 20\. Social workers should act within the limits of their professional knowledge, skills, and experience. 21\. Social workers should keep their professional knowledge and skills up to date so that they are able to provide appropriate services. **LESSON 9: THE CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK CHARACTERISTIC OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK** All people with various social concerns (in terms of being marginalized or experiencing social injustice or having their rights violated or disrespected) share characteristic qualities of the clientele and audience of social work individuals, families, groups and communities experiencing being left out or having some personal social problems like losing job, getting sick, especially becoming terminally ill, all those deserving social welfare benefits, and so on. **NEEDS OF VARIOUS TYPES OF CLIENTELE AND AUDIENCES OF SOCIAL WORK** The needs are generally that of wanting to be empowered. Some people need their rights respected, some need justice, and others need social welfare help to put them on their feet. **INDIVIDUALS AS CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK** The individual level is generally work on an individual who must be assisted to fit in a larger environment or someone who has been deprived space by the larger environment calling for change in the very environment or simply improving one\'s ability to cope with it. **THE GROUP AND ORGANIZATION AS CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK-** Groups are people existing with similar or common identity. Gay men and lesbian, migrants, women, abused or neglected children, elderly, pensioners, veterans, military service men and women, people in conflict with the law, unemployed, people with substance abuse and addiction represent groups that social work may focus its services on. **THE COMMUNITY AS CLIENT OF SOCIAL WORK-** Community has the largest share in the clientele and audience of social work because individuals and families in essentially members of the community. A community may exist as a marginalized sector, and in which case, the social work services may gear toward their emancipation and empowerment. **LESSON 10: The Settings, Processes, Methods, and Tools of Social Work Government Setting** -The government setting offers the widest space for a variety of social work services. Social work is present almost everywhere, from social policy formulation and analysis, advocacy, and implementation to enhance the well -being of societal members, to providing social services through appropriate government departments and agencies. **PRIVATE SECTOR SETTING-** In the private private sector, particularly corporate setting, occupational social work is practiced. The type of social work typically has five structures within which it generates interventions: employee assistance programs, labor union social services, human resource management offices, community relations offices, and organizational development initiatives. **CIVIL SOCIETY SETTINGS** The civil society sector sees itself as a champion of the people with regards ensuring accountability in government services; hence, social workers in civil society tend to work for advocates of human rights and social justice. Their work ensures the delivery to concerned sectors of universal basic needs that may range from physical needs, intellectual development, emotional development, social growth, and spiritual growth. **SCHOOL SETTING** The school is a social service and within it lies similar situations that arise elsewhere: violation of human rights, injustice, violence, sexual harassment, discrimination, and so on. A school worker is between the school and students\' families, sustainer of effective communication among parents, teachers, and students and essentially bridging the children\'s personal lives and education ensure that students needs are being met. **COMMUNITY SETTING** A community consists and represents all kinds of social work services. It is the locus of social work challenges. community where human rights of individuals and groups are denied or violated, injustice is made and committed, where marginalization for individuals and groups occur. Community setting orients social work to a generalist framework that. divides work into, micro-practice and macro-practice. **LESSON 11: The Social Work Services, Work, Processes and Methods** **Conducting needs assessment for individuals, Group, Organization and Communities** Social worker services are not launched without careful and proper planning. Anticipation of needs and the scale as well allocating necessary resources is part of guarantying effective and efficient delivery of social work services. Needs assessment for individuals, groups, organizations and communities is a step taken to systematically identify the actual needs. This is done through interviews, observation, surveys that are done in setting. The social work practice may decide to focus on rehabilitation, car, and prevention that are supported by social policy of any form, this ends in the planning phase. The phases that come next would be the implementation and post implementation. **Monitoring and Evaluating Social Work Effectivity** When social work intervention is planned, implementation is accompanied by a detailed process documentation to be able to explain what is happening on both sides, the social work, and on the 4M recipients of services. Hence, this is called monitoring. After a certain period of implementation, or after accumulating a number of services recipients, or at the very end of the intervention program, a more comprehensive examination of the impacts and influence of the services on the recipients is done to determine the efficacy and effectivity of the program and services and to make an informed decision of what to do next about the program. It can be phased out or the need to expand it may be found necessary. This is the meaning and intent of the evaluation of social work services.