HUMS Revision Sheet 2024 Sem 2 PDF

**[HUMS REVISION SHEET FOR EXAMS -- Charleen Andre]** **CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP** **Laws** are a formal set of rules that groups or communities must obey. Two different types of laws include: - **Non-legal laws:** rules or regulations that are imposed upon members of a group in order to wor...

**[HUMS REVISION SHEET FOR EXAMS -- Charleen Andre]** **CIVICS AND CITIZENSHIP** **Laws** are a formal set of rules that groups or communities must obey. Two different types of laws include: - **Non-legal laws:** rules or regulations that are imposed upon members of a group in order to work together in a specific manner e.g., schools, parents and clubs - **Legal laws:** rules made by official law-making bodies such as parliaments, courts or local councils and apply to all members of society. These laws are enforced by police and judges. **Reasons why we have Laws** - Establish boundaries of acceptable behaviour, lets members of community be aware of what type of conduct will not be tolerated - Laws maintain a unified society that prevents disputes from arising - Protects individuals or specific groups from danger or maltreatment (e.g., consumer, workplace, family and child protection laws.) Courts in state and territories of Australia are arranged in a **hierarchy** meaning they are ranked in order of importance from lowest to highest according to seriousness of cases they can hear. **Lowest court is the Magistrates court and the highest court is the supreme court.** **[Key definitions]** **Jurisdiction** - the official power to make legal decisions and Judgement **Appeal** -- When a court can 'hear appeals' it means they can review decisions by lower courts **Jury --** A group of 12 people that determines the verdict of whether the accused is guilty or not guilty. They do not determine the law **Plaintiff** -- The party that believes their rights have been infringed **Pool room** -- Where jury selection begins **Equality before the law** -- When all human beings have the right to be treated equally before the law **Criminal law** -- The area of law that deals with illegal actions considered as crimes **Presumption of innocence** -- The defendant or accused should be presumed innocent until the court proves them guilty **Accused** -- A person who has been formally charged with committing a crime **Civil law** -- The area of law that deals with disputes between groups or individuals over a breach of individual rights, breach of contract or negligence **[Hierarchy of Courts ]** **High court of Australia --** Most well-known federal court that has power to hear many cases including appeals from state and territory supreme court appeal and the high court itself. **Federal Courts** 1. Family courts -- specialises in hearing cases relating to marriage and divorce disputes. Assists in parenting and property settlement 2. The federal court -- hears most civil disputes involving commonwealth law e.g., workplace, native title claims, copyright and immigration issues 3. Federal circuit court -- Eases the workload of federal and family court and acts as a simple accessible alternative to these courts. 1. Superior/Supreme court -- Hears most serious criminal matters such as murder or matters involving large amounts of money. Hears appeals from district or county court. 2. District and county courts -- Intermediate courts that hear all serious criminal cases except murder or attempted murder. Power to hear appeals from magistrates. 3. Magistrates and local court -- Courts that mainly hear minor criminal offences and civil cases. Busiest courts in Australia because most offences are small. **The difference between criminal and civil cases** **Criminal Cases** A criminal case is when the accused has committed an illegal act that makes them guilty of committing a crime. Types of criminal cases can include: - Summary Offences are minor crimes heard in the magistrate's court (e.g., theft, traffic offences like speeding - Indictable offences are serious crimes that are heard in higher courts (e.g., county and supreme court) that involves inflicted harm on others **Civil Cases** Disputes between groups or individuals over an alleged breach of individual rights. Types of civil cases can include: - Negligence action, which is when someone gets injured under a person's failed duty of care - Breach of contract, when someone fails to carry out terms of a legally binding contract - Defamation, when a person believes they've suffered loss of reputation due to a person making false public statements **Article 6 of the human rights act** Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal. - Everyone has the right to a fair trial - Everyone is innocent until proven guilty by the court **Exceptions when the public and press are denied access to public hearing** - Morals - Public order or national security - Sensitive case for children or young people - Personal privacy **All people must:** - Have proper access to a lawyer - Have access to fair trials even with a mental health condition - Get free legal help if necessary for justice **What do courts do?** Courts uphold our rights and ensure justice is delivered in a unbiased matter. **Ways the jury can be swayed by opinions from social media** - **Exposure to circulating news** Social media platforms may have news, opinions and rumours about the case that shapes public opinion. Jurors may encounter information about the case before even serving on the jury, they are provided with prior knowledge. - **Influence of peer pressure** Social media platforms amplify collective opinions meaning jurors may see popular opinions or opinions from people they know, and it affects their thinking. - **Misinformation and fake news** Social media can spread false and misleading information that draws jurors away from real evidence and therefore causes them to view distorted views of the case. Therefore, there is a problem with jurors conducting their own research into a case that the internet and social media can be flooded with false information or unproven opinions. Juror may be biased from what they read and view, believing it to be true although no actual evidence is provided. **Advantages and Disadvantages of having a jury** **Advantages** - Develops public confidence in the justice and jury system - One of the fundamental elements of a democratic society, where people hold the power - The secrecy of the jury room is an advantage because it makes sure they are not swayed by outside opinion and the final verdict is unaffected - Juries can use their power to protest against areas of law where they feel unjust, expressing their own opinions **Disadvantages** - Jury tampering, including bribery or threats that forces their verdict - Potential for racial bias - Media/social media coverage influencing jurors - Lack of understanding on the law and court among jurors - Secrecy of jury room is both an advantage and disadvantage because it is unknown how they decide for example they could flip a coin, use Ouija board **The attributes of a fair trial** - Public trial -- the trial should be held in public with access to press and judgement given in public - Presumption of innocence -- Defendant or accused should be presumed innocent until court proves them guilty - Defendant told of charge -- The defendant should be informed and told about why they are being charged and what the offence is - Right to a lawyer -- Every defendant must have proper access to a lawyer - Right to examine witnesses -- Defendant must have the opportunity to examine witnesses **Alternatives to the jury system** - Trial by a single judge - A panel of judges - A judge plus lay assessor - A mini jury **Statue law and common law** **Statue law --** Law made by an official governing body such as the parliament or council, consisting of laws that have been passed by lawmakers. Statue law is written law (e.g., speeding limits, taxes) **Common law** -- Law that comes from past court decisions and past legal cases made by the decisions of other judges. **[Describe the impact social media has had on jurors and the court?]** Social media can influence jurors by exposing them to outside opinions and information, potentially affecting their impartiality and violating court rules. It can also spread misinformation, making it harder to ensure a fair trial. **[Negatives and positives that social media can play during a trial]** **Negative-** [Misinformation:] False or biased information can spread quickly, influencing public opinion. [Jury Impartiality:] Jurors may be exposed to external commentary or evidence not presented in court. [Trial by Media:] Public pressure and outrage on social platforms can influence legal outcomes. [Harassment:] Participants, such as witnesses, lawyers, or the accused, may face online harassment or doxing. **Freedom of speech** The term freedom of speech means the right to express one's opinions without the fear of government punishment. **ECONOMICS** **[Key definitions]** **GDP --** Gross domestic product, which is the total value of all goods and services produced in a country within a time period **Supply and demand** -- The economic concept where supply is how much product or services there is available to buy, and demand is how much people need or want that good or service. Supply and demand need to be balanced in order to prevent too much supply or not enough supply **Economics** -- The study of how people, businesses or governments make key choices on how to use resources like money, time and materials, resulting in how goods and services are produced, distributed and consumed **Globalisation** -- The process by which people transfer goods and services, cultures and money between countries with limited barriers **Market** -- The arrangement where buyers and sellers exchange goods and services **Goods and services** -- Goods are physical items that people buy and use and services are activities or tasks that are done for you in which you pay for. **Exports --** When goods or services are transported out of the country **Imports** -- When goods or services are taken into the country **Trade surplus** -- When the value of exports is larger than value imports **Trade deposit** -- Value of imports larger than value of exports **Open economy** -- An economy where goods and services are traded with other countries with no limit **Economic entity** -- Organisation that engages in economic activities of production, consumption and trade **TNS --** trans-national company is a huge company that does business in several countries **Transfer pricing** -- Price at which goods and services are transferred between countries and companies **Consumption** -- The process of using goods and services by consumers utilising them **[Why do we import and what are the positive and negative effects of import?]** [Positive Effects:] - **Wide Choice:** Trade offers consumers a vast range of goods and services. - **Efficiency:** Australian producers must be efficient to compete with cheaper imports. - **Balanced Trade:** Buying imports encourages other countries to buy Australian exports. - **Peaceful Ties:** Trade fosters peaceful relationships between countries. [Negative Effects:] - **Job Loss:** Jobs may shift to countries with cheaper labor. - **Lower Employment:** Imports can reduce local job opportunities. - **Competition Strain:** Australian industries struggle to compete with lower-cost overseas production. - **Money Outflow:** Money spent on imports circulates abroad rather than in Australia. - **Biosecurity Risks:** Imports can introduce harmful species and diseases into Australia. **Factors that influence markets** - Habits and experience - Marketing and advertising - Change of taste and preference - Technological change In order to **keep costs low,** efficient methods of production have to be introduced. **Why are choices needed in an economy?** Because of competition between other suppliers, efficiency differing between individuals, scarcity meaning no supply and higher demand. **Natural resources Australia is rich in** - Coal - Iron - Copper - Gold - Natural gas - Renewable energy Australia's two main exports are iron ore and coal and Australia's two main services are education and travel. The three countries that are the largest part of Australia's exports are China, Japan and South Korea **Aspects of Globalisation** Economic, technological, political, cultural, demographic, environmental **Globalisation Advantages + Disadvantages** **Advantages** - Globalisation can provide jobs for poorer, unemployed or indigenous Australians - Brings wealth to local economies when buying cheaper products and resources - Increases awareness of news or events around the world - A way of sharing ideas, cultures and lifestyles - Lager range for consumers - Countries create peaceful relationships - No guarantee it will help developing countries - Pollution of the environment - Low wages and poor working conditions - Jobs can be lost - Local companies can be driven out of business **What is fast fashion?** Cheap clothing produced rapidly by mass-market retailers in response to the latest trend. **Impacts of fast fashion:** - Pollution to planet - Reduction of costs and faster production time - Exploitation of workers, including child labour - Hurts wildlife because of polluted water having dye **Natural, labour and capital resources** - Natural resources are things that come from the natural environment such as land, water, minerals and they are used to make products and food - Labour resources refers to people who work and it involves the time and effort people put into the production of goods and services - Capital resources are man-made tools, equipment, machines that are used to produce the goods and services **Offshore manufacturing** Manufacturers produce offshore because: - Cheaper labour costs especially for developing countries - Access to enough workers and resources - To create an efficient supply chain meaning all production is done in one location Australian consumers have: - Cheaper costs and wider range of products - Could result in job loss and impact on export and import prices Small businesses are impacted because: - Competition with cheaper goods produced offshore - They have a reliance on imported materials - They are forced to lower prices resulting in reduced profit **Participants in the Australian Economy** Consumers -- the people buying the goods and services Producers -- Individuals that make the goods and services Manufacturers -- Type of producer that makes products from RAW materials **[Trade and the Australian economy?]** Trade is important for Australia because it allows the country to sell its resources like **minerals** and **agriculture** to other countries, and buy goods it doesn\'t produce, such as **electronics**. Major trade partners include **China** and the **United States**. **BIOMES AND FOOD SECURITY** **[Key definitions ]** **Biome --** A biome is an area on earth with similar climate, plants and animals **Sustainable Farming** -- A way of growing food that focuses on protecting the environment and using resources wisely so land can continue to produce food **Substinence farming** -- When the farmers grow enough good for only their family or local community to live on **Intensive farming** -- A lot of resources on smaller parcels of land **Extensive farming** -- Fewer resources on larger pieces of land, crops grow more naturally **Food security** -- When all people have access to enough clean, safe and nutritious food at all times **Nomadic herding** -- Seasonal migration where people move with their livestock to find new pastures. Nomads are mostly found in central Asia, North Africa and middle east because these places have scattered vegetation and water sources. **Commercial farming** -- Mainly for producing crops or livestock for the purpose of sale and profits in markets and large-scale production **Biodiversity** -- Different kinds of life you'll find in one area **The lines of latitude** The equator, tropic of cancer and tropic of Capricorn **The challenges to food security** - Population growth: Presents challenge to food security because more food that needs to be grown to feed the rapidly growing population and sometimes food can run out due to the unbalance in supply and demand - Soil/land degradation: When soil reduces in quality due to salty soil or soil erosion it makes it difficult to produce enough food and the inability to produce good quality food - Competition for land usage: Food security being threatened because people, corporations and business take away amount of land for growing food and using it for other purposes such as building malls, factories, mines, housing. Not enough land = not enough food - Climate change: The long-term change in weather affecting agricultural production due to global warming or irregular rainfall. Affects food security because if the weather changes and crop growing decreases it results in less produce therefore leading to food insecurity. - Water scarcity -- The competition for water leading to shortages especially because agricultural industry requires massive amounts of water. Water is an important resource everyone uses therefore provides a struggle for farming not having enough water to grow crops **Factors of Food Security** - Food accessibility: When people physically and economically have complete access to food - Food availability: Food of good quantity and quality should be available consistently - Food stability: People should have a reliable source of food that maintains production - Knowledge and resources to use food: (Food utilisation) People must have the knowledge to use food safely and apply knowledge about nutrition and sanitisation **Flow chart of food** Planted Grown Transported Harvested Sold Eaten **Types of biomes** - Tundra Biome North of the arctic circle, coldest biome that covers 1/5 of the earth and animals have to adapt to the cold weather by growing thick white fur. Plants can include cotton grass and arctic willow, and animals include the arctic fox and arctic hare. - Boreal Forest A coniferous forest made up of evergreen trees, it is the largest land biome. Plants can include mountain ash and pine tree, and the animals can include lemming and white tail deer. - Tropical Rainforest The biome with the most variation in animals and plants, located near the equator. Plants can include orchids and cacao, and animals include Gorillas and jaguars. - Desert The hottest and driest biome where animals have to adapt to the heat. Plants include the barrel cactus and brittlebush, and the animals include bilbies and hares. - Grasslands Every continent has this biome (except Antarctica) and it consists of big open spaces with less plant and animal species. Some plants include sunflowers and purple needle grass and animals including hyenas and pronghorns. **Countries that suffer from food insecurity** - Yemen - Ethiopia - Syria - Madagascar - South Sudan - Haiti **Australia's main biomes** Temperate forest, desert, Grassland Many different biomes can be found in Australia because of the diverse climate and changing weather **Ways humans impact biomes and biodiversity** - Habitat destruction: Urbanisation, changing land for agricultural purposes - Pollution of the air and water - Climate change - Overfishing/Overhunting **[Recognize the dominant natural biome in your local region and understand how it has been altered by human activity? ]** The dominant natural biome is Temperate Forest, and it has altered human activity by urbanisation, agriculture, fire management, and habitat loss. **Developing countries and food security** - Developing countries often have people living in poverty which results in them not having enough money to buy nutritious food - Poor infrastructure like roads or facilities in developing countries make it hard to distribute food efficiently - Political instability meaning that wars or government challenges can cause food shortages and limit access to food - Limited access to technology and resources meaning farmers in these developing countries may lack knowledge, materials or tools to improve the quality or quantity of crops - Population growth where many developing countries have rapidly growing population and less amounts of food making it hard to feed everyone and therefore leading to food insecurity