humanevolution.pptx

Introduction to the Human Evolution  Time of Origin of Man  Primates started evolving in Eocene of tertiary period around 75-60 million years ago  Evolution of man and ape started together from some tree-dwelling common ancestors about 25-30 million years ago  Evol...

Introduction to the Human Evolution  Time of Origin of Man  Primates started evolving in Eocene of tertiary period around 75-60 million years ago  Evolution of man and ape started together from some tree-dwelling common ancestors about 25-30 million years ago  Evolution of genus homo started about 5 million years ago  Place of origin of Man  Man’s origin was probably in Asia, Africa and Europe  More precisely man has originated in Central Asia because:  Oldest known fossils have been obtained from China, Java and India  Domesticated plants and animals is maximum in Asia  No. of migrations of animals have occurred in the past from Asia  Asian culture appears to be the oldest  Climatic conditions in Africa, Asia and nearby places is most conductive for human evolution  Rich fossil beds are discovered in Asia and Africa  Differences and Similarities between Man and Apes 1. Bipedal Locomotion Man  Man walks on hindlimbs only  Forelimbs and hands are freed for manupulatory and other functions Apes  They walk on all the four arms  Apes are still tree dwellers 2. Upright Posture/ Musculo- skeleton Man  Hindlimbs are longer than fore limbs  Abdominal region is short and thorax became broad and flat  Lumbar vertebrae are 4-5 in man (sacral vertebrae are fused)  Lumbar curve is present  Iliac bones of pelvic girdle are broad and expanded  Tail is absent  Skull is balanced straight on vertebral column Apes  Forelimbs are longer than hind limbs  Lumbar vertebrae are 6-7 in no.  Lumbar curve is absent  Skull is balanced at right angle to the vertebral column 2. Face Man  Orthognathous type  Simian shelf absent  Chin is present  Eye brow ridges absent  Occipital condyle and foramen magnum are directed downward  Forehead is straight  Canines small Apes  Prognathous type  Simian shelf is present  Chin is absent  Heavy ridges of bone project over the eyes  Occipital condyle and foramen magnum are directed backward  Forehead is slanting  Canines large and protruding 2. Teeth Man  Dental arch is rounded parabola  Canines not projecting  Incisors are small  Simian Gap is absent Apes  Dental arch is straight sided U  Canines are large and projecting forming tusks  Incisors are large  Simian gap(diastema) is present in upper jaw between incisors and canines 2. Brain and Cranial Cavity  In man cranial cavity is more voluminous averaging 1350-2000cc or even more whereas in apes it is 450-600 cc 3.Food  Man is omnivorous whereas apes are herbivorous 4.Binocular vision  Man has large forwardly directed eyes giving stereoscopic vision  Rod and Cone cells are present in retina 5.Olfactory lobes  less developed in man as compared to apes 6.Hearing capacity  less in man 7. Breeding capacity  low in humans than apes Homo habilis  Specieswith a brain of Broca’s area which is associated with speech in modern humans ans was the first to make stone tools.  Species name means “Handy Man”  Livedabout 2.4 to 1.4 millions year ago  Scavenging for food Homo rudolfensis  Speciescharacterized by a longer face, larger molar and premolar teeth, and having larger braincase compared to habilis particularly frontal lobes.  Livedabout 1.9 to 1.8 million years Homo erectus  Named “Upright Man”  Body proportions similar to humans  Lived 1.89 to 143,00 years ago  Adapted to hotter climates and mostly spread in Africa and Asia.  1st hunters with improvised tools such as axes and knives.  First to produces fire. Homo heidelbergensis  Brow ridge and short wide bodies  Lived 700,000 to 200,000 years ago in Europe and Africa  1st to lived in colder climates.  1st to hunt large animals on routine basis using spears.  1st to construct human shelter. Homo florensiensis  “Hobbit” due to their small stature with a height of more or less 3ft  Lived95,000 to 17,000 years ago Homo sapiens  “Wise Man”  200,000 years ago  Present human race belongs to this species Homo sapiens neanderthalensis “ Neanderthal Man” is the closest relative of modern humans.  1stto practice burial death, hunting and gathering food, and sewing clothes from animal skin using bone needles.  200,000 to 28,000 years ago  Homo sapiens sapiens  Subspecies known as Cro- magnon characterized to be anatomically modern humans and lived in the last Ice Age of Europe from 40,000 to 10,000 years ago.  1st to produce cave paintings and crafting decorates tools and accessories. Cultural Period Time Frame Cultural Development Paleolithic Age (Old Stone Traditionally coincided Use of simple pebble tools. Age) with the first evidence Learned to live in cages. of tool construction Discovered the use of fire. and use by Developed small sculptures and Homosome 2.5 million monumental painting, incided years ago designs. “Food-collecting cultures” Neolithic Age (New Stone Occurred sometime Stone tools were shaped by Age) about 10,000 BCE polishing or grinding. Settlement in permanent villages Dependence on domesticates plants or animals Appearance of such crafts as pottery and weaving. “Food-producing cultures” PALEOLITHIC NEOLITHIC AGE AGE Unpolished stone tools Polished stone tools Domestication of plants and Hunting and gathering animals Nomadic way of living Living in permanent places  It is a social system A Society is relatively large Characteristi A society recruits most of its members from within. cs of Human A society sustains itself across generations. Society A society’s members share a culture. A society occupies a territory.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 1. Hunting and >> the earliest form of human Food Gathering society Societies >> survived by forging for vegetable foods and small game, fishing, hunting larger wild animals and collecting shellfish. >> used tools made of stones, woods and bones  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 2. Horticultural >> learned to use human muscle societies power and hand held tools. >> Subsistence farming -producing enough food to feed the group - Settlements are small - Political organization confined in the village by males through kinship  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 2. Horticultural >> Surplus farming societies -thickly populated and permanent settlements -occupational specialization -social stratification was established - Community tended to be structured by kinship relations that are male dominated  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 3. Pastoral >> relied on herding and Societies domestication of animals for food and clothing to satisfy the greater needs for the group. >> organize along male-entered kinship >> under strong political  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 4. Agricultural >> characterized by the use of plow in Societies farming. >> creating of irrigation system >> population in broad river-valley system >> demand payment of taxes for political support >> social class became entrenched  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 5. Industrial >> characterized by the use of Societies mechanical means of production. >> organized systems of exchange between suppliers or raw materials. >> industrialism >> predominant form of social and political organization in industrial societies is the bureaucracy.  TYPES OF SOCIETIES Types of Human Characteristics Societies 6. Post-Industrial >> continuing progress in Societies technology >> characterized by the spread of computer industries >> knowledge and information are the hallmarks of this society.