Human Rights Definition Development Week 1 PDF

Human Rights Defi nition, History and Evolution Dr. Alaeldin Maghaireh  Lecture Outlines Rights & Beliefs Rights & Moral Rights & Values Legal Rights What Are Human rights? Human Rights Synonym Negative rights Positive rights Basic Characteristics of Human Rights...

Human Rights Defi nition, History and Evolution Dr. Alaeldin Maghaireh  Lecture Outlines Rights & Beliefs Rights & Moral Rights & Values Legal Rights What Are Human rights? Human Rights Synonym Negative rights Positive rights Basic Characteristics of Human Rights History Classification https://youtu.be/6XXGF_V8_7M Rights & Beliefs  A belief is an idea that a person holds as being true.  A belief can come from different sources, including: A person’s own experiences or experiments, the acceptance of cultural and societal norms (e.g. religion), what other people say (e.g. Education or mentoring). Difference between Belief and Rights Belief is a mental state or attitude, while rights are a set of rules or principles that govern the behavior of individuals or groups in a society Belief is a personal conviction, while rights are legal or societal guarantees. Rights & Moral  Moral depend on the ethical standards of the community.  Are not enforced by the state.  Violation of moral right does not entail legal punishment.  Moral are based on our morality, justice, or conscience and they are not guaranteed by any legal authority. Morals are the social, cultural and religious beliefs or values of an individual or group which tells us what is right or wrong. They are the rules and standards made by the society or culture which is to be followed by us while deciding what is right. Some moral principles that most people agree on are: Do not cheat Be loyal  Differences between Moral and Rights  Moral and rights are two different concepts that have some overlap, but they have distinct meanings and origins.  Moral refers to principles concerning the distinction between right and wrong or good and bad behavior and are based on personal, cultural or religious beliefs.  Rights refer to legal, social, or ethical principles of freedom or entitlement that are guaranteed to an individual or a group by law, tradition, or custom.  Another difference is that moral principles are not always legally enforceable, whereas rights are legally  Rights & Values  Values are the rules by which we make decisions about right and wrong, should and shouldn't, good and bad.  A belief will develop into a value when the person’s commitment to it grows and they see it as being important.  A person must be able to articulate their values in order to make clear, rational, responsible and consistent decisions. Legal Rights  Legal rights are those rights which are secured by the state and guaranteed through its laws.  These rights may be defined as the claims recognized by the state and are enforced by the state through its police and courts. It is embodied in the constitution.  Thus , no rights are absolute, nor are any rights inherent in the nature of man as such. Rights are relative to the law of the land; hence they vary with time and space.  It is the state which declares the law and thereby guarantees and enforces rights- no rights can exist beyond the legal framework provided by the state What Are Human rights? Human rights defined as those rights , which are inherent in our nature, and without which , we cannot live as human beings. - United Nation Definitions  Human rights are generally defined as those rights, and without them, we cannot live as human beings.  International norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal and social abuses.  Human rights, being the birth right, are inherent in all the individuals irrespective of their social class, religion, gender and nationality. General Notes  Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that are entitled to every person, regardless of their race, gender, sexual orientation, religion, or any other status.  These rights include, but are not limited to, the right to life, freedom of expression, and equality before the law.  They are protected by national and international laws and are considered to be an essential aspect of human dignity Human Rights Synonym  Because of their immense significance to human beings ; human rights are also sometimes referred to as:  Fundamental rights  Basic rights  Inherent rights  Natural rights and  Human rights are universal – they apply to all people, everywhere. You do not have human rights because of your citizenship, race, gender, language, or religion.  They are also indivisible – no rights are more important than others. You cannot be granted only some rights, while others are denied. DIFFERENT FIELDS OF Beliefs Values principles  RIG HTS These rights are rights These rights are rights that impose that entail non- obligations on other interference from the people or the state to society at large.This do something for a right is one that forbids fuller enjoyment of an action. our rights. For e.g. For e.g.,. The right to the right to health, life, liberty, property basic subsistence,etc. and the bill of rights Requires positive etc. interference to do something.  Political theory: An introduction by Rajeev bhargava and Ashok  Examples :  The right to freedom of Negative rights are those speech, which places a rights that place a duty duty on others not to on others not to interfere censor or suppress an with an individual's individual's speech freedom or autonomy.  The right to freedom of religion, which places a duty on others not to discriminate against or persecute an individual based on their religious beliefs  The right to privacy, which places a duty on others not to invade an  Examples :  The right to education, which places a duty on Positive rights are those governments to provide rights that place a duty access to education for all individuals on others to take active  The right to healthcare, steps to ensure an which places a duty on individual's well-being. In governments to provide the context of human access to healthcare for all rights, positive rights are individuals  The right to a standard of often contrasted with living adequate for the negative rights, which health and well-being of are rights that place a oneself and one's family, duty on others not to which places a duty on interfere with an governments to ensure that individuals have access to individual's freedom or basic necessities such as autonomy. food, clothing, and housing Basic Characteristics of Human Rights Inalienable Inherent Indivisible Fundamental Universal Interdependent Can’t be taken away or transferred Human rights must be enjoyed by everyone, it cannot be treated in isolation. Inalienable  Cannot be taken away or voluntarily given up by an individual.  Human rights are inherent to all human beings and cannot be separated from them.  They are not granted by governments or societies, but rather are recognized as belonging to all people by virtue of their humanity.  No one should be able to take away or deny an individual's human rights, regardless of their circumstances or actions.  Human rights cannot be traded, sold or given away. Inherent  Human rights are innate and belong to all human beings by virtue of their humanity.  They are not granted by governments or societies, but rather are recognized as belonging to all people.  They are essential for the survival, dignity, and well-being of all individuals, and that they should be protected at all times.  Human rights are not dependent on any particular government, culture, or society, but rather are Indivisible  Human rights are interconnected and cannot be fully enjoyed if one right is violated.  The protection of one right is dependent on the protection of all other rights. For example, the right to freedom of expression cannot be fully enjoyed without the protection of the right to life, and the right to education cannot be fully enjoyed without the protection of the right to non- discrimination.  All human rights are of equal importance and should be treated with the same level of priority.  The protection of human rights is a comprehensive and holistic endeavor, which  HISTORY- BCE 1750 B.C.E. -King Hammurabi in Babylon Necessary to honor broad codes of justice among people. Created one of the earliest legal codes to govern behavior – “let the oppressed man come under my statue” to seek equal justice in law 600 B.C.E. -Cyrus the Great HISTORY- CE The history of human rights can be traced to past documents  Constitution of Medina (622)  Al-Risalah al-Huquq (659-713)  Magna Carta (1215)  The Twelve Articles of Memmingen (1525)  The English Bill of Rights (1689)  The French Declaration of the Rights (1789)  The Bill of Rights in the United States Constitution (1791). HISTO RY Protects all inhabitants of Medina, regardless of religion, and explicitly states that Jews and Muslims can practice their religions freely  16. Those Jews who follow the Believers will be helped and will be treated with equality. (Social, legal and economic equality is promised to all loyal citizens of the State).  HISTO  RY Magna Carta (1215)  The Magna Carta, or “Great Charter,” was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to the rule of constitutional law today in the English- speaking world.  In 1215, after King John of England violated a number of ancient laws and customs by which England had been governed, the rebel barons forced him to sign the Magna Carta, which enumerates what later came to be thought of as human rights.  Widely viewed as one of the most important legal documents in the development of Modern HISTORY  The French Revolution, the most important political revolution in History and the first one with a Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789).  The American Revolution and its “Declaration of Independence” (1791) that contained some legal rights for the people and WWI & WWII But it was not after the First World War (1914-1918) and, above all, the Second World War (1939-1945) and the atrocities of the Holocaust many countries and world leaders gathered in San Francisco with the goal of creating a global organization that would work for peace and promote cooperation between countries. UN This organization, the United Nations, was founded in 1945 with a Charter (a document) that committed all member states to promote "universal respect for, and observance of, Human Rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion." But it was not until 1948 and the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that we got an internationally recognized definition of these rights. CLASSIFICAT ION Civil Rights Political Rights Economic Rights Social Rights Cultural Rights Civil and Political Rights  Civil rights deal with standards of judiciary and penal systems.  Political rights deal with specific components of participation in political power.  The neglected half of Human Rights  Economic Rights deal with the sphere of human beings working, producing and servicing.  Social Rights deal with standard of living and quality of life for all persons.  Cultural Rights deal with the cultural sphere of life including ethnic culture, subcultures, arts and science. Social Rights Human Rights can be classified as...  CIVIL RIGHTS – right of citizenship, eg right to a name, right to freedom from discrimination, right to equality before the law, right to public trial, right to marry, right to leave a country etc.  POLITICAL RIGHTS -right to vote , right to freedom of expression, right to free and periodic elections etc.  ECONOMIC RIGHTS -right to work, right to own property, right to adequate standard of living etc  cultural RIGHTS -right to take part in cultural life, right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress and its application.  1) We are all free and equal We are all born free. We all have our own thoughts and ideas. We should all be treated in the same way. 2) Don't discriminate These rights belong to everybody, whatever our differences. 3) The right to life We all have the right to life, and to live in freedom and safety. 4) Slavery - past and present Nobody has the right to make us a slave. We cannot make anyone our slave. 5) Torture Nobody has any right to hurt us or torture us.  6) We all have the same right to use the law I am a person just like you 7) We are all protected by the law The law is the same for everyone. It must treat us fairly 8) Fair treatment by fair courts We can all ask for the law to help us when we are not treated fairly 9) Unfair detainment Nobody has the right to put us in prison without a good reason and keep us there, or to send us away from our country. 10) The right to trial If we are put on trial this should be in public.  11) Innocent until proven guilty Nobody should be blamed for doing something until it is proven. When people say we did a bad thing, we have the right to show it is not true. 12) The right to privacy Nobody should try to harm our good name. Nobody has the right to come into our home, open our letters, bother us or our family without good reason. 13) Freedom to move We all have the right to go where we want to in our own country and to travel as we wish. 14) The right to asylum If we are frightened of being badly treated in our own country, we all have the right to run away to another country to be safe. 15) The right to a nationality We all have the right to belong to a country.  16) Marriage and Family. Every grown-up has the right to marry and have a family if they want to. Men and women have the same rights when they are married and, when they are separated. 17) Your own things. Everyone has the right to own things or share them. Nobody should take our things from us without good reason. 18) Freedom of thought. We all have the right to believe in what we want to believe, to have a religion, and to change it if we want 19) Free to say what you want. We all have the right to make up our minds, to think what we like, to say what we think, and to share our ideas with other people 20) Meet where you want.  21) The right to democracy. We all have the right to take part in the government of our country. Every grown-up should be able to choose their own leaders. 22) The right to social security. We all have the right to affordable housing, medicine, education, childcare, enough money to live on and medical help if we are ill or old. 23) Workers Rights. Every grown-up has the right to do a job, for a fair wage for there work, and to join a trade union. 24) The Right to play. We all have the right to rest from work and to relax. 25) A bed and some food We all have the right to a good life. Mothers and children, people who are old, disabled, all have the right to be cared for.  26) The right to an education. Education is a right. Primary school should be free. We should learn about the United Nations and how to get on with others. Our parents can choose what we learn. 27) Culture and copyright. Copyright is a special law that protects one's creations and writing: Others cannot make copies without permission. We all have the right to our own way of life and to enjoy the good things that "art" science and learning bring. 28) A free and fair world. There must be proper order so we can all enjoy rights and freedoms in our own country and all over the world. 29) Every person has duties to the democratic society according to the law. We have a duty to other people and we should protect What Questions do you have ?