UK's Evolving Human Landscape Revision PDF

UK’s Evolving Human Landscape Revision The slides that follow provide a very detailed summary of this unit. Aim to view this as many times as you can Have regular breaks, perhaps 20 minutes revision, 5/10 minutes break Complete this away from distractions eg TV, mobile phones, consoles...

UK’s Evolving Human Landscape Revision The slides that follow provide a very detailed summary of this unit. Aim to view this as many times as you can Have regular breaks, perhaps 20 minutes revision, 5/10 minutes break Complete this away from distractions eg TV, mobile phones, consoles etc Test yourself regularly, aim to check what you have re- learned and consider what possible answers there are before the answers arrive on the screen Regular revision is far better than last minute revision Core and periphery. What are they and what are their characteristics (features?) Core Urban areas (towns and cities) that drive the economy Periphery Rural/isolated areas away from the core Core Periphery High population density (200/Km2) Low population density Many young adults and single people Many older people Large shops, businesses, offices and factories Farming, fishing, forestry, tourism, Large towns and cities, property often Smaller towns, villages and farms, property expensive. High rise buildings near centre generally cheaper. Buildings do not tend to be very high in height Cultural centre eg libraries, town halls, theatres Not as many public services, renewable energies eg wind turbines more common Key terms and map of UK population density Multiplier effect People migrate to cities and earn and spend money there – creates more jobs Conurbations Cities grow and merge (meet) with towns to form even larger urban areas “Northern powerhouse” Larger cities in the north of the UK eg Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds and Liverpool exist and drive the economy in the north of England  Population Structures As you can see areas in the periphery (the population structure on the left) Have a smaller percentage of young people compared to the core (eg Wandsworth) Why? Older people like a quiet, slower pace of life They prefer cleaner air and a lower risk of being the victim of crime  Features of UK rural periphery Low population density The rural periphery is often made up of villages and small market towns, there is lots of open space in these areas Older populations Because many older people retire here as it is quieter with a slower pace of life Lower incomes Jobs in farming or tourism are often low paid, retired people also have limited income as they no longer work High transport costs Many rural households have to travel long distances eg to work in towns/cities Out migration of younger people (brain drain) Lack of opportunities means young, more educated people wish to leave to gain more opportunities eg better paid jobs, more entertainment Features of UK rural periphery  How do the UK government and the EU make rural peripheral areas more attractive? Enterprise Zones Government helps businesses start up by helping them financially (with money), reduced taxes on profits and superfast broadband. Some areas nearby suffer due to increased competition Regional Development Grants Grants and advice to help businesses start up – more chance the business will be a success Funds are small and the company needs to raise 5.5 times the amount of any government grant if they are to receive the grant EU Grants Help poorest areas where GDP is below 75% of EU average Only Cornwall and West Wales qualified in 2015 Transport improvements Helps businesses move goods so reduces transport costs and increase profits – means more businesses can work to benefit each other eg new links in Scotland between Edinburgh and Tweedbank This has meant less money available to spend elsewhere  Population (demographic) change in the UK Migration : Where people move from one place to another to live eg Manchester to Milton Keynes, London to Sheffield Immigration : Where people move into a country from another country to live eg to England from Poland Emigration : Where people exit a country to live in another country eg emigrate from Ghana to England National migration occurs within a country, international migration occurs between countries (remember international sports events include different countries)  How and why is the UK population changing? Immigration has risen EU membership Globalisation – London’s “knowledge economy” Rising birth rate Recession (UK economy became smaller in 2008) and in 2020 due to Covid 19. Fewer job opportunities for women so more likely to delay having a family Immigrants from overseas often have higher birth rates than people born in the UK Population (demographic) change in the UK - More key terms National migration Retirement migration : Older people retire to coastal areas eg Cornwall and Devon Pull factors : Slower pace of life, lower crime rates, nice scenery and sense of community However this means that the number of available houses reduces meaning local people sometimes suffer from increased house prices. This also puts stress on healthcare services Rural to urban migration : Younger people who have gained a good education feel that job and social opportunities are limited in rural areas so move to urban areas. This is called the brain drain Counter-urbanisation When people move away from cities to rural areas – this is often commuters (who wish to live in more peaceful areas especially if they have children) or retired people Over time the UK’s policies have impacted (affected) the UK’s population 1950s: UK government encourage immigration from former colonies eg India, Caribbean to work in textile industry 1970s: Many immigrants from colonies move to Bradford, London and Birmingham to find jobs 2004 : EU grew as Poland, Latvia and Estonia joined – they could now move freely to the UK, Many young people moved to work in low skilled jobs in cities and farm jobs in East Anglia (rural area in SE England) 2012 : People fleeing wars in Syria and Afghanistan  What are the impacts of international migration on the UK? Positive / Opportunities Increase in sharing and respect of cultures – through food, music, fashion Huge numbers of people who have immigrated have critical jobs in the UK eg doctors, nurses, dentists, cleaners. Without these workers the UK’s services would suffer greatly Provides businesses with a source of cheap and unskilled labour – more profits especially as many of these people work very hard Negative / Challenges More pressure on services eg NHS and schools meaning waiting times increase and more money is needed to pay for growing demand Increase in racism in some areas as some unskilled people feel immigrants as “taking their jobs” Thoughtful judgements Impacts are often greater in large cities where more immigrants often live eg London, Birmingham, Leeds Impacts are also felt in rural areas as unskilled Europeans often work in farming Changes to the UK economy Key terms Globalisation : Where people and places are more connected over time eg through transport, technology, trade TNC : Transnational Corporation – A business that operates in more than one country FDI : Foreign Direct Investment : Money from abroad coming into the UK, eg by TNCs investing Free trade : Where goods and services can be imported and exported without tariffs (taxes) Changes to the UK economy Key terms : How accurate were you? Globalisation : Where people and places are more connected over time eg through transport, technology, trade TNC : Transnational Corporation – A business that operates in more than one country FDI : Foreign Direct Investment : Money from abroad coming into the UK, eg by TNCs investing Free trade : Where goods and services can be imported and exported without tariffs (taxes) How has globalisation affected the UK’s economy since the 1980s? FDI has increased in the UK More job opportunities in tertiary and quaternary sectors meaning more job opportunities for skilled workers in the new/knowledge economy. Unskilled workers often find employment more difficult to find work and housing costs may increase as other people become more wealthy – they may not be able to afford them. Privatisation has increased – Businesses (often foreign) take control of services such as rubbish collection, NHS and rail services that that government used to run to run these for profit. These TNCs bring FDI to the UK to increase the economy by Paying wages of workers Paying for new buildings, transport links eg railway lines  It is important to remember and understand the difference between these “economies” Old economy An economy based on traditional/old industries eg coal mining, ship building, textiles. These are primary and secondary (manufacturing) industries These are generally low skilled, low paid jobs eg coal miner, textile worker, farmer New economy The service (tertiary) industries. These are a mix of low and high paid jobs Low paid jobs would include checkout assistants at supermarkets, shop assistants Higher paid jobs would include police officers, teachers Knowledge economy Where specialised knowledge and skill is needed – it requires university degrees plus specialised training eg law, accountancy. These are very high skilled and very highly paid  Economic decline of primary and secondary sectors of the UK economy (NORTH-EAST) eg DINNINGTON Economy of North-East was dominated by heavy industry eg coal mining and ship building (the old economy). Deindustrialisation happened – this is the where industry closes. So why did deindustrialisation happen? 1. Foreign competition : Countries such as China could mine coal more cheaply as lower wages paid to workers 2. Costs rose : Less coal remained meaning it was more difficult and expensive to extract it 3. The domino effect happened Where one industry collapses (eg coal) it leads to collapse in other industries (eg steel) that are linked to it. This causes deindustrialisation (where industry closes) – this causes poverty to rise in the area  The “new economy” The new economy is generally located in the core SE area of the UK however… it can exist in rural places too Many people work from home (teleworking) in rural areas as they often have access to laptops, Email and WiFi. Many people who normally work in cities worked from home during the Covid lockdown. People have become more flexible in where the can work Advantages of flexible working No commuting (travelling to and from work) so less stress in traffic Parents can work at home – may save money on childcare It may suit some disabled people more rather than travelling to and from work Disadvantages Some people lack discipline to manage own time and deadlines You may feel “isolated” from colleagues and may have more difficulty getting recognised for good work you do Some people feel more stressed working from home – as it feels as though you can not escape  Growth of the tertiary and quaternary sectors of the UK economy (SOUTH-EAST) eg London’s Canary Wharf “New economy” (services) and the “knowledge economy” – jobs that need lots of knowledge and skill Why has the tertiary and quaternary industry grown? 1. UK government policy : In the 1980s the UK government focussed on attracting large banking and finance TNCs to London instead of spending money supporting coal mining in the north of the UK 2. UK part of EU : So easy to attract high skilled workers from in the EU as they can now freely move to the UK 3. Technology : Internet can mean that banks in London can communicate quickly with other TNCs and grow 4. Transport : M25 motorway network and large airports for people and goods eg Heathrow, Gatwick , Stanstead Named city case study : London Why did London exist and grow? Site The land on which it was built (remember that a building site is the land where something is built!) The River Thames gave the Romans a source of water to use to cook , drink and transport goods up and down the river The river meant that trade could be done to other coastal areas around the south-east Situation Where it is compared to other places Close to Europe – can trade quickly with other countries in the EU – transports costs low London’s time zone: Australia, Asia and New York can all be contacted during London’s working hours  London is one of only two “world cities” How have its connections helped it succeed? Internationally World’s 2nd biggest international airport (Heathrow), Eurostar connects it to the EU Nationally Excellent links to other cities through air travel, train lines and motorways meaning short travel times Regionally It has a radial network – the M25 is the orbital meaning people and goods can be moved around London Motorways such as the M1 and M4 lead to London  London’s structure There is an urban land use pattern than exists in London, it is not a perfect pattern however if you look from above these patterns do often exist. If you are in the centre of London and move outwards you will travel through areas of different land use CBD (Central Business District) Oldest part of city Shops and offices eg Canary Wharf, Oxford Street Higher land prices as land in high demand Excellent transport links Poor air quality Inner city Dense housing, often terraced built to house workers in industrial revolution Areas often regenerated (improved) leading to more offices and flats for people to live in Inner suburbs Very varied in terms of housing quality. Kensington for example is very expensive with a high quality of life. Hackney has many old factories and new flats Examples : Kensington (high quality), Hackney (low quality) Outer suburbs Almost every house is modern and has a garden, area mainly residential, out-of-town shopping centres may be located nearby Example : Loughton Generally environmental quality improves as distance from the CBD increases London and Migration Who are the migrants? Most migrants aged 18-35 (Looking for employment, better social lives, attending university) International migrants : Mix of skilled (for work in knowledge economy) Unskilled (for low skilled jobs eg pizza delivery, refuse collection, construction) as there are many unskilled jobs in the city in the huge amounts of shops, restaurants and hotels Ethnic clusters Cluster of ethnic communities develop because 1) Speak same language and share same culture – feel more safe and comfortable 2) “Step-migration” – friends and family now live there and persuade immigrants to come too 3) Existing shops to meet their needs eg food, restaurants, bars to keep cultural distinctiveness Impacts of ethnic clusters Positive impacts Many places to practice your religion Better job opportunities and community support Negative impacts Lack of understanding of British values Racism and increase in stereotyping may occur What is deprivation? Deprivation is a lack of wealth (money) and low standards of living such as low income, poor health and low education grades Over 2 million people in London live in poverty, that is 28% of its population! People’s life expectancy is affected by deprivation and therefore where they live  How can deprivation be measured? What is IMD? IMD is a way to measure and compare deprivation How is it done? The government uses information from families from the national census that takes places every 10 years Adults have to complete this by law, the government will learn lots about the people of the UK including… Health Education levels Income Crime Quality of housing Comparing Newham and Richmond upon Thames Why is it life expectancy is so different? Quality of housing : Dampness can impact health Education : Awareness of need to eat and drink healthily Income : Can impact quality of diet and ability to pay for private healthcare Employment type : Skilled people more likely to better education and awareness Over time the population of cities can rise and fall. Case study : London Stage 1. Depopulation of inner London In 1981 many docks in London closed, this caused a loss of jobs and money in inner London as many businesses linked to the docks closed too. Many people moved out of inner London as there were fewer jobs available there In 1971 around 35% of people worked in manufacturing, by 2011 it was around 7% Stage 2. Suburbanisation (Move of people to suburbs) Many of the people from inner London moved to the suburbs (edge of the city) This is because they could use the underground to commute (travel) to and from work easily. Railway lines were also electrified meaning trains could move more quickly so people could commute faster Stage 3. Decentralisation The movement of shopping and working from the CBD to the suburbs Out of town shopping Eg Bluewater shopping centre with lots of free parking and activities to do there eg cinema, sports, restaurants Retail parks Close to major roads to make it easier for customers to drive too, lots of free parking, cheaper land for huge stores eg PC World, Smyths Toys, Furniture stores Business parks Service sector jobs eg banking, marketing. These are in nice environments where workers can get to easily from home as they do not have to drive into CBD E-commerce (Buying online) With TNCs such as Amazon you can order and receive goods without even leaving your house rather than visiting the CBD Stage 4 : Reurbanisation Since 1991 the population of London has risen again! So why did this population increase happen? 1. Space Lots of new space to build new flats where factories once existed 2. Investment Many TNCs eg HSBC now locate in London and attract workers to move close to their workplace in expensive flats and houses near the River Thames 3. Gentrification Houses and flats in older, former run down areas have been bought, improved and sold by people to make money. These areas have improved over time attracting new residents 4. Studentification An increase in the number of students wishing to go to university in London. Many students wish to live by their universities.  So, now you know that London’s population has risen, fallen and has now started rising again Yet despite even the falls in population London has grown in size! Why is this? Counter-urbanisation People moved from London to just outside London, this means that the boundary between London and the countryside became unclear, London “swallowed up” these areas Suburbanisation Moving to the suburbs means that people are moving into larger houses, these houses take up more space – so London grows Family size Fertility rates (the number of children/woman) has fallen however, they were high in the 1960s, the babies born in the 1960s are having children now – so more families are created Increasing divorce and later marriage This means that more people are single for longer – people are less likely to have children when they are single (not married)  Improving London : Newham Rebranding Improving the image of a place – through advertising/marketing Regeneration The physical changes that take place eg building road, knocking down buildings Regeneration and rebranding of Newham in London  How successful was the redevelopment in Newham? Benefits / Success Problems / Limitations Job opportunities (both high, and Wealthy people bought housing that was especially low skilled) in building the available – poorer people could not Olympic venues afford the higher rents that they charged Over 4000 trees planted to help absorb some CO2 and reduce global warming Poorer local people often struggle to afford higher prices in local shops After buildings destroyed the materials were used to build the bridges meaning Vulnerable adults forced to move away less mining needed to get materials to from where they lived (Clays Lane) – loss build Olympic site of community support Sustainability Case Study : London Sustainability : Creating a place where people can meet their needs today but people in future can also meet their needs. Quality of life : How happy people are How is London becoming more sustainable? How effectives are these changes? Santander Bikes Only £2 to hire – even poorer people should be able to afford this, it also saves money on the costs to run and pay for a car for poorer people Money raised goes towards improving public transports – meaning less people will drive their own cars – this means CO2 emissions that cause global warming may fall People with briefcases, people in wet weather and people who are worried about their safety are likely to not wish to use the scheme BedZed Most rainwater than falls on the site is stored and used, the buildings are water efficient so this also reduced the demand for water It encourages other builders and city planners to include some of these features in new housing estates that they will build in future Only a very small percentage of housing estates in London are like this – its overall affect on London is tiny!  Interdependence between urban and rural areas Case Study: London and Terling Interdependence When different places rely on each other Dormitory village Where people sleep but are away during the day Terling is a village in Essex. London is very accessible from it due to the A12 road which links to the M25, the local railway station at Hatfield Peverel is 5 minutes drive away and takes 45 minutes to reach London Links from Terling to London 1. Workers from Terling commute to London due to job opportunities 2. Workers often buy their weekly shop eg food in London / on their way back from it in Chelmsford meaning local shops in Terling have closed 3. Farms provide products eg food for supermarkets in and around London Links from London to Terling 1. People who live in London many visit Terling during the weekend for a relaxing break or to play golf 2. People in Terling gain their income from their work in London What are the impacts of this for Terling? The price of properties in dormitory towns is increasing due to increased demand from commuters who are attracted by the nice environmental quality Younger people who wish to buy a home in Terling suffer Those who own houses already benefit Green belt is increasingly under pressure and sometimes may be built upon due to desperate need for more housing Loss of wildlife Farm owners wishing to sell the land may make lots of money The spending in the community by the commuters is low as they are often at work/commuting to work during the week Local shopkeepers in Terling do not get many customers Supermarkets near Chelmsford have lots of customers as commuters shop there on the way home to Terling Road congestion has increased due to the number of driving commuters This has a negative impact on commuters who may be late for work and for shopkeepers who may be waiting for products to arrive for them to sell  Accessible rural areas experience economic and social change Case Study: DEVON Problems created by changes Migration to Devon has increased – mainly from retired people who wish to have a slower pace of life and warmer weather. Those who leave tend to be younger people who have better job opportunities elsewhere – when they move they cause the brain drain (a loss of skilled and academic people from the area meaning less chance of local economy increasing) Pressure on services: Schools suffer as they receive money for every student who is at school. Due to migration of young families out of Devon some schools have low pupil numbers – means less money – means they have more challenges providing a good education and keeping the school open. Pressure on housing : 2/3 of Devon is classed as AONB (Areas of Natural Beauty) which makes planning permission hard. This pushes up house prices so younger and poorer people find it more difficult to buy a house. Pressure on leisure and recreation Many attractions are located near the Dartmoor National Park. 15 million visitors visit the area each year causing traffic congestion and air and noise pollution in these environmentally sensitive areas. This impacts the quality of bus services which can get stuck in traffic as well as deliveries to shops and homes.  Challenges facing rural areas Case Study : Cornwall Length of country : 140Km from one end to the other and transport network is poor No motorways and long train journeys mean that businesses may spend high amounts on transporting goods meaning lower profits for them No large population centres – St Austell is the largest at only 23,000 people Means TNCs unlikely to locate there as limited number of people to buy products/services, also TNC may have difficulty getting enough highly trained staff if local population is so low Limited knowledge economy Many jobs are low income jobs meaning less money is being received and spent locally – this means there is a limited multiplier effect (Average weekly wage is £340 compared to London’s £660). Many of the jobs are also seasonal and part-time meaning many people may be unemployed during the year Challenges facing rural areas Case Study : Cornwall Decline in primary employment Farming Supermarkets have caused the fall in milk prices Fishing Overfishing in the UK waters by UK and EU fishing boats China clay quarrying In the 1960s 10,000 people employed, now only about 1000 as China can now quarry more cheaply and sell their clay for less money Health and Services West Cornwall is one of the UKs most deprived areas Only 38% of villages have a doctors surgery Buses do not always run frequently each day Many people live far from Truro hospital Young people may have to travel over 30 miles to college  New opportunities in rural areas bring benefits. Case Study: Eden Project, Cornwall What is it? Two huge biomes with different climates and plant species – encourages people to think more about environmental protection Benefits Employs 700 people and created 3000 other jobs Boosts local economy and reduces unemployment, jobs created in farming to supply café with food Visitor spending boosts economy by £1bn Many visitors stay in local hotels and B&B’s Problems/limitations 97% of visitors arrive by car Increases traffic congestion affected local residents and transport costs form businesses. Creates lots of CO2 Visitor numbers are falling Many people may visit just once/twice – not likely people return many times so popularity is decreasing. This may mean that over time the benefits that the Eden Project brings to Cornwall is reduced.  New opportunities in rural areas bring benefits. Case Study: Farm Diversification, Lobb’s Farm, Cornwall What is it? Creating different ways in which farmers can earn money Created a farm shop to sell their beef and lamb to people visiting the local Lost Gardens of Heligan Shop sells meat and vegetables from the farm as well as local cheese and wine Employs 12 full-time and 8 part-time jobs Some, but limited increase in employment. This provides a boost to the local economy through jobs and income – but not a huge boost as not many workers work there and they are low-skilled, low paid jobs. Makes £700,000/year and many other local farms and businesses benefit Risk of huge fall in profit if farm diseases such as “foot and mouth disease” means government close farms for some time