UK Migration Patterns and Impacts Quiz

UK's Evolving Human Landscape Revision

• The slides provide a detailed summary of the unit.
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• Take regular breaks (e.g., 20 minutes revision, 5-10 minutes break).
• Study away from distractions (e.g., TV, mobile phones, consoles).
• Test yourself regularly, attempting to answer questions before looking at the answers to identify areas for improvement.

Core and Periphery

• Core: Urban areas (towns and cities) that drive the economy.
• Periphery: Rural/isolated areas away from the core.
• Core characteristics: High population density (200/km²), presence of many young adults and single people, large shops, businesses, offices, and factories in large towns and cities, expensive property, high-rise buildings.
• Periphery characteristics: Low population density, many older people, smaller towns, villages, and farms, generally cheaper property, buildings not typically very high.
• Core features: Cultural centres (libraries, town halls, theatres).
• Periphery features: Fewer public services, more common use of renewable energy sources (e.g., wind turbines).

Multiplier Effect and Conurbations

• Multiplier effect: People migrating to cities, earning and spending money, creating more jobs.
• Conurbations: Cities merging with towns to form even larger urban areas.
• "Northern Powerhouse": Larger cities in the north of the UK (e.g., Manchester, Sheffield, Leeds, and Liverpool) drive the economy.

Population Structures

• Areas in the periphery often have a smaller percentage of young people compared to the core.
• Older people prefer the slower pace and cleaner air of peripheral areas, with a lower risk of crime.

Features of UK Rural Periphery

• Low population density: Villages and small market towns with lots of open space.
• Older populations: Many retirees due to the quieter, slower pace of life.
• Lower incomes: Jobs (e.g., farming, tourism) are often low paid, and retired people's incomes are limited.
• High transport costs: Rural households often have to travel long distances for work.
• Out-migration of younger people (brain drain): Lack of opportunities leads young people to migrate away (e.g., better paid jobs, more entertainment).

Attracting Businesses to Rural Peripheral Areas

• Enterprise Zones: Government financial support (e.g., reduced taxes on profits, superfast broadband).
• Regional Development Grants: Grants and advice to support business startups.
• EU Grants Helping poorer areas with GDP below 75% of the EU average.
• Transport Improvements: Reduced transport costs which increases profits and makes areas more attractive for business.

Population (Demographic) Change in the UK

• Migration: Movement of people from one place to another (e.g., Manchester to Milton Keynes, London to Sheffield).
• Immigration: People moving into a country (e.g., to the UK from Poland).
• Emigration: People leaving a country (e.g., from Ghana to the UK).
• National migration: Occurs within a country.
• International migration: Occurs between countries.

Why is the UK Population Changing?

• Immigration increase: Due to EU membership, globalization and London's "knowledge economy".
• Rising birth rate: Increased after recessions (e.g., 2008 and 2020) due to COVID-19.
• Fewer job opportunities for women: Leading to delays in family planning.
• Higher birth rates for immigrants: Compared to native-born people.

More Key Terms for Population Change

• National migration: Retirement migration (older people to coastal areas like Cornwall and Devon).
• Rural to urban migration: Younger people moving to cities for better job and social opportunities ("brain drain").
• Counter-urbanisation: People moving from cities to rural areas (commuters, retired people).

Impact of International Migration on the UK

• Positive: Increased cultural sharing (food), and essential workers (doctors, nurses, dentists, cleaners).
• Challenges: Pressure on services (e.g., NHS, schools), rising waiting times, and increased financial demand.

Changes to the UK Economy

• Globalisation: Increased connectivity between people and places (through transport, technology, and trade).
• TNCs (Transnational Corporations): Businesses operating across multiple countries.
• FDI (Foreign Direct Investment): Money flowing from abroad into the UK.
• Free trade: The ability for goods and services to be imported and exported without taxes.

How has Globalization Affected the UK Economy?

• Increased FDI: Multinational corporations (TNCs) invest in the UK.
• More job opportunities in tertiary and quaternary sectors: Demand rises for skilled workers, increasing demand in the knowledge economy.
• Privatisation has increased: Many companies that governments used to run are now private (e.g., rubbish collection, NHS, rail services).

Differences Between Old Economy and New Economy

• Old economy: Based on traditional industries (e.g., coal mining, shipbuilding, textiles). Low-skilled, low-paid jobs.
• New economy: Service sector industries(e.g., banking and finance). Mix of low- and high-paid jobs.
• Knowledge economy: Jobs requiring specialized knowledge and skill (e.g., university degrees and specialized training, accountancy).

Deindustrialisation

• Declining primary and secondary sectors: Coal mining, shipbuilding, and manufacturing.
• Foreign competition: Countries (e.g., China) could mine coal more cheaply, which affected UK's ability to mine coal.
• Rising costs: Increasing costs of extracting coal.
• Domino effect: Collapse of one industry affects related industries leading to more job losses.

The "New Economy" and Working Flexibility

• The new economy is generally located in SE UK (can exist in rural areas).
• Many people work from home ("teleworking"), driven by technology.
• Covid lockdown: Increased flexible working was adopted.
• Advantages: No commute, more flexibility for childcare and other needs.
• Disadvantages: Lack of workplace discipline for self-managed time, deadlines and less recognition for good work.

Growth of Tertiary and Quaternary Sectors

• Key factors for growth are UK government policy, UK being part of the EU, technology and its transport systems.
• Greater access to high-skilled workers from within EU.

London's Case Study - Site and Situation

• Site: London's location on the River Thames.

• Situation: London's location in relation to other places (e.g., proximity to Europe for trade, time zone compatibility with other global markets).

London's Connectivity

• Internationally: World's 2nd biggest international airport (Heathrow), and Eurostar connections to the EU.
• Nationally: Excellent links to other cities (air travel, train lines, motorways).
• Regionally: Radial network (e.g., M25 orbital, motorways to other areas).

London's Structure and Different Areas

• CBD (Central Business District): Shops, offices, higher land prices, excellent transport links.
• Inner city: Dense housing, often terraced, built during industrial revolution.
• Inner suburbs: Diverse housing qualities, often with old factories and new flats.
• Outer suburbs: Modern homes and gardens, mainly residential.

London and Migration

• Ages of migrants: Young people (18-35) searching for employment, social lives and university education.
• Skilled vs. unskilled migrants: Workers in knowledge economy, and those in low-skilled sectors (e.g., construction, delivery, hospitality).

Ethnic Clusters

• Reasons for development: Shared language, culture, existing shops that cater to community needs.
• Step-migration: Influx of immigrants attracted by family or friends in existing communities.

Impacts of Ethnic Clusters

• Positive: Many places to worship, job opportunities, and community support.
• Negative: Lack of understanding of British values, instances of racism, and stereotyping.

Deprivation

• Deprivation (lack of wealth and low standard of living): Low income, poor health, low education grades.
• Over 2 million people in London living in poverty (28% of the population).
• Deprivation linked to reduced life expectancy.

Measuring Deprivation (IMD)

• IMD: Index of Multiple Deprivation, used to measure and compare deprivation.
• Data collection from national census (every 10 years): Includes health, education levels, income, crime, and quality of housing.

Comparing London Boroughs (e.g., Newham and Richmond upon Thames)

• Newham: Diverse ethnic populations, predominantly low-income and renter households and poorer services.
• Richmond upon Thames: Predominantly white middle class, relatively higher income, higher ownership rates.

Life Expectancy Differences

• Quality of housing: Dampness, affecting health.
• Education: Awareness of nutritional needs and accessing healthcare.
• Income: Affecting quality of diet and ability to afford healthcare.
• Employment: Skilled workers tend to have better understanding of healthcare from better education.

London's Population Changes Over Time

• Stage 1: Depopulation of inner London: Job losses in the docks led to businesses closing and people moving to the suburbs.
• Stage 2: Suburbanisation: Movement to suburbs due to underground commuting and electrified railway lines.
• Stage 3: Decentralisation: The movement of shopping and working from the CBD (Central Business District) to the suburbs (e.g., out-of-town shopping centres, retail parks, business parks).
• Stage 4: Reurbanisation: New development (space for flats where factories once stood), Investment in the areas and Gentrification of older areas.

Sustainability Case Study: London

• Sustainability: Creating a place where people's needs are met today and in the future.
• Quality of life: How happy people are.
• Economic leg: Good jobs, fair wages, security, infrastructure, and fair trade.
• Environmental leg: Zero pollution and waste, renewable energy, conservation, and restoration.
• Social leg: Working conditions, health services, education, and community.

How is London Becoming More Sustainable?

• Santander Bikes: Affordable hire scheme for poorer people, reducing car reliance.
• BedZed Buildings: Water efficiency, reducing water demand and encouraging water-efficient homes.

Interdependence Between Urban and Rural Areas (e.g., London and Terling)

• London and Terling: Interdependent relationship where workers from Terling commute to London for work, and Londoners visit Terling.
• Impacts on Terling: The demand for housing and land increases, leading to negative impacts on local residents.

Challenges Facing Rural Areas (e.g. Cornwall)

• Decline in primary employment: Impacts of supermarkets (reducing the price of milk) and fishing (overfishing).
• Limited knowledge economy: Fewer skilled jobs and lower wages compared to urban areas.

New Opportunities in Rural Areas (e.g., Eden Project, Lobb's Farm)

• Eden Project: Tourism, job creation, and boosting the local economy.
• Lobb's Farm: Farm diversification into a shop offering local produce, increasing employment and income for local farmers.

Improvements and Rebranding in London Boroughs

• Rebranding: Improving the image of a place (e.g., advertising, marketing).
• Regeneration: The physical changes that take place (e.g., building roads, knocking down buildings, re-developing areas with new infrastructure).