Human Happiness Final Study Guide PDF

12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Social Science Psychology human happiness final study guide Students a...

12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Social Science Psychology human happiness final study guide Students also studied Study guides ED 100 Chapter 9 WVU: Psych 101 Exam 4 Evidence Based Practice Quiz 1 Unit 7 P 23 terms 55 terms 50 terms 60 terms aspruess Preview tesskyyashko Preview IsaiahM- Preview Ste Practice questions for this set Learn 1 /7 Study with Learn Inhibition of digestion (digestive), Increase glucose production from liver (metabolic), Increase heartbeat (cardiovascular) Decrease in activity of the gastrointestinal system, reproductive system & immune system Choose matching term effects of cortisol in reproductive, 1 digestive, metabolic, immune, and 2 evolution of reconciliation cardiovascular systems How does compassion fatigue/fade explain 3 our tendency to feel less compassion 4 4. motivation, effort, and commitment towards larger groups? Don't know? Terms in this set (82) Opt out We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. Got it https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 1/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Individuals with adequate social relationships have a 50% greater likelihood of What are some of the health benefits of survival compared to those with poor or insufficient social relationships connectivity? Followed for 7.5 years How does connectivity contribute to life 10 years increase in life expectancy when people feel that they have strong social expectancy? connections Comes from our "biological need to belong" (3 principles) What are the origins of friendship? Substitutability - replacing old relationships with new ones so you always have relationships wherever you go Cooperation & Hierarchy leveling mechanism Reciprocal Altruism: Trade of resources, favors, assistance Why does friendship make evolutionary Everyone benefits sense? Cooperate in child rearing, defense, resource gathering, hunt Sexual selection theory: need to reproduce (evolution) by forming friendships Oxytocin Uterine contractions, breast feeding, regulates blood pressure, glucose production, vasodilation Prairie voles (who pair bond) differ in oxytocin receptors in brain compared to Montane voles (who are promiscuous) What structures, hormones, and Prairie voles = higher density of oxytocin receptors neurotransmitters contribute to connection Montane voles = lower density, less attachment and commitment? What evidence is there for this? Research evidence for oxytocin: Oxytocin (administered with nasal spray) increases empathy, generosity, gaze at the face, memory for faces (Bartz et al., 2011) Warm, soothing touch elicits oxytocin (Keltner, 2009) The Mutual best gaze wayelicits to study. oxytocin, Sign up for even amongst free. dogs and their owners (Feldman et al., 2012) Warm By signing up,soothing you accept touch Quizlet's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy contempt (look down on partner), Continue with Google According to Gottman, what behaviors criticism (focus on problem), contribute to unhappiness in marriage and defensiveness (discussion with counterattack), and divorce? stonewalling (block discussion of problem) Secure: loving, warm, trusting attachment styles Anxious: worried, doubting, intrusive Avoidant / dismissive: dismissive, cold, push people away Accepting transgression: more leniency/understanding Decline in punitive tendency: more constructive and reconciliatory approaches, less harsh punishments forgiveness 4 components We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads in Decline & Cookie Policy, more avoidance: including for security, head on to communicate and tackle issues analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. Increase in compassion toward partner: empathy, understanding towards partner https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 2/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Forgiveness involves suppressing or mitigating one's motivations for avoidance and forgiveness revenge, and replace with more positive attitudes, feelings, and behaviors Reconciliation. (re-establishing a relationship with the transgressor) Pardon. ( justifying, minimizing, or tolerating the victimization) forgiveness is NOT Excusing. (offer a good reason for a wrong act) Forgetting about the past. Forgiving led to a decline in fight or flight cardiovascular physiology Unforgiveness increases risk of cardiovascular disease benefits forgiveness elderly women in a forgiveness group reported lower anxiety and higher self esteem In longitudinal research, couples report on conflicts, and whether they forgive (less revenge, more compassion) Couples who forgive are happier 9 weeks later Sibling conflict 6/hour in American families Blue footed boobies, hyenas, sand sharks Romantic Unhappy couples: 1.5 hours of conflict a day Partners with kids, 5-6 conflicts a day universality of conflict Parent-child (even in womb, fetus in competition with mother over resources) Step relations Abuse 100 times more likely at hands of step relation than biological parent (Daly & Wilson, 1996) "Bad Apples" at work Political, tribal De Waal: Chimpanzee Politics (1984-present) Dispersal hypothesis (Konrad Lorenz): conflicting parties separate spatially In fact, in conflict conspecifics more contact One animal: bowing, exposure of vulnerable parts of body, open-handed gestures, vocalization; Other: groom, embrace evolution of reconciliation All mammals reconcile except domesticated cats! Friendly behaviors such as kissing and touching were very common after chimpanzees' aggressive conflicts.Forgiveness was favored by evolution because repairing relationships increased cooperation, increasing chances of survival macaques pairs can be trained to work together in order to gain food, leading to much more reconciliation We may feel alienated, flawed, alone, and exposed when embarrassed, but our relationship between embarrassment and experience and display of this complex emotion is a wellspring of forgiveness and forgiveness reconciliation We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 3/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet UNC relationship between forgiveness and well-being in marriages was stronger than in other relationships. These findings suggest that the more we invest in a relationship, the more we need a repertoire of good strategies to guide it through troubled times—and the romantic relationships and forgiveness more these strategies will prove satisfying and rewarding. usually more willing to forgive if they sense trust and a willingness to sacrifice from their partner. Ulcers Heart disease increased rate of cancer spread cell death in the hippocampus effects of cortisol in body memory loss shortened telomeres, protective tissue at the end of chromosomes (aged by 10 yrs by chronic stress) compromised intellectual functioning Inhibition of digestion (digestive), effects of cortisol in reproductive, Increase glucose production from liver (metabolic), digestive, metabolic, immune, and Increase heartbeat (cardiovascular) cardiovascular systems Decrease in activity of the gastrointestinal system, reproductive system & immune system Structural (Klinenberg, Palaces for the People, 2018) : Lower SES: resource-impoverished environments; fewer places to connect, feel joy, find calm (Societal systems of ideology, institutions, and behavior) fewer parks, libraries fewer health food stores stress in structural level less nature ⬆️ pollution, pesticides greater noise and sleep disruption fewer health care centers fewer sports fields, gyms fewer yoga studio Lower SES are more vulnerable to: increased exposure to violence more likely to be suspended for schools (Okonofua et al., 2016) harsher punishment in the criminal justice system stress in life event more likely to be stopped and frisked Receive less careful attention from MDs for pain. Abuse, Violence, Divorce, Death, Disease, Chronic care of someone, Harassment, Persecution at work Threat to identity, Perfectionism, Social comparisons to others, Self criticism, Materialism, consumerism, Rumination: mull over and over problems, Feelings of no control or agency stress in thought patterns Lower SES are more likely to have a: reduced sense of agency, control increased sense of threat Face stigma, bias We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 4/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Anxiety/stress is more common among the poor and has effects on health and stress levels E.g. increased BP, diabetes, obesity, increased prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders, cardiovascular disease etc. Childhood poverty leads to: Elevated cortisol (thus stress), cytokines Decrease in life expectancy The Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal (HPA) Axis: poverty in relation to stress response Short Term Stress = Good system and long-term outcomes Longterm (chronic stress) = Vulnerability Anxiety, fear Vigilance to threats Elevated sympathetic autonomic nervous system action: ♥️ beats faster ⬆️ BP Shallow breath ⬆️ wear on Veins Digestion altered The Power of Naming Simply labeling negative stimuli (anger faces) reduces amygdala activation they ordinarily produce when not labeled labeling Simply labeling emotion reduces the anxiety of knowing what we feel Simply labeling negative emotions focuses on actual causes and courses of action related to experience, increasing well-being through this focusing Imagine stress from third person perspective (as if you were filming event) or first- person perspective (fully immersed in the experience)... why (more distance) as opposed to how (more immersed) things are happening perspective distance Vis-à-vis current stress, problem in relationship, past difficulty, distancing leads to: Less Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System response during stress Handle that conflict with partner better Less anger Situate within the broader passage of time Imagine your best self five years from now temporal distance What will your current worries mean to who you are five years from now Lead to increased happiness, health, reduced stress weeks after imagining one's best self education on functionality of stress response, encourage interpreting arousal as a tool to aid performance Approach oriented - embracing stress reappraisal Less vasoconstriction, greater cardiac output Less vigilance to threat cues Quicker return to baseline after stressor We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 5/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Short-term stress is acute, (when there is a problem that we have to deal with, which is adaptive and is good). Bodily response: Increases in blood flow to muscles; tension of muscles Increased in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate Increases in production of glucose from liver Decreases in activity of gastrointestinal system, reproductive system, and immune acute (short-term) stress system Goal of sympathetic nervous system: Prepare to use muscles to run away quickly or fight the opponent; guarding against injury and pain Transporting oxygen and nutrients to limbs and muscles (away from heart) more quickly Increasing energy needed for body Focusing blood and energy to other organs in body needed for short-term survival your body is in a constant state of stress, wearying down your body, which is maladaptive Bodily response: Increases in blood flow to muscles; tension of muscles Increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate Increases in production of glucose from liver Decreases in activity of gastrointestinal system, reproductive system, and immune system chronic (long-term) stress Goal of sympathetic nervous system: Muscle tension; tension headaches; stress on skeletal system and joints; muscle atrophy Cardiovascular disease; stroke; hyperventilation; panic attacks Increased susceptibility to type 2 diabetes Decreased appetite; nausea; acid reflux; heartburn; decreased libido; decreased sperm production; erectile dysfunction; abnormal menstrual cycle; increased vulnerability to infection Trier Social Stress Task E.g. Having to prepare (5 min) and present a presentation to unresponsive judges Increases heart rate, BP, cortisol and HPA axis activity Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) → how many of 43 stressful life events have you experienced over 12-month period how we study stress Indicates risk for becoming ill (relates to how we learned that life events contribute to stress which contributes to our health) Daily Hassles Scale (117 items) → daily concerns, feeling frustrated/irritated etc. REMINDER: DAILY HASSLES = MORE ACCURATE PREDICTOR OF STRESS-RELATED PROBLEMS THAN STRESSFUL LIFE EVENTS Problem-focused coping Facing stress "head-on" and taking action to resolve underlying cause We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, how we manipulate stress Emotion-focused coping analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. Regulating feelings and emotional response to the problem instead of taking action Optimism exercises are also effective (research by Sergant & Mongrain) https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 6/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Non-judgmental awareness of the contents of the mind and body Mindfulness brings insights about the mind Thoughts are transient. (They are fleeting) exemplify impermanence Depersonalize thoughts (Your thoughts are not you!) exemplify self-compassion Freedom from bias (See ex. Of bias below) Exemplifies empathy and humility Biases: core components of mindfulness Personal lens Greed Seeking status Fear Motives / Ideology Core components: non-judgment, body awareness, focused attention Mindfulness decreases activation in self-oriented brain regions and increases activation in other-oriented brain regions. Increases immune function what physiological systems does research Reduces default mode network activation. show are affected by mindfulness practice? Enhance activation of the left prefrontal cortex. Greater insula activation > greater empathy and compassion Reduced amygdala activation > less stress response to threat in contemplative traditions Buddhist: meditation paves the way for an unbiased view of the world, direct perception, and a compassionate mind how is mindfulness practiced Religious traditions: Centering prayer, daily prayer in Islam Aristotle: contemplation leads to a kind of contemplative knowledge (theoria) where we perceive truthful 2011 meta-analysis of Random Control Trials (RCTs) CLINICAL (PSYCH DISORDERS): MBSR reduces Symptoms of distress, anxiety, and limitations of mindfulness literature depression or teaches patients coping skills to handle these symptoms. MBSR does NOT alleviate all psychological conditions symptoms Patients only taught to COPE (?) (doctors) Healthcare Mindfulness: MBRS (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction) helps healthcare professionals cope with stress and connect with patients Prisons: Mindfulness reduces anger, hostility, and mood disturbances among prisoners mindfulness in teachers, doctors, and helps with rehabilitation and reintegration veterans/firefighters Teachers: ⬇s Stress, Burnout, Anxiety, Depression We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy PolicyFirefighters/ Veterans: and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, ⬇ analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Gotsit”PTSD symptoms or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 7/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Freud: Jung dream analysis in-depth narrative + catharsis (insight) Literary Studies (Harold Bloom): in what ways is crafting a life narrative Shakespeare invented awareness of self-narrated identity. beneficial Psych Science: Possible Selves: We as individuals are many things, and always changin Fiction and Film (Oately, 2008): some ways reading fiction benefits us Fictional stories STIMULATE our own experience in an empathic leap of imagination Reading fiction benefits our ability to read others' emotions Reading fiction benefits our ability to understand social situations The Self as a Narrative (McAdams, 2008) Core Passions: that guide intentions, motifs, vivid images, memories, contributions The Narrative: occurs with characters and community + setting diff chapters to the unfolding of identity McAdams elements of narrative told to integrate conflicts, stresses, trauma, and goals e.g.,: between self-interest, compassion justice vs. conventionality duty + freedom Aristotle's catharsis: not purging of emotion but dramatic insight into why we have stress and struggles through acts of imagination as in theater catharsis The function of tragedy is to arouse the emotions of pity and fear. Perspective distance (Ayduk & Kross, 2010): Imagine stress from third person perspective (as if you were filming event) or first- person perspective (fully immersed in the experience)... why (more distance) as opposed to how (more immersed) things are happening Vis-à-vis current stress, problem in relationship, past difficulty, distancing leads to: Less Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System response during stress Handle that conflict with partner better distancing Situate within the broader passage of time Temporal distance (King & Miner, 2000) Imagine your best self five years from now What will your current worries mean to who you are five years from now Lead to increased happiness, health, reduced stress weeks after imagining one's best self ⬇️ Sympathetic Autonomic Nervous System Response During Stress effects of adopting a distance perspective Handles Conflict Better (w/ partner, friend, fam) ⬇️ 😠 (anger) In the study, participants were asked to write down their most distressing or painful life experiences in detail for a consecutive 3 - 5 days. Compared with the control group, people who wrote about their deepest traumas make fewer visits to a doctor in the months after the writing session. What does the work of Pennebaker on Enhanced immune function, less depression and stress, higher grades, more likely to expressive writing tell us about the effects find new jobs after unemployment of crafting a narrative? (How of happiness The nature of the writing process itself helps us understand, come to terms with, and p.163) We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policymake and Adssense of our & Cookie trauma. Policy, including for security, Writing analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got about the it” or continuing toexperience use Quizlet, youin accept a journal forces these uses. you to organize your thoughts into a For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. coherent narrative, which enhances your understanding and sense of control, which makes the trauma more manageable. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 8/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet 80% of people fantasize about killing someone they don't like However people's willingness to act on these imaginations has declined Four plausible suggestions for why humans are utilizing the prefrontal cortex (and thus exercising more empathy, sensitivity, long-term planning, self control, etc) more Hobbes was right Life in nature is brutal and anarchical States have a monopoly on violence and thus defuse the anxieties that come from a brutal society of anarchy where every person is preemptively trying to fight for the best resources James Payne Why was there a decline in violence in the Suggested that when life was short their was less value to your life and others since modern times (TCI p.263-265) you were going to die anyways In the modern day we are living longer so there is more value to life Robert Wright Said that there is an incentive to cooperate because when one comes up with a new invention, theory, etc, there is a need to have somebody else to sell it too Peter Singer Established that over the years there has been an expanding circle of care (people we feel empathetic towards) The expansion of circle may have been caused by Wright's own theory of reciprocity/cooperation Also pushed by the existence of the golden rule 1. Positive emotion Happy people experience positive states more frequently than unhappy people. Madeleine cookie consumption experience: Proust feels a positive emotion upon eating the Madeleine, it changes him and provides new insight. Positive emotions possess the ability to undo the lingering cardiovascular effects of negative emotions. Languishing: not depressed but feels empty When the source of positive emotion is yourself, it is renewable 2. Optimal timing and variety Through self-experimentation, find frequency of engagement that allows each activity to remain fresh and meaningful. Vary activities so that you don't adapt to it. Factors underlying success of happiness To be happy you have to find variety in repetition. increasing activities (the how of happiness, ch.10) 3. Social support Social support partners can offer informational, tangible, and emotional support. Any change in behavior that requires effort will be made easier if your friends and family support you. In the weight-losing program, 76% of those who did it alone completed it, while 95% of those who had social support completed it. 4. Motivation, effort, and commitment Those participants who found the happiness-enhancing activity most motivating were those most likely to practice it. We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, Renew your commitment everyday. analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. 5. Habit The more you initiate a positive activity, the stronger connection you feel https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 9/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Practicing compassionate thoughts toward others once a week boosts happiness and vagal tone over an 8-week period compared to a waitlist control (Fredrickson et al., 2008). Frederickson et al. (2008) study on loving Results showed that this meditation practice produced increases over time in daily kindness meditation increasing positive experiences of positive emotions, which, in turn, produced increases in a wide range emotion. of personal resources (e.g., increased mindfulness, purpose in life, social support, decreased illness symptoms). In turn, these increments in personal resources predicted increased life satisfaction and reduced depressive symptoms Intuitive Kindness: Being generous, helpful, cooperative, compassionate, etc without even trying; an intrinsic quality of being kind kindness + limitations Paul Rusesabagina (Hotel Rwanda) example Saved thousands of Tutsi's during the Rwandian genocide and when asked why he said he felt there was no other option Expanding Circle of Care (Singer, 1981) The circle of altruism: broadened from the family and tribe to the nation, race, and now all human beings. The process should be extended to include all beings w/ interests of whatever species... We must design a culture so that it encourages How does compassion fatigue/fade explain broader concerns our tendency to feel less compassion But over history the circle has expanded... from village to clan to the tribe to the towards larger groups? nation to other races to other sexes... and others species The larger the circle of care gets, the more our capacity for compassion becomes fatigued / lessened Repeating the same act of kindness over and over can also lead to fatigue 3 weeks of spending money on others vs self = lowers BP (Whillans , Dune et al., 2016) 5 yr longitudinal study of 423 elderly married couple (Brown et al 2003) at the beginning of the study , ppl report on volunteering (buying groceries, doing Does giving to others have health benefits? errands , childcare) and receiving assistance What examples were discussed in lecture? 5 yrs later those who volunteered more were more likely to survive (145 ppl died in the study) controlling for initial health, gender and social contracts Giving to others activates dopamine/reward circuit Playful provocation (Comment, poke to ribs) + off-record markers (Violations of truthful communication to signal non-seriousness teasing of act) Tease involves an act that is intended to provoke emotion, to discern another's commitments Playful teasing & Happiness In summer camp, campers who teased more playfully have more friends (Kraus et al,, 2014) social purpose of teasing In couples, those couples who are happier have more nicknames for each other Happier couples tease each other in more playful fashion (Keltner et al., 1998) Teasing is actually a remarkable act of pretense and drama, and enables people to negotiate conflicts and hierarchies Rough & tumble play in ren: Learn boundaries between pleasure, pain, harm eg, Coyotes, and dogs in rough & tumble play learn how not to bite or bite in playful play & learning boundaries but not harmful ways (Bekoff, 2001) We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy PolicyFlirtation: and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, playful analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or exploration of Quizlet, continuing to use potentialyouromantic interest: accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. learn boundaries between friend, intimate https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 10/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Play allows us to explore assuming possible identities Playful imitation, exaggeration, teasing abt possible characteristics in life we will assume, as a careerist, romantic partners etc play & exploring identity Barrie Thorne (Gender Play, 1993) studies lunchtime play of middle school girls: gender play imitation (eg of older women) & teasing was abt trying out sexual identities Knowledge about laws of physics, nature Playing w/ liquids, sand, dirt, and dropping objects: understand: play & learning about the world substances (eg; liquids, solids) conservation (how mass or volume stays the same independent of shape) gravity (as 2yr olds drop food to the floor) See failures kindly Self compassion See self as part of larger humanity Holds pain, and stress in mindful attentiveness Fixed mindset: intelligence is fixed. We are just not good at some things. fixed mindset vs. growth mindset Growth mindset: we can improve our intelligence through effort. Self-compassion at the trait self-report level predicts : ⬇️ anxiety ⬇️ depression ⬇️ rumination ⬇️ neurotic perfectionism benefits of being self-compassionate Self-compassion practice: Buffers against depression , self harm Promotes the desire to make amends for past personal transgression (Breines & Chen, 2012) Promotes self-improving health behaviors when given poor diagnoses (Terry et al., 2013) Promotes less regret (Zhang & Chen, 2016) Take perspective of someone who supports you on struggles , failures "Stop" when ruminating about problems (Lyubomirsky, 2007) Challenge sources of perfectionism with reason: some tactics to counter perfectionistic Materialism, adverts tendencies body image set intention in digital use:, name it , trust your body, avoid comparing self to others (Lyubomirsky , 2007) Maximizing: experience perfect pleasure at all times. Exhaustively seeking the best among all options (perfectionist). Maximizers lead to more regret after purchase, less satisfaction, more stress and depression. maximizing vs. satisfying Satisficing: find delight in what life presents to you. Accept any option that meets the requirements. Savoring: any thoughts or behaviors that generates enjoyment Share good feelings with others Slow down or stop and take a mental photograph Sharpen sensory perception some strategies for savoring Remind yourself of how quickly time flies Relish ordinary experiences: appreciate and take pleasure in mundane, everyday We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, experiences analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. Transport yourself: imagination. Replay happy days. Be mindful. Take pleasure in the senses. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 11/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Optimism people report higher levels of overall well-being, positive emotions, and happiness Optimistic people have higher resting vagal tone (body can return to a calm state relationship between optimism and quickly after stress) and better health. happiness Optimism measured in 1945 (in men) predicts better reports of health 35 years later Optimism rated in coded acceptance speeches in 20th century presidential candidates predicted the victor 18 of 22 times Perfectionism -> Thinking things need to be perfect Priming the overly ideal self leads to dejection Not about being perfect, but about thinking things need to be perfect, which leads to constant "pursuit" of happiness Linked to frustration, exhausting, and feeling unappreciated Maximizing -> Always focused on 'optimal choice' Try to weigh all possible options and focus on making the "optimal" choice at all times Experience more regret and less satisfaction with their choices; tend to feel less optimistic and more depressed in general toxic thoughts Satisfiers / Satisficing -> Settles for 1st acceptable choice Social Comparison -> Upward: Comparing yourself to someone you believe to be better than you in some way Leads to dissatisfaction, dejection, feelings of inferiority, loss of self-esteem Downward: Comparing yourself to someone you believe to be less than you in some way Can lead to feelings of guilt, fears of suffering the same (equally bad) fate Overthinking/ Rumination -> Endlessly Pondering e.g., Why am I always so unhappy? What did they really mean by that? Sustains or worsens sadness and fosters negative thinking Journaling (writing down negative thoughts) Distract yourself Social support (talk to a trusted person) Make time for your thoughts Stop! Technique = Interrupt yourself by saying/thinking "stop" when you find yourself positive activities that remedy each type of overthinking toxic thought Perfectionism → self compassion Serious mindset → play Maximizing pleasure → savoring/satisficing Overwhelmed → perspective Materialism → experience focused Unstructured life → story Endlessly Pondering We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, repetitive thinking or dwelling on negative feelings and distress and their causes and analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. rumination For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. consequences. The repetitive, negative aspect of rumination can contribute to the development of depression or anxiety and can worsen existing conditions https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 12/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Materialism vs Experimentalism → idea that experiences make us happier than material purchases Materialism -> Emphasis on material wealth as the center of life, source of happiness and criterion for success (Richins & Dawson 1992) Predicts: ⬆️ self focus, ⬇️ empathy, ⬇️ healthy relationships (Kasser, 2016) Usually correlates negatively with happiness (r = 0.25) (Burroughs & Rindfleisch, 2002) evidence for materialism not promoting Predicts increased stress (Brouskeli & Loumakou, 2014) happiness Predicts reduced environmentally friendly behaviors w/ Material Expenditures (Carter & Gilovich, 2010): Ruminate about unchosen material purchases Maximize with material purchases, satisfice in the realm of experiences Compare to alternatives there is always the next new customer thing ⬇️ happiness as always looking for the next thing to buy / own The capacity to alter the state of others Power is the basic medium of social living Foucault: "Power is the ability to move social networks" The fundamental concept in social science is power, in the same sense that Energy is the fundamental concept in physics... The laws of social dynamics are laws which only be stated in terms of power (Russell, 1938, pg. 10) power "Power is defined as one's capacity to alter another person's condition or state of mind by providing or withholding resources" (TCI: The Power Paradox) "This de-emphasizes how a person actually acts and instead stresses the individual's capacity to affect others" (TCI: The Power Paradox) Soft power: influence over culture, ideas, and art Positional power: formal, control over resources Personal power: personal characteristics, reputation, relationships, influence strategies Vice as 1 Pathway to Gaining Power - The Dark Triad Machiavellianism → Coercion, deception, manipulation Sociopathy → Coldness, lack of caring, aggression How do personal characteristics, status, and reputation relate to power? Narcissism → Self-focus, grandiosity Personal power: personal characteristics, reputation, relationships, influence strategies We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 13/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet The skills most important to obtaining power and leading effectively (such as empathy and social intelligence) are the very skills that deteriorate once we have power (and lead to us acting more selfishly, impulsively, and aggressively) (TCI: The Power Paradox) Protest Movements have more success w/ more collaboration (ie:mass gatherings & petitions) vs violent coercive protests (Chenowith & Stephan, 2008) Historians' ratings of US Presidents find that more bold, courageous , and humane presidents have greater legacies than Machiavellian types (Nixon) What is the power paradox? speeches by US Senators and Hedge Fund managers, more justice-oriented humane leaders have better results (votes for bills, returns for clients) than Narcissistic Machiavellian types (ten Brinke et al., 2015) Facts of Machiavellian's at work : don't rise in ranks less pay less respect social isolation Perils of Elevated Power (Power Leads to Self-Serving Impulsivity (Keltner, Gruenfeld, Anderson, 2003)) what are the perils of elevated power? Having elevated power leads to: Stereotyping, lack of empathy, gambling, risk-taking, rudeness, swearing, shoplifting, sexual impropriety, irrational generosity Humanity → Kindness, sympathy virtues that are part of a virtue based Courage → Boldness, persistence approach? Justice → Fairness, Teamwork Temperance → Humility, Modesty what: informal conversation ask questions about them (as people) flattery works (especially genuine) highlight similarities how: what you say --> how you say it --> body enthusiasm, positive energy (vs. flat, emotionless) language turn-taking (vs. monologues) avoid air of superiorirty body: Duchenne smiles (not social smile) laughter head nods while listening to them nonverbal mimicry You start by cooperating, and then you mimic your opponent Encourages cooperation by beginning cooperatively Easy to read --> Empathy what is tit-for-tat and why is it successful? Not envious --> positive atmosphere Not exploitable --> More trust and support Forgives We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 14/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Problems of Today are = Disempowerment: mass incarceration economic inequality racism sexism class stigma attacks on sexual identity lack of voice being disrespected What psychological outcomes are Other effects associate with a sense of power? Greater happiness More dynamic romantic life Less stress Greater sense of purpose Longer life expectancy Chance to benefit others Increased aggression In workplaces: Insults, interruptions, violation of personal space, touching, threats, sarcasm, flames, humiliation, shaming, backbiting, glaring, snubbing Influence strategy 1: likeability and humility Influence strategy 2: creating justice through respect Collaborative power works better! Coercive bosses, presidents fare worse The Power Revolution: Why such a foment today? 🚺 , diversity new countries: India, China rise in collabs new forms of influence : tiktok , insta , twitter rights movements influence strategies: collaborative or reduction of harm coercive better? at the same time: white supremacy, right-wing authoritarianism COLLABORATIVE (VIRTUE) VERSUS COERCIVE (VICE) POWER (KELTNER, 2016, THE POWER PARADOX) A study of protest movements finds that more collaborative movements (mass gatherings, petitions) fare better than violent coercive protests (Chenowith & Stephan, 2008) Historians' ratings of US Presidents finds that more bold, courageous, humane presidents have greater legacies than Machiavellian types (Nixon) In the coding of speeches by US Senators and Hedge Fund managers, more justice- oriented, humane leaders have better results (votes for bills, returns for clients) than Narccisistic, Machiavellian types (ten Brinke et al., 2015) What is play → Qualities of Mirthful states (Stuart Brown, Play, 2009) Features of Play: purposeless voluntary inherent attraction What is play and its relationship to mirth? freedom from times diminished consciousness of self We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policyimprovisational and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” orto desire continuing continue to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. signals safety https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 15/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Play allows us to explore assuming possible identities: playful imitation, exaggeration, teasing abt possible characteristics in life we will how does play help us learn and develop assume, as careerist, romantic partners etc our identities? Barrie Thorne (Gender Play, 1993) Studies lunchtime play of middle school girls: gender play imitation (eg of older women) & teasing was abt trying out sexual identities 1. Positive emotion 2. optimal timing and variety the hows of happiness 3. social support 4. motivation, effort, and commitment 5. habits feelings of joy, delight, contentment, serenity, curiosity, interest, vitality, enthusiasm, vigor, thrill, pride Particular happiness activities or behaviors make people happy, that is by creating many happy moments Happy people experience positive emotions more frequently and these emotions 1. positive emotion make them who they are (make you a happier person) Possess the ability to undo lingering cardiovascular effects of negative emotions Happiness activities boost positive emotions, positive thinking, encourage positive experiences Source of the happy moments does matter for it influences the ability of the experience to be self-sustaining (cannot be sinful) when you are the source of happiness, it is renewable Timing: episodic → irregular intervals Timing important for happiness activity Essential to consider your strategies frequency and duration and to strive to time them in ways that deliver you greatest satisfaction, serenity, or joy Time in ways to thwart adaptation Optimal timing as a way to the each activity to have frequency of engagement allowing the activity to remain fresh, meaningful, and positive Made possible by self-experimentation 2. optimal timing and variety Variety Activities being dynamic, not staying the same Bolster effectiveness of happiness activity by varying it Ex: exploring different software programs or being grateful for varying domains of life Demonstrated empirically and anecdotal Ex: Obesity intervention: changing workout plan every 6 months Ex: Counting blessings on sundays instead of 3 times a day Crucial method of maximizing the impact of an activity is to attend to its variety We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 16/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet Represents all kinds of help and comfort provided by others, especially those with whom we have strong, meaningful relationships Social support: invaluable in helping people cope with life's challenges and misfortunes Information, tangible, and emotional support → crucial in helping people persist as and realize their goals in general Helps motivate you and guide you along your path, ultimately promoting the 3. social support realization of a wide variety of goals: work, relationships, and personal growth ***any change in behavior (Like happiness) that requires dedication and effort will be made easier if your spouse, children, friends, parents, siblings, coworkers are supportive Ex: patient with strict dietary constraint will adhere to regimen with support of family Ex: weight loss program, more likely to maintain weight losses in full if engaged in program with another (from their social support circle) 1. You must RESOLVE to undertake a program to become happier 2. You must LEARN what you need to do 3. You must put weekly of even daily EFFORT into it 4. You must COMMIT to the goal for a long period of time, possible for the rest of your life 1/2 → making the choice 3/4 → concerted effort and commitment 4. motivation, effort, and commitment Motivation: drive and inspiration to accomplish something plays a role in all 4 steps of resolving, learning, effort making, and committing (desire comes from within you) Ex: compare happiness with students who signed up for generic psych study vs. "Do you want to be happy? This study is for you!" Motivated participants became happier whereas the non-motivated stayed the same or changed a little The more motivated you are the more likely you are to invest effort into it Renew motivation in times of stress (death, failures, abuses of power) even when lost New behaviors and practices become habitual through repetition and practice Labeled as habitual as you don't have to make the decisions to do them → not intentional acts Applied to happiness strategy: the more often you initiate a positive activity (savoring meals with family or appreciating your life during bad moments)-the 5. habits stronger the connection becomes between that activity (savoring and appreciating) and the cues around you (family or daily hassles) Stanley Schachter: getting rid of bad habits like smoking → 63% of success stories and tried several times before accomplishing goal Aim should be to create habit of instigating a happiness activity formational support Suggesting a new way to show gratitude or cautioning that your current approach might lead you to get stuck Tangible support What are different types of support? Giving you rides to the gym Can be sole confidant or group of friends Emotional support Providing reassurance, solace, and inspiration We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, Can be sole confidant or group of friends analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 17/18 12/18/24, 11:40 PM human happiness final study guide Flashcards | Quizlet What are considerations we need to make Being sensitive to diminishing effects over time- some need to be repetitive for when designing and implementing effects to hold. * Continual practice is the main one to remember! happiness interventions Self selection- getting at person's will to opt into the practice We use cookies on Quizlet as described in our Privacy Policy and Ads & Cookie Policy, including for security, analytics, advertising and marketing purposes. By clicking “Got it” or continuing to use Quizlet, you accept these uses. For more info, read our Ads & Cookie Policy. https://quizlet.com/861543086/human-happiness-final-study-guide-flash-cards/ 18/18