Human Evolution PDF

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 14 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 1  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: define anthropology and anthropologist....

EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 14 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 1  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: define anthropology and anthropologist. identify & enlist the characteristic of new world & old world monkey. differentiate between new world & old world monkey. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 2 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 3 The study of human societies and cultures and their development. The study of human biological and physiological characteristics and their evolution. Anthropology is the study of humans, early hominids and primates, such as chimpanzees in relation with the origin and evolution of humans. An anthropologist is a person who studies various elements of humans, including biology and culture, in order to understand human origin and the evolution of various beliefs and social customs. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 4 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 5 In late 1800s several scientific papers were written on the possible origin of human. T.H. Huxley made first attempt to explain the origin & evolution of man on scientific basis in his book “Man’s place in nature” in 1863 AD. Later Charles Robert Darwin also mentioned about the human evolution in his book “The descent of man” in 1871 AD, in which he suggested that man evolved from ape like ancestors. At that time this concept of Darwin was strongly criticised by metaphysical & religious circle. Due to lack of paleontological knowledge & evidences at that time, Darwin could not explain much more about human evolution. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 6  Editorial cartoon illustrating Charles Darwin as an ape (1871) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 7  (ORDER) PRIMATES (SUB-ORDER) ANTHROPOIDES (INFRA-ORDER) 1. PLATYRRHINI 2. CATARRHINI (NEW WORLD MONKEY) (OLD WORLD MONKEY) (SUPER FAMILIES) a. HOMINOIDEA b. CERCOPITHECOIDEA (APES & MANS) (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) (FAMILIES) i. HYALOBATIDAE ii. PONGIDAE iii. HOMINIDAE (Gibbon ) (Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutangs ) (Human & other ancestral fossils) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 8  SUB-ORDER ANTHROPOIDES (INFRA-ORDER) PLATYRRHINI CATARRHINI (NEW WORLD MONKEY) (OLD WORLD MONKEY) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 9  (NEW WORLD MONKEYS) Spider monkey Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 10  Wooly monkey (NEW WORLD MONKEYS) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 11  (NEW WORLD MONKEYS) Marmosets Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 12  (ORDER) PRIMATES (SUB-ORDER) ANTHROPOIDES (INFRA-ORDER) 1. PLATYRRHINI 2. CATARRHINI (NEW WORLD MONKEY) (OLD WORLD MONKEY) (SUPER FAMILIES) a. HOMINOIDEA b. CERCOPITHECOIDEA (APES & MANS) (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) (FAMILIES) i. HYALOBATIDAE ii. PONGIDAE iii. HOMINIDAE (Gibbon ) (Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutangs ) (Human & other ancestral fossils) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 13  INFRA-ORDER CATARRHINI (OLD WORLD MONKEY) (SUPER FAMILY) HOMINOIDEA CERCOPITHECOIDEA (APES AND MANS) (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 14  (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) Rhesus monkey Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 15  (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) Proboscis monkey Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 16  (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) Baboon Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 17  (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) Langur Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 18  FEATURES NEW WORLD MONKEY OLD WORLD MONKEY Nose Flat and outwardly directed nostril. Narrow and downwardly directed nostril. Tail Long and prehensile. Short and non-prehensile. Teeth number 36 sets 32 sets Dental formula (I:2, C:1, PM:3, M:3) X 4 = 36 (I:2, C:1, PM:2, M:3) X 4 = 32 Body size Small to medium sized. Medium to large sized. Found in Mexico, Central and South America. Asia and Africa. Digits Non-opposable thumb and clawed digits. Opposable thumb and clawed digits. Examples Spider monkey, wooly monkey, marmosets Rhesus monkey, proboscis monkey, etc. baboon, langur etc. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 19 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 20 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 15 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 21  define anthropology and anthropologist. identify & enlist the characteristic of new world & old world monkey. differentiate between new world & old world monkey. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 22  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: explain the evolutionary trend of human. compare features of apes and human. state the position of modern human in animal kingdom. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 23  (ORDER) PRIMATES (SUB-ORDER) ANTHROPOIDES (INFRA-ORDER) 1. PLATYRRHINI 2. CATARRHINI (NEW WORLD MONKEY) (OLD WORLD MONKEY) (SUPER FAMILIES) a. HOMINOIDEA b. CERCOPITHECOIDEA (APES & MANS) (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) (FAMILIES) i. HYALOBATIDAE ii. PONGIDAE iii. HOMINIDAE (Gibbon ) (Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutangs ) (Human & other ancestral fossils) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 24  SUPER FAMILIES HOMINOIDEA (APES AND MANS) (FAMILIES) PONGIDAE HOMINIDAE HYALOBATIDAE RAMAPITHECUS, GORILLA, AUSTRALOPITHECUS, GIBBON CHIMPANZEE, ORANGUTAN HOMO. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 25  HYALOBATIDAE (Gibbon) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 26  PONGIDAE (Orangutan) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 27  PONGIDAE (Chimpanzee) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 28  PONGIDAE (Gorilla) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 29 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 30 Like any other species human also evolved over millions of years. The fossil records suggest that humans and modern apes had a common ancestor known as Hominids. Apes and humans diverged out from the main line of Hominids about 24 million years ago. The evolutionary trend may be defined as identifiable patterns in which the overall evolution of a trait occurs in a given direction within a group (ancestor) for a prolonged period of time. EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 31 Several identifiable features changed during the evolutionary trend in humans are: 1) Bipedal locomotion. 2) Erect posture due to the development of lumbar curve. 3) Encephalization of the brain (size and complexity). 4) Loss of opposability of great toes. 5) Reduction in size of canine and incisor teeth. 6) Reduction in the size of eyebrow ridges. 7) Development of chin. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 32 Photograph showing comparative shape & size of skull of different modern human ancestors & modern human. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 33 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 34 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 35  This gives humans much higher level of cognitive thinking. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 36  1. Ape foot: Small heel. Ankle adapted for climbing. Grasping toe. 2. Human foot: Larger heel. Ankle adapted for walking. Adducted big toe in line with other digits. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 37  (ORDER) PRIMATES (SUB-ORDER) ANTHROPOIDES (INFRA-ORDER) 1. PLATYRRHINI 2. CATARRHINI (NEW WORLD MONKEY) (OLD WORLD MONKEY) (SUPER FAMILIES) a. HOMINOIDEA b. CERCOPITHECOIDEA (APES & MANS) (OLD WORLD MONKEYS) (FAMILIES) i. HYALOBATIDAE ii. PONGIDAE iii. HOMINIDAE (Gibbon ) (Gorilla, Chimpanzee, Orangutangs ) (Human & other ancestral fossils) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 38 Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Subphylum: Vertebrata Class: Mammalia Order: Primates Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: sapiens Subspecies: sapiens Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 39 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 40 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 41 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 16 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 42  explain the evolutionary trend of human. compare features of apes and human. state the position of modern human in animal kingdom. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 43  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: enlist the name of human ancestors. describe the features of human ancestors prior to ape man. describe the features of Australopithecus. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 44 1. HUMAN ANCESTORS PRIOR TO APE MAN: a) Proconsul b) Dryopithecus c) Ramapithecus d) Shivapithecus 2. APE MAN: Australopithecus (A. robustus and A. afarensis) 3. MODERN HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus (Java man and Peking man) 4. TRUE HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) b) Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 45  Homo sapiens sapiens Homo sapiens neanderthalensis Homo sapiens fossilis Homo erectus Homo habilis AUSTRALOPITHECUS RAMAPITHECUS DRYOPITHECUS Chimpanzee PROCONSUL Gorilla PONGIDS Orangutan CERCOPITHECOIDS HOMINIDS HYALOBATIDS Gibbon PLATYRRHINI CATARRHINI ANTHROPOIDS PROSOMIANS PRIMATES EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 46 Proconsul is an extinct genus of primates that existed from 21 to 14 million years ago. In 1948 Mary Leakey made an especially complete find of Proconsul in lake Victoria (Eastern Africa). Fossil remains are present in Eastern Africa including Kenya and Uganda. It was a fruit eater and its brain was larger (167 cm3) than that of a monkey, not as large than of a modern ape. It had a dental formula of 2.1.2.3 on both the upper and lower jaws. It had an average body mass of around 18 kg. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 47 Proconsul skeleton reconstruction. Life restoration of Proconsul. Friday, November 22, 2024 48 The gibbon and great apes, including humans, are held in evolutionary biology to share a common ancestral lineage, which may have included Proconsul. Its name, meaning "before Consul" (Consul being a certain chimpanzee), implies that it is ancestral to the chimpanzee. Skull of Proconsul. It might also be ancestral to the rest of the apes. Its face was like apes and it walked on four limbs. But its legs resembled with legs of man. Proconsul was more near to ape than man. Face restoration from skull of Proconsul. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 49 Dryopithecus is a genus of extinct great apes who lived 12.5 to 11.1 million years ago (mya). The first Dryopithecus fossils were described from the Mandible fragment of Dryopithecus. French Pyrenees by French paleontologist Edouard Lartet in 1856 AD. It is another ape like fossil almost similar to Proconsul found in Africa. A male specimen was estimated to have weighed 44 kg. The face was similar to gorillas, and males had longer canines than females. It is assumed that Dryopithecus might be the ancestor of ancestor ancient human fossil such as Ramapithecus, Shivapithecus & Australopithecus. Restoration of Dryopithecus. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 50 It is the earliest known direct ancestor of man. It existed about 14 million years ago. Mandible fragment of Ramapithecus. Its fossil were recovered by Lewis in 1930 AD from Shivalik hills in India & from lake of Victoria in Africa. Another find was made in Nepal on the bank of the Tinau River situated in Palpa District; a western part of the country in 1932. It is assumed that these ancestors lived in Nepal about 11 mya. Restoration of Ramapithecus. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 51  Restoration of Ramapithecus. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 52 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 53  RAMAPITHECUS PARK Dovan, Palpa Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 54 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 55 Fossil primate genus dating about 12 million years ago & thought to be the direct ancestor of the orangutan. Sivapithecus is closely related to Ramapithecus, & fossils of the two primates have often been recovered from the same deposits in the Siwalik hills in India. Skull of Shivapithecus. Some authorities mention that Shivapithecus and Ramapithecus are infact the same species. The fossil remains of Sivapithecus reveal that it shared many of the same specialized facial features of the orangutan. Sivapithecus was about 1.5 metres (5 ft) in body length, similar in size to a modern orangutan. It had large canine teeth, and heavy molars, suggesting a diet of relatively tough food, such as seeds and savannah grasses. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 56 About 5 million years ago, the Australopithecus was evolved from the Ramapithecus & Sivapithecus. They were first human like animal. Their brain capacity was 600 cc. It could walk upright & about 3 – 5 ft. tall & 40 – 50 kg. in weight. Canine teeth were smaller than apes. Omnivorous mode of feeding. The Australopithecus has two species A. afarensis & A. robustus. With time A. robustus remain unchanged and became extinct, while A. afarensis continued to change till the evolution of modern man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 57 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 58 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 59 Photograph showing comparative shape & size of skull of different modern human ancestors & modern human Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 60 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 61 1. HUMAN ANCESTORS PRIOR TO APE MAN: a) Proconsul b) Dryopithecus c) Ramapithecus d) Shivapithecus 2. APE MAN: Australopithecus (A. robustus and A. afarensis) 3. MODERN HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus (Java man and Peking man) 4. TRUE HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) b) Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 62 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 17 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 63  enlist the name of human ancestors. describe the features of human ancestors prior to ape man. describe the features of Australopithecus. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 64  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: describe the features of Homo habilis describe the features of Homo erectus. describe the features of Java man and Peking man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 65 1. HUMAN ANCESTORS PRIOR TO APE MAN: a) Proconsul b) Dryopithecus c) Ramapithecus d) Shivapithecus 2. APE MAN: Australopithecus (A. robustus and A. afarensis) 3. MODERN HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus (Java man and Peking man) 4. TRUE HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) b) Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 66  Homo habilis Homo erectus (Java man and Peking man) Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 67 Figure: Skull of common chimpanzee, Australopithecus afarensis and two specimen of Homo habilis. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 68  Homo habilis remains have been found in Tanzania, Ethiopia & Kenya, from deposits dated to 2.4-1.4 m.y.a. Homo habilis, which means “handy man”, was originally assumed to be the first stone tool maker as the name implies. They were of about 4.5 ft. tall and walked erect. They weighted about 45-50 kg. Their cranial capacity was about 700 cc. They used tools for hunting & defense. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 69  Figure: Skull of Homo habilis. Face restoration from skull of Homo habilis. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 70 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 71  Figure: Tools used by Homo habilis: The handy man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 72  About 1.7 million years ago, Homo erectus evolved from Homo habilis. Homo erectus (meaning "upright man") is an extinct species, with its earliest occurrence about 1.7 million years ago. The Homo erectus includes: Java man (H. erectus erectus) found in Java, Indonesia and Peking man (H. erectus pekinensis) found in China. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 73 Java Man (aka Pithecanthropus erectus) is an early human fossil discovered in 1891 and 1892 on the island of Java (Dutch East Indies, now part of Indonesia). Estimated to be between 700,000 and 1,000,000 years old. The java man's cranial capacity was 900 cc. It was 5 ft. tall and weighted about 70 kg. They are the first human ancestor to used and light fire. They used fire for cooking, defense and hunting. Figure: Portrait of Java man They were omnivorous and cannibal. working with fire and tools Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 74 Figure: Original fossils of Pithecanthropus erectus (now Homo erectus) found in Java in 1891. Led by Eugene Dubois, the excavation team uncovered a tooth, a skullcap, and a thighbone at Trinil on the banks of the Solo River in East Java. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 75  Aka Sinanthropus pekinensis. Peking Man is characterised by a long and heavily fortified skull, as well as a sagittal keel running across the midline. The face was prominent (midfacial prognathism), eye sockets wide, jaws robust and chinless, and teeth large. Brain volume ranged from 850 to 1,225 cc, for an average of just over 1,000 cc. The limbs are broadly anatomically comparable to those of modern humans. Peking Man Skull (replica) Peking man were 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) in height. presented at Paleozoological Museum of China Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 76  Figure: Traditional reconstruction of the Peking Man skull. Peking Man is characterised by a long and heavily fortified skull, as well as a sagittal keel running across the midline. The face was protrusive (midfacial prognathism), eye sockets wide, jaws robust and chinless, and teeth large. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 77  Skull of Peking man, Homo erectus pekinensis from China. Remains of Peking man were first discovered in 1923-1927, during excavations at Zhoukoudian cave near Beijing (Peking), China. The fossils have been dated to 550,000-300,000 years ago. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 78 Figure: Zhoukoudian Peking Man Site, is a cave system in suburban Fangshan District, Beijing. It has yielded many archaeological discoveries, including one of the first specimens of Homo erectus (Homo erectus pekinensis), dubbed Peking Man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 79 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 80 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY Estimated Lessons: 20 Day: 18 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 81  describe the features of Homo habilis describe the features of Homo erectus. describe the features of Java man and Peking man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 82  By the end of this lesson you will be able to: describe the features of Heidelberg man. describe the features of Neanderthal man. describe the features of Cro-magnon man. describe the features of Modern man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 83 1. HUMAN ANCESTORS PRIOR TO APE MAN: a) Proconsul b) Dryopithecus c) Ramapithecus d) Shivapithecus 2. APE MAN: Australopithecus (A. robustus and A. afarensis) 3. MODERN HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Homo habilis b) Homo erectus (Java man and Peking man) 4. TRUE HUMAN ANCESTORS: a) Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) b) Cro-magnon man (Homo sapiens fossilis) Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 84  Homo erectus (ergaster) from Nariokotome, west Turkana, Kenya. One of the more amazing fossil discoveries in the history of paleoanthropology is the Nariokotome boy. Cranial capacity: 880 cc. (600-910 cc) About 5 ft. 4 in. to 6 ft. tall and 50-60 kg weight. This find represents a nearly full skeleton of a Hominin youth dated to 1.50 m.y.a. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 85 Reconstruction of Nariokotome (Turkana) boy by Adrie and Alfons Kennis at the Neanderthal Museum. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 86  The fossil was discovered from Heidelberg, Germany in 1907. H. heidelbergensis is regarded as a chronospecies, evolving from an African form of H. erectus (sometimes called H. ergaster). The fossil date back a million year old. Their cranial capacity was 1250 cc. They were about 5ft. to 5ft. 5in. tall Homo heidelbergensis was probably not in direct evolutionary line of modern man. Later it is believed to have been evolved into Neanderthal man. Skull of H. heildelbergensis Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 87  http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Homo_heidelbergensis_%2810233446%29.jpg/250px-Homo_heidelbergensis_%2810233446%29.jpg Face and whole body reconstruction of Heidelberg man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 88  Neanderthals, are an extinct species or subspecies of ancient humans who lived in Eurasia until about 40,000 years ago. Compared with modern humans, Neanderthals had a more robust build and proportionally shorter limbs. Their cranial capacity was 1450 cc. They were 5 – 5.2ft. tall. They used tools for hunting, used animal hides as clothes. They were capable of communicating, and they made tradition to bury dead bodies. Skull of Neanderthal man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 89 Neanderthal skull from Tabun Almost-complete male Neanderthal skeleton Cave, Israel (Israel Museum) discovered in La Chapelle-aux-Saints, France. The cause of extinction of Neanderthals remains highly questioned. Some of the factors like small population size, inbreeding, great climatic change, disease or a combination of these factors may be the reason behind the mass extinction of Neanderthal man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 90  Reconstruction of an elderly Neanderthal man and woman Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 91  Figure: Model of Neanderthal man (Homo sapiens neanderthalensis) in museum. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 92 Cro-magnon man existed about 35,000 years ago. Its fossil record were excavated from Cro-magnon rock cave of France. Cro-Magnon man was anatomically identical to modern humans, but differed significantly from Neanderthals. The brain capacity was about 1,600 cc, somewhat larger than the average for modern humans. They were 5ft. 5in. to 6ft. tall, have prominent chin, broad or flat forehead, raised nose, superior intelligence. They made weapons, lived in caves and were artist. They lived in the caves of Europe & left some beautiful Skull of Cro-magnon man. pictures of animals in the wall of cave. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 93 https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/human-fossils/fossils/cro-magnon-1 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 94 These impressive caves and cliff face are situated halfway between les Eyzies and Montignac-Lascaux, southwestern France. The limestone wall has been eroded by the Vezere river to create natural rock shelters carved into the wall. These cavities were occupied by cave dwellers about 35,000 years ago Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 95  Cro-Magnon artists painting in Font-de-Gaume, by Charles R. Knight Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 96 Finely crafted stone and bone tools, shell and ivory jewelry, and polychromatic paintings found on cave walls all testify to the cultural advancement of Cro-magnon man. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 97 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 98  Model of Cro-Magnon painting on the wall of cave. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 99  Animated models of H. heidelbergensis, Neanderthal man & Cro-magnon man Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 100 Photograph showing comparative shape and size of skull of different modern human ancestors and modern human Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 101 The modern man (Homo sapiens sapiens) evolved about 10,000 years ago after the last glacial period. Anatomically, modern humans can generally be characterized by the lighter build of their skeletons compared to earlier humans. The modern man has changed from cave dwelling hunting life to the crop raising life. It started cultivated plants, domesticated animals & brought about the cultural revolution with its superior intelligence. Cranial capacity: 1450 cc. (smaller than Cro-magnon man) Reduction in cranial capacity may be; to conserve energy Skull of modern man. used by brain and high convolutions (folding) increasing surface area of brain. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 102 https://blog.frontiersin.org/2021/10/22/when-and-why-did-human-brains-decrease-in-size-3000-years-ago-new-study-may-have-found-clues-within-ants/  Human Ancestors MYA Brain Capacity Other features Proconsul 21-14 167 cc Close to apes than man / 18 kg Dryopithecus 12.5 – 11.1 300-330 cc Ancestor of Ramapithecus / 44 kg Ramapithecus 14 500 cc Earliest known direct ancestor of man Shivapithecus 12 550 cc Ancestor of Orangutan Australopithecus afarensis 5 600 cc Ape man / 3-5 ft. Homo habilis 2.4 – 1.4 700 cc Handy man: used tools / 4.5 ft. Homo erectus erectus 1.7 900 cc Java man: used fire / 5 ft. Homo erectus pekinensis 1 1000 cc Peking man / 5 ft. H. sapiens neanderthalensis 40K 1450 cc Neanderthal man / 5 ft. H. sapiens fossilis 35K 1600 cc Cro-magnon man / 5.5 – 6 ft. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 103  Photograph showing comparative shape and size of skull of different modern human ancestors and modern human. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 104 https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2021.742639/full?utm_source=fweb&utm_medium=nblog&utm_campaign=ba-sci-fevo-when-and-why-did-human-brains-decrease-in-size-a-new-change-point-analysis-and-insights-from-brain-evolution-in-ants Successive dispersals of Homo erectus (yellow), Homo neanderthalensis (yellowish-brown) and Homo sapiens (red). Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 105 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 106 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 107  Different hominids fossil in museum. Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 108  EVOLUTIONARY TREND Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 109 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 110 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 111 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 112 Friday, November 22, 2024 EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (R. RANA) 113