History of Massage PDF

HISTORY OF MASSAGE DR. PT. SELİN AKIL AĞDERE  PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Effects on metabolism Effects on the circulatory system Effects on the musculoskeletal system Effects on the nervous system and cardiovascular system Effects on the respiratory system Effects on the urinary...

HISTORY OF MASSAGE DR. PT. SELİN AKIL AĞDERE  PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS Effects on metabolism Effects on the circulatory system Effects on the musculoskeletal system Effects on the nervous system and cardiovascular system Effects on the respiratory system Effects on the urinary system Psychological effects  EFFECTS ON METABOLISM It provides the removal of toxins and other waste products accumulated in the muscle after excessive muscle activity. In case of insufficient muscle activity, it helps to provide toxic substances to venous and lymphatic flow. By increasing blood circulation, it allows the muscle to receive more nutrients and O2. With this effect, it reduces muscle fatigue and muscle pain.  EFFECT ON BLOOD FLOW It helps venous return especially in superficial veins. It helps to increase arterial circulation by reducing venous pressure. Prevents venestasis. It has anticoagulant effect.  EFFECT ON LYMPHATIC FLOW Massage increases lymphatic drainage and reduces oedema by removing residual products. Regular massage leads to an increase in white blood cells and strengthens the immune system.  EFFECTS ON MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM Reduces delayed muscle soreness after sports activities. It increases blood flow to the muscle and helps to remove lactate from the muscle by increasing oxidation and diffusion.  It helps to reduce the white cells accumulated in the vascular walls in muscle damage after excessive activity. Reduces the level of fatigue after activity. Increases the blood volume of the muscle. EFFECTS ON THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM It has a sedative effect, causes relaxation. It has reflex effects on autonomic nervous system and endocrine system.  Stimulates the parasympathetic system, assists sympathetic inhibition. Temporarily reduces motor neuron excitability  Reduces heart rate by inducing relaxation. Helps to temporarily reduce blood pressure due to dilatation of capillaries. It helps to reduce pain by providing the release of endorphins. Reduces ischaemia.  EFFECTS ON THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM By reducing tension on the respiratory muscles, it deepens breathing and improves lung capacity. It slows the respiratory rate by stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system.  EFFECTS ON URINARY SYSTEM It increases blood circulation and lymph drainage in the tissues and provides a greater amount of urine excretion.  PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS Reduces stress and anxiety by providing relaxation. Creates a sense of well-being and self-confidence. Improves body image and perception by providing relaxation. Helps to cope with emotional traumas through relaxation.  CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF MASSAGE Waist and neck problems: whiplash, mechanical low back pain, disc herniation Neurological problems: multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's, paralyses, headaches, restless leg syndrome Vascular problems: Raynoud's phenomenon, lymphoedema  CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF MASSAGE Rheumatic diseases: osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, temporomandibular joint dysfunction Gastrointestinal tract problems: ulcerative colitis, colic, flatulence, constipation, eating disorders Obstetric and gynaecological problems: pregnancy, menstrual cramps, premenstrual syndrome  CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF MASSAGE Pulmonary problems: asthma, bronchitis Orthopaedic problems: epicondylitis, scoliosis Soft tissue problems: sprain, strain Psychological problems: post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disorders, anxiety, depression, stress  CONTRAINDICATIONS The presence of contraindications to massage application in the patient should be investigated very well by both the physician and the physiotherapist. The physiotherapist should contact the patient's physician in case of any suspicious situation.  Contraindications can be localised or generalised. Regional ones are those related to a specific area of the body. In this case, although the massage is suitable for that patient, it is unfavourable for that area.  In order to identify general contraindications, the patient must undergo a thorough medical examination.  LOCAL CONTRAINDICATIONS Acute inflammatory arthritis: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus. Sensory impairment Infectious skin disease Ectopic pregnancy Malignancy Undiagnosed swellings  LOCAL CONTRAINDICATIONS Local skin irritation Local infection Open wound New burns  GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS Acute conditions requiring first aid Advanced renal failure Advanced respiratory failure Anaemia Diabetes with complications Haemophilia Metastatic cancer Liver failure  GENERAL CONTRAINDICATIONS Severe atherosclerosis Shock High fever Systemic infectious diseases Unstable hypertension Unstable cerebrovascular accident Unstable myocardial infarction PAIN TREATMENT WITH MASSAGE Massage can affect the perception of pain in several ways. It can help pain control by affecting the pain threshold. When harmful chemicals are produced in that area as a result of any injury, pain signals are carried to the CNS. Massage has positive effects on the reduction of pain in the damaged areas.  By increasing local circulation at the site of injury with massage, pain-causing chemicals can be reduced or removed. Massage may compete with pain signals to the medulla spinalis by sending afferent inputs to the central nervous system via large diameter A beta fibres. Clinical Decision Making Process The patient's problem is determined. Patient history is taken and subjective evaluations are made. Hypothesis about the clinical condition of the patient is formed and observation is made. The hypothesis is clarified and objective tests are performed. Clinical findings are analysed. The hypothesis is confirmed. Treatment is planned.  To maximise the potential effectiveness of treatment, it is useful to have the following information Accurate diagnosis of the disease The stage of the disease (acute, subacute, chronic) Whether the patient's condition is stable Information on the general health status of the patient Body Mechanics in Massage Application Incorrect static and dynamic postures taken during massage can lead to harmful effects on the musculoskeletal system. Massage therapy requires a special posture and physical strength. The cause of shoulder and neck problems in therapists is to apply pressure by using the upper extremity force during massage.  Tense hands and wrists also increase shoulder problems. The therapist should use body weight to apply pressure instead of using upper limb muscle strength and pushing. He should also leave his hands relaxed. The arms should come to the area to be massaged at a 45-degree angle. A 90-degree angle increases the muscular load on the arms.  Pressure with the fingers and thumb should be avoided during massage. These joints are not resistant to repetitive compressive forces.  The cause of low back problems is usually incorrect bending, static bending position. During the application, the waist should be kept upright and never bend at the waist and rotate at the same time. The therapist should maintain a stable spinal line. It is useful to change posture frequently instead of being static while applying massage.  Body weight should be transferred frequently from one foot to the other during the application to prevent knee problems. The most favourable standing position is to lock the knee in the last 15 degrees extension position. This position reduces compressive forces on the knee joint and increases stability. Full extension of the knee should be avoided.  The optimal standing position is the asymmetric position. Weight should be transferred from one foot to the other to reduce energy expenditure. Standing with equal weight on both feet can lead to fatigue and impaired circulation.  During the application, body weight should be given mainly on the foot standing behind. When the feet are sufficiently separated from each other, the support surface expands. This helps to maintain body balance.  Massage Equipment Massage Tables (Beds): The length can be adjusted automatically. It has a tilt feature. It has arm support. Tables with a face cavity to provide comfort in the prone position are ideal for ease of use.  Massage Equipment Massage Tables (Beds): The fact that the table legs can be raised and lowered is useful for the protection of body mechanics. It also provides ease of use for therapists of different heights.  Massage Chairs: The use of chairs is ideal for pregnant women in the third trimester and patients with swallowing difficulties. In some patients with respiratory, vascular and cardiac problems, it is not possible to perform the application in the supine position.  Supporting Materials: It is used to support the area to be massaged and to place the patient in a comfortable position. Generally, cushions and rubber are supportive materials. There are also those of various sizes, heights and different degrees of hardness.  Massage Oils: Oils are used in classical massage application to reduce friction between the hand and the skin and to provide lubrication. There is no medical or cosmetic benefit. Used as oil, cream and powder.  Treatment Environment Massage should be done in a quiet, clean and lightly lit room. The room temperature should be around 23-24 ˚C. The patient should not feel cold (relax). The therapist's hands should not be cold and the clothes should be clean and sweat absorbent.  Positioning and Covering the Patient There are two main purposes of positioning the patient. The first is to enable the patient to relax The second is to raise the area to be massaged. In this way, it is to utilise the effect of gravity for venous return towards the heart.  Pillows and folded towels can be used for positioning. Rubberised materials of various hardness and shape are also available for this purpose. Before starting the application, the patient removes the clothes from the body part to be treated. The remaining parts are covered with a sheet. The therapist is not present at this time.  Covering the patient has two purposes. The first is to protect the patient's privacy The second is to prevent chilling and facilitate relaxation. There should be no tight clothing restricting circulation proximal to the extremity to be treated.  Only the treatment area is left open. Other body parts are covered with a sheet. During the massage, the therapist should keep his/her hands in contact with the patient's body.  Bibliography Masaj Teknikleri ( Edit. Prof. Dr. İnci YÜKSEL)