Computer Hardware, Software & Peripherals Installation Guide PDF

CTHASOPL - Computer Hardware, Software and Peripheral Installation +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | HARDWARE | - Motherboard | electronic and | | | | mechanical | |...

CTHASOPL - Computer Hardware, Software and Peripheral Installation +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | HARDWARE | - Motherboard | electronic and | | | | mechanical | | | - Hard disk | **equipment** in a | | | | computer | | | - RAM | | | | | | | | - Power supply | | | | | | | | - Processor | | | | | | | | - Case | | | | | | | | - Monitor | | | | | | | | - Keyboard | | | | | | | | - Mouse | | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | SOFTWARE | - System software - | computer **programs | | | Operating System | that perform a task** | | | etc. | or tasks on a | | | | computer system. | | | - Utility | | | | programs - | | | | Antivirus etc. | | | | | | | | - Applications | | | | Software - Word, | | | | SolidWorks etc. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Computer system | - System unit | collection of | | | | electronic and | | | - Monitor | mechanical devices | | | | **operating as a | | | - Keyboard | unit** | | | | | | | - Mouse | | | | | | | | - Speakers | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | System unit | - Motherboard | **main container** | | | | for system devices. | | | - CPU (Processor) | It **protects** the | | | | delicate electronic | | | - Memory | and mechanical | | | | devices from damage | | | - Disk drives | | | | | | | | - Ports - USB etc. | | | | | | | | - Power supply  | | | | | | | | - Expansion cards - | | | | sound card, | | | | network card, | | | | graphics card | | | | etc. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Peripherals | - Monitor | devices that | | | | **connect to the | | | - Keyboard | system unit** using | | | | cables or wireless | | | - Printer | technologies | | | | | | | - Plotter | | | | | | | | - Scanner | | | | | | | | - Speakers | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Processor | - AMD - Athlon and | **integrated circuit | | | Turion (mobile) | (IC)** supplied on a | | | | single silicon chip. | | | - Intel - Pentium | It's function is to | | | and Centrino | **control all** the | | | (mobile) | computers functions | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Computer program | - Arithmetic - | **series of | | | addition, | instructions**. When | | | subtraction etc | a program is run, the | | | | processor carries out | | | - Logical - | these instructions in | | | comparing data | **an orderly | | | and acting | fashion** | | | according to the | | | | result | | | | | | | | - Move - move data | | | | from place to | | | | place within the | | | | computer system - | | | | memory to the | | | | processor for | | | | addition - memory | | | | to a printer or | | | | disk drive etc. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Processor speed | - 1 **MHz** - **1 | the speed of the | | | million** clock | system clock (clock | | | ticks every | speed) within the | | | second | processor and it | | | | **controls how fast** | | | - 1 **GHz** - **1 | instructions are | | | billion** clock | executed | | | ticks every | | | | second | Latest trend - | | | | **multi-core | | | | processors** can have | | | | two, three or four | | | | processor cores on a | | | | single chip. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Random Access Memory | - **Primary | | | (RAM) | storage -** main | | | | computer memory. | | | | Data, programs | | | | currently in use | | | | are held in RAM | | | | | | | | - **Volatile** - | | | | contents of | | | | memory are lost | | | | if the computer | | | | is turned off | | | | | | | | - **Module** - | | | | memory IC's on a | | | | circuit board | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Modules | - **DIMM's** (dual | available in modules | | | inline memory | of 256MB, 512MB, 1GB, | | | module) for | 2GB | | | desktop computers | | | | | The **current** | | | - **SODIMM's** | technology is called | | | (small outline | **DDR** (double data | | | dual inline | ram) and there are | | | memory module) | three types: DDR1, | | | for notebook | DDR2, DDR3 | | | computers. | | | | | Any particular | | | | computer system is | | | | only compatible with | | | | **one type**. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Motherboard | - | **Mainboard or system | | | | board** - the main | | | | circuit board for the | | | | computer system. | | | | **All device** in the | | | | computer system will | | | | either be **part** of | | | | the motherboard or | | | | **connected** to it. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Processor socket | - Socket 478 - | different processors | | | Intel Pentium IV | **require different | | | | sockets** and a | | | - Socket 775 - | motherboard must be | | | Intel Dual Core | chosen to suit the | | | and Core Duo | processor intended | | | | | | | - Socket 754 - AMD | | | | Athlon | | | | | | | | - Socket 939 - AMD | | | | Athlon 64 | | | | | | | | - Socket AM2 - AMD | | | | Athlon X2 | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Chipset | - Northbridge - | **controls data | | | data flow between | flow** around the | | | memory and | computer | | | processor - data | | | | flow between the | | | | processor and the | | | | graphic\'s card | | | | | | | | - Southbridge - | | | | controls data | | | | flow to the | | | | devices - USB, | | | | IDE, SATA, LAN | | | | and Audio - | | | | controls PCI | | | | slots and onboard | | | | graphics | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Buses | | a path through which | | | | data can be sent to | | | | the different parts | | | | of the computer | | | | system | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Power Supply | - 12 volts for the | - Converts | | | disk drives as | **Alternating | | | they have motors | current (AC) | | | | Direct | | | - 3.3 and 5 volts | current (DC)** | | | for the circuit | | | | boards in the | - **Transforms** | | | computer | mains voltage | | | | (240 Volts) to | | | | the voltages | | | | required by the | | | | computer. The | | | | main voltages are | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Main | - Main connector - | - Uses advances | | connections/connector | Connects to the | power management | | s | motherboard and | (APM) to allow | | | supplies the 3.3 | the computer go | | | and 5 volt supply | into a standby | | | for the board. | mode | | | | | | | - Molex connector - | - Some have a | | | Connects IDE hard | switch to toggle | | | drives and | between 240 volt | | | optical drives. | supplies and 110 | | | | volt supplies. | | | - Berg connector - | | | | Connects floppy | | | | disk drives | | | | | | | | - SATA connector -- | | | | Connects SATA | | | | drives | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ports | | **interfaces** | | | | between **peripheral | | | | devices** and the | | | | **computer**. They | | | | are mainly found at | | | | the back of the | | | | computer but are | | | | often also built into | | | | the front of the | | | | computer chassis for | | | | easy access. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Serial port | | **9-pin port**. Often | | | | called **Com ports** | | | | - Com1, Com2 etc. | | | | **Mice** and | | | | **external modems** | | | | were connected to | | | | these ports. They are | | | | **turquoise** in | | | | colour. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Parallel port | | **25-pin port** used | | | | to connect | | | | **printers, scanners, | | | | external hard disks, | | | | zip drives etc**. to | | | | the computer. | | | | **Burgundy** in | | | | colour, they are | | | | often called **LPT | | | | ports** - LPT1, LPT2 | | | | etc. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Video port | - **VGA port** - | used to **connect a | | | This is a | monitor** to the | | | **15-pin port** | computer system | | | and is **blue** | | | | in colour. It is | | | | an analogue port | | | | and is being | | | | **replaced by the | | | | DVI** port. | | | | | | | | - **DVI port** - | | | | **white** in | | | | colour, it is a | | | | **digital** port. | | | | This means that | | | | no conversion is | | | | necessary between | | | | the computer and | | | | the monitor and | | | | that means that | | | | images can be | | | | produced more | | | | quickly on the | | | | monitor | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PS/2 port | | used to connect | | | | keyboards and mice to | | | | the computer. The | | | | keyboard port is | | | | **purple** and the | | | | mouse port is | | | | **green** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Modem port | | used to connect a | | | | modem to a telephone | | | | line. **RJ11** is the | | | | technical term for | | | | the port. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | USB port | - USB 1 - original | intended to | | | standard - | **replace** Serial, | | | transfer data of | Parallel and PS/2 | | | 1.5MBps. | ports with a single | | | | standard. **127 | | | - USB 2 - current | devices** can be | | | standard - | connected to a single | | | transfer rate of | USB port. | | | 60MBps. | | | | | | | | - USB3 - future | | | | standard (2009) | | | | transfer rate of | | | | 600MBps. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hot swappable | | devices can be | | | | connected and | | | | disconnected | | | | **while** the | | | | **computer is on** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | FireWire port | - FW 400 - transfer | **(IEEE 1394)** is an | | | rate of 50MBps. | Apple technology | | | | | | | - FW 800 - transfer | can be connected to | | | rate of 100MBps. | each other without | | | | using a computer. | | | - FW S3200 - | | | | transfer rate of | | | | 400MBps. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Ethernet port | | used to connect to a | | | | network. Known as | | | | **RJ45**, it is | | | | larger than a modem | | | | port | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Audio ports | - Light blue - Line | used to **input and | | | in - connect | output audio** from | | | external devices | the computer. | | | | | | | - Lime - Connect | | | | the speakers to | | | | this port. | | | | | | | | - Pink - Connect a | | | | microphone to | | | | this port. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Processor and fan | | Graphics card handles | | | | it's own processing | | | | making it **almost | | | | independent** of the | | | | processor. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Board connector | | AGP or PCI-Express | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Memory | | Graphics card has | | | | it's **own memory**. | | | | This makes it much | | | | faster. Most new | | | | cards use **DDR3 | | | | memory**. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVI connector | | **Digital output** is | | | | supplied through this | | | | port. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | VGA connector | | **Analogue output** | | | | is provided through | | | | this port. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Graphic card | - 800 x 600 - | screen images are | | | 480,000 pixels | made up of **dots** | | | | called **pixels** | | | - 1024 x 768 - | (picture elements). | | | 786,432 pixels | The graphics card | | | | must process each of | | | - 1280 x 1024: - | these pixels to | | | 1,310,720 pixels | create the image | | | | | | | - 1600 x 1200: - | | | | 1,920,000 pixels | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | AGP (accelerated | | the **older | | graphics port) | | technology** but | | | | still available. It | | | | can output in | | | | analogue or digital | | | | or both. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PCI-Express | | the **newer | | | | technology** - faster | | | | than AGP. Allows for | | | | **two graphics | | | | cards** to improve | | | | the performance - | | | | called **Scalable | | | | Link Interface | | | | (SLI)**. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | PCI connector | | **Connects the sound | | | | card** to a PCI slot | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | MIDI socket | | **Musical Instrument | | | | Digital Interface** | | | | port is used to | | | | connect **digital | | | | musical instruments** | | | | to the computer. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Audio jacks | | These are used to | | | | connect microphones, | | | | speakers, stereo | | | | systems etc to the | | | | computer. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Sound Card | - Analogue input | - To use a **DAC | | | devices - | (digital to | | | Microphone, | analogue | | | Radio, Tape deck, | converter)** to | | | Record player etc | prepare audio for | | | | speakers etc. | | | - Headphones and | | | | speakers | - To use an **ADC | | | | (analogue to | | | - Output to tape | digital | | | etc. | converter)** to | | | | convert the audio | | | | coming into the | | | | computer. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Network Card | - Fast Ethernet - | allows computers | | | transmission | **join a network**. | | | speed of 100Mbps. | Can be wired or | | | | wireless. The | | | - Gigabyte | standard used is | | | Ethernet - | called **Ethernet** - | | | transmission | covers wired and | | | speed of | wireless networks. | | | 1000Mbps. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Wireless Standards | - The B standard - | | | | introduced in | | | | 1999, it has a | | | | transmission rate | | | | of 11Mbps and a | | | | range of 30 | | | | Metres. | | | | | | | | - The G standard - | | | | introduced in | | | | 2003, it has a | | | | transmission rate | | | | of 54Mbps and a | | | | range of 30 | | | | Metres. | | | | | | | | - The N standard - | | | | introduced in | | | | 2006, it has a | | | | transmission | | | | speed of 540Mbps | | | | and a range of 50 | | | | metres. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Modem | | **enables internet | | | | access using a | | | | telephone line**. It | | | | converts digital | | | | computer data to | | | | analog signals | | | | (**mo**dulation) for | | | | transmission and | | | | analog signals back | | | | to digital | | | | (**dem**odulation) | | | | for the computer. The | | | | standard transmission | | | | speed is **56 Kbps**. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Hard Disk | - Primary storage | voltages are used to | | | (memory) - | store data as binary | | | volatile - | 1's and binary 0's. | | | contents lost | It was decided to | | | when power is | mimic the situation | | | turned off. | for secondary storage | | | | using **magnetism** | | | - Secondary storage | instead of electrical | | | (disk drives) - | voltages to represent | | | non-volatile - | the binary data. | | | can store files | | | | when power is | | | | turned off. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | metal disk (platter) | | coated with tiny iron | | | | particles which can | | | | be magnetised to | | | | **north and south** | | | | to represent the | | | | binary digits 0 and | | | | 1. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | read-write head | | used to magnetise the | | | | particles on the disk | | | | surface to represent | | | | the data held in RAM. | | | | The computer can now | | | | be **switched off** | | | | and a copy of the | | | | data is **safe for | | | | later use** | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | INTERNAL hard disks | - **IDE** ( | - The disks connect | | | Integrated Drive | to the | | | Electronics). | motherboard using | | | | a ribbon cable. | | | - **SATA** (Serial | Each cable can | | | Advanced | hold two drives - | | | Technology | **master** and | | | Attachment) | **slave**. The | | | | drive is set as | | | | master or slave | | | | by positioning a | | | | **jumper** switch | | | | on the back of | | | | the drive. There | | | | are two IDE | | | | connectors and a | | | | total of four | | | | drives can be | | | | connected. | | | | | | | | - allow faster data | | | | transfer speeds | | | | than IDE. There | | | | is no | | | | master/slave | | | | arrangement with | | | | SATA and each | | | | drive has it's | | | | own cable. The | | | | cables are much | | | | smaller and allow | | | | better air | | | | circulation in | | | | the system unit. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | EXTERNAL hard disk | | can be IDE or SATA | | drives | | and can be **mains | | | | powered** or **host | | | | powered**. Host | | | | powered drives | | | | receive their power | | | | from the USB port | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Optical drives | | use lasers to sense | | | | **pits and lands** | | | | mechanically pressed | | | | into a polycarbonate | | | | disk. These pits and | | | | lands represent the | | | | binary 0's and 1's | | | | and so can store | | | | computer data | | | | | | | | thin layer of metal | | | | reflect the laser | | | | light. As the disk | | | | rotates, the laser | | | | senses the pits and | | | | lands and reads the | | | | data from the disk. | | | | The laser only | | | | operates at a | | | | **single intensity** | | | | as it only scans the | | | | surface of the disk | | | | to detect the pits | | | | and lands. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CD-R (blank CD's) | - The laser used | use a dye layer to | | | has **two | mimic the lands and | | | intensities.** | pits created | | | | mechanically on | | | - At the **high | commercial disks | | | setting**, it | | | | burns spots on | has a capacity of | | | the dye layer | 650MB to 800MB | | | changing it from | | | | transparent to | | | | opaque. This | | | | allows data to be | | | | written as spots | | | | of transparency | | | | and opacity. | | | | | | | | - At the low | | | | setting, it reads | | | | these differences | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | CD-RW (re-writable) | - Intensity 1 - | disk is similar but | | | Read data | the laser has **three | | | | intensities**. The | | | - Intensity 2 - | third and highest is | | | Burn data | needed to turn the | | | | burned areas of the | | | - Intensity 3 - | dye layer back to | | | Erase data | their original | | | | condition. The dye | | | | layer can now be | | | | re-burned to hold new | | | | data. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVD-ROM | Read only. | DVD-R and DVD+R are | | | Mechanically stamped | **incompatible** with | | | and manufactured as | each other. | | | single or double | Manufacturers have | | | layer and as single | produced **DVD±R** | | | sided or double | drives capable of | | | sided. | reading and writing | | | | to both standards. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVD-R | Single or dual layer | | | | disks and can be | | | | single or double | | | | sided. They can be | | | | written to only once. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVD-RW | Same as DVD-R but can | | | | be written to several | | | | times | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVD+R | These are single or | | | | dual layer disks and | | | | can be single or | | | | double sided. They | | | | can be written to | | | | only once. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | DVD+RW | These are the same as | | | | DVD+R only that they | | | | can be written to | | | | several times. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Card readers | - Microdrive: | **Replaces floppy** | | | | **drives** in new | | | - Smartmedia: | computers. They can | | | | read media cards from | | | - SD memory card: | most digital cameras | | | | | | | - Memory | | | | stick/Duo/Pro: | | | | | | | | - xD picture card | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Monitors | **Aspect Ratio** | A computer monitor | | | | displays images | | | - Standard | generated by the | | | monitor - 4:3 | graphics card. | | | | | | | - Widescreen | Monitors are almost | | | monitor -16:9 | exclusively **LCD** | | | | (Liquid Crystal | | | **Resolution** | Display). **CRT** | | | | (Cathode Ray Tube) | | | **Standard monitor** | monitors are rare and | | | | are now as expensive | | | - XGA (Extended | as LCD monitors. | | | Graphics Array) - | | | | 1024 x 768 | | | | | | | | - SXGA (Super | | | | Extended Graphics | | | | Array) - 1280 x | | | | 1024 | | | | | | | | - UXGA (Ultra | | | | Extended Graphics | | | | Array) - 1600 x | | | | 1200 | | | | | | | | - QXGA (Quad | | | | Extended Graphics | | | | Array) - 2048 x | | | | 1536 | | | | | | | | **Widescreen** | | | | | | | | - WXGA (Wide XGA) - | | | | 1280 x 800 | | | | | | | | - WSXGA (Wide | | | | SXGA) - 1680 x | | | | 1050 | | | | | | | | - WUXGA (Wide | | | | UXGA) - 1920 x | | | | 1200  | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Keyboard | - **Typing keys -** | - **Most common** | | | contains the | arrangement is | | | letter and number | called **QWERTY** | | | keys, shift keys, | after the first | | | spacebar, return | six keys. | | | key etc. | | | | | - **Other | | | - **Numeric | arrangements** | | | keypad -** These | are available | | | keys are arranged | including | | | as on a | **Dvorak, ABCDEF, | | | calculator. | AZERTY** etc. | | | | | | | - **Function | | | | keys -** | | | | programmable keys | | | | used by software | | | | for special | | | | functions. E.g. - | | | | F1 - Help. | | | | | | | | - **Control | | | | keys -** screen | | | | and cursor | | | | control | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Types of Keyboard | - **Wired** - These | | | | are either | | | | **PS/2** or | | | | **USB**. | | | | | | | | - **Wireless** - | | | | The keyboard uses | | | | batteries. | | | | | | | | - **Rubber | | | | keyboard** - | | | | useful for use | | | | with notebook | | | | computers. Leaves | | | | users less prone | | | | to **RSI** | | | | (Repetitive | | | | Strain Injury) | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Mouse | - **Ball mouse -** | uses point and click | | | uses a ball to | technology | | | roll across the | | | | surface and move | | | | rollers attached | | | | to sensors inside | | | | the mouse - | | | | reflecting the | | | | ball movement as | | | | cursor movement. | | | | | | | | - **Optical | | | | mouse -** camera | | | | takes thousands | | | | of images per | | | | second and sends | | | | them for digital | | | | processing. The | | | | red LED lights up | | | | the surface for | | | | the camera. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | Printers | - Inkjet | produce a | | | (Bubble-jet) | **hardcopy** ( | | | | permanent and | | | - Laser | readable) of computer | | | | data. can print onto | | | | paper, transparency, | | | | photographic paper, | | | | card etc. | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ COMPUTER PARTS W PICTURES +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PC COMPONENTS | | +===================================+===================================+ | SYSTEM UNIT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PROCESSOR | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | RAM (RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MODULE |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MOTHERBOARD |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PROCESSOR SOCKET | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CHIPSET |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | BUSES | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | POWER SUPPLY |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CONNECTORS | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PORTS |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SERIAL PORT | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PARALLEL PORT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | VGA PORT | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DVI PORT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PS2 PORT | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | USB PORT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MODEM PORT | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | FIREWIRE PORT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | ETHERNET PORT | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | AUDIO PORT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | GRAPHICS CARD | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SOUND CARD |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WIRED NETWORK CARD / ETHERNET | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WIRELESS NETWORK CARD / ETHERNET |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MODEM | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | SATA | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MOTHERBOARD CONNECTORS |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | OPTICAL DRIVES | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CD-R (blank CD's) |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | DVD | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | CARD READER |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MONITOR | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | KEYBOARD ARRANGEMENT |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | WIRELESS KEYBOARD | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | RUBBER KEYBOARD |  | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | MOUSE | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ | PRINTER |  | | | | | - INKJET/BUBBLE JET | | | | | | - LASER | | +-----------------------------------+-----------------------------------+ INVENTORS +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Charles Babbage** | - "Father of | - Born: 26 December | | | Computers" | 1791, London, | | | | United Kingdom​ | | | - originated the | | | | concept of a | - Died: 18 October | | | digital | 1871, Marylebone, | | | programmable | United Kingdom​ | | | computer | | | | | - Nationality: | | | - designed lot of | British​ | | | machines | | | | | - Children: | | | - KH FRS was an | Benjamin Herschel | | | English polymath | Babbage, | | | | HenryPrevost,MORE | | | | ​ | | | | | | | | - Education: | | | | University of | | | | Cambridge, | | | | Peterhouse, | | | | Cambridge, | | | | Trinity College, | | | | Cambridge​ | +=======================+=======================+=======================+ | **Herman Hollerith** | - American inventor | - Born: 29 February | | | | 1860, Buffalo, | | | - developed an | New York, United | | | electromechanical | States​ | | | punched card | | | | tabulator | - Died: 17 November | | | | 1929, Washington, | | | - completed the | D.C., United | | | 1890 cencus in 3 | States​ | | | years | | | | | - Known for: | | | - formed the | electromechanical | | | **Tabulating | tabulation of | | | Machine Company** | punched card | | | in 1896 | data; IBM​ | | | | | | | | - Spouse: Beverley | | | | Talcott ​ | | | | | | | | - Parents: George | | | | Brunn Hollerith, | | | | Franciska Brunn | | | | Hollerith​ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Augusta Ada | - Countess of | - Born: 10 December | | King-Noel** | Lovelace | 1815, London, | | | | United Kingdom​ | | | - "Mother of | | | | Computer" | - Died: 27 November | | | | 1852, Marylebone, | | | - English | United Kingdom​ | | | mathematician and | | | | writer | - Full name: | | | | Augusta Ada | | | - known for her | King-Noel, | | | work on Charles | Countess of | | | Babbage\'s | Lovelace​ | | | proposed | | | | mechanical | - Education: | | | general-purpose | University of | | | computer, the | London​ | | | Analytical Engine | | | | | - Spouse: William | | | | King-Noel, 1st | | | | Earl of Lovelace | | | | (m. 1835--1852)​ | | | | | | | | - Children: Anne | | | | Blunt, 15th | | | | Baroness | | | | Wentworth, MORE​ | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **John Napier** of | - "Marvellous | - Born: 1550, | | Merchiston | Merchiston" | Edinburgh, United | | | | Kingdom​ | | | - Scottish | | | | landowner known | - Died: 4 April | | | as a | 1617, Merchiston | | | mathematician, | Tower, Edinburgh, | | | physicist, and | United Kingdom​ | | | astronomer | | | | | - Education: | | | - was the 8th Laird | University of St | | | of Merchiston | Andrews​ | | | | | | | - His Latinized | - Spouse: Elizabeth | | | name was Ioannes | Stirling (m. | | | Neper | 1572--1579)​ | | | | | | | - Created an abacus | - Known for: | | | for calculation | Logarithms; | | | of products and | Napier\'s bones; | | | quotients of | Decimal notation | | | numbers. | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **William Oughtred** | - English | - Born: 5 March | | | mathematician and | 1574, Eton, | | | Anglican | United Kingdom​ | | | clergyman | | | | | - Died: 30 June | | | - Invented **Slide | 1660, Albury, | | | Rule** in 1622 | United Kingdom​ | | | | | | | - Slide Rule -- | - Nationality: | | | Based on Napier's | English​ | | | idea of | | | | logarithms | - Books: Clavis | | | | Mathematicae, | | | - used primarily | MORE​ | | | for: | | | | multiplication, | - Known for: Slide | | | division, roots, | rule, | | | logarithm, | Multiplication | | | trigonometry | sign​ | | | | | | | - not normally used | - Education: | | | for addition or | King\'s College, | | | subtraction | Cambridge (1600), | | | | King\'s College, | | | | Cambridge (1596), | | | | Eton College | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Alan Mathison | - OBE FRS was an | - Born: 23 June | | Turing** | English computer | 1912, Maida Vale​ | | | scientist, | | | | mathematician, | - Died: 7 June | | | logician, | 1954, Wilmslow, | | | cryptanalyst, | United Kingdom​ | | | philosopher, and | | | | theoretical | - Award: Smith\'s | | | biologist | Prize​ | | | | | | | | - Cause of death: | | | | Cyanide | | | | poisoning​ | | | | | | | | - Education: | | | | Princeton | | | | University | | | | (1936--1938) | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **John von Neumann** | - Hungarian-America | - Born: 28 December | | | n | 1903, Budapest, | | | mathematician, | Hungary​ | | | physicist, | | | | computer | - Died: 8 February | | | scientist, and | 1957, Walter Reed | | | polymath | National Military | | | | Medical Center, | | | - made major | Bethesda​ | | | contributions to | | | | a number of | - Education: ETH | | | fields, including | Zurich, Fasori | | | mathematics, | Gimnázium, Eötvös | | | physics, | Loránd | | | economics, | University​ | | | computing, and | | | | statistics | - Awards: Enrico | | | | Fermi Award, | | | - **CONTRIBUTIONS** | Bôcher Memorial | | | | Prize | | | - Atomic Bomb | | | | | | | | - Computer | | | | | | | | - Stored | | | | Program | | | | Concept | | | | | | | | - Set Theory | | | | | | | | - Measure | | | | Theory | | | | | | | | - Ergodic | | | | Theory | | | | | | | | - Operator | | | | Theory | | | | | | | | - Lattice | | | | Theory | | | | | | | | - Game Theory | | | | | | | | - Mathematical | | | | formulation | | | | of quantum | | | | mechanics | | | | | | | | - Quantum Logic | | | | | | | | - Mathematical | | | | Economics | | | | | | | | - Linear | | | | Programming | | | | | | | | - Mathematical | | | | Statistics | | | | | | | | - Nuclear | | | | Weapons | | | | | | | | - The ICBM | | | | Committee | | | | | | | | - Mutually | | | | assured | | | | destruction | | | | | | | | - Computer | | | | Science | | | | | | | | - Fluid | | | | Dynamics | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **John Vincent | - American-Bulgaria | - Born: 4 October | | Atanasoff** | n | 1903, Hamilton, | | | physicist and | New York, United | | | inventor | States​ | | | | | | | - invented the | - Died: 15 June | | | first electronic | 1995, Frederick, | | | digital computer | Maryland, United | | | in the 1930s at | States​ | | | Iowa State | | | | College | - Education: | | | | University of | | | - built and | Wisconsin-Madison | | | designed the ABC | (1930), MORE​ | | | (Atanasoff-Berry- | | | | Computer) | - Spouse: Alice | | | together with | Atanasoff (m. | | | Clifford Berry | 1949--1995), Lura | | | | Meeks Atanasoff | | | | (m. 1926--1949)​ | | | | | | | | - Siblings: Edelina | | | | Atanasov, Irving | | | | Atanasov, | | | | Margaret | | | | Atanasov, MORE​ | | | | | | | | - Parents: Iva | | | | Lucena Purdy, | | | | Ivan Atanasov | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Clifford Edward | - helped John | - Born: 19 April | | Berry** | Vincent Atanasoff | 1918, Gladbrook, | | | create the first | Iowa, United | | | digital | States​ | | | electronic | | | | computer in 1939 | - Died: 30 October | | | | 1963, New York | | | | City, New York, | | | | United States​ | | | | | | | | - Education: Iowa | | | | State University​ | | | | | | | | - Known for: | | | | Atanasoff--Berry | | | | computer​ | | | | | | | | - Academic advisor: | | | | John Vincent | | | | Atanasoff | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **John William | - American | - Born: 30 August | | Mauchly** | physicist who, | 1907, Cincinnati, | | | along with J. | Ohio, United | | | Presper Eckert, | States​ | | | designed ENIAC | | | | | - Died: 8 January | | | - first general | 1980, Ambler, | | | purpose | Pennsylvania, | | | electronic | United States​ | | | digital computer | | | | | - Education: | | | - also designed | University of | | | EDVAC, BINAC and | Pennsylvania, | | | UNIVAC I, the | Johns Hopkins | | | first commercial | University, | | | computer made in | Ursinus College, | | | the United States | McKinley | | | | Technology High | | | - introduced the | School​ | | | first | | | | commercially | - Parents: Rachel | | | available | Mauchly, | | | electronic | Sebastian Jacob | | | digital computer | Mauchly​ | | | in 1951 together | | | | with J. Presper | - Awards: IEEE | | | Eckert Jr. | Emanuel R. Piore | | | | Award​ | | | - Computers are | | | | **built with | - Organizations | | | vacuum tubes** | founded: UNIVAC, | | | | Eckert--Mauchly | | | | Computer | | | | Corporation | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **John Adam Presper | - American | - Born: 9 April | | \"Pres\" Eckert Jr.** | electrical | 1919, | | | engineer and | Philadelphia, | | | computer pioneer | Pennsylvania, | | | | United States | | | - With John Mauchly | | | | he designed the | - Died: 3 June | | | first | 1995, Bryn Mawr, | | | general-purpose | Pennsylvania, | | | electronic | United States | | | digital computer | | | | | - Parents: John | | | | Eckert | | | | | | | | - Known for: ENIAC | | | | | | | | - Education: Moore | | | | School of | | | | Electrical | | | | Engineering, | | | | University of | | | | Pennsylvania | | | | | | | | - Awards: National | | | | Medal of Science | | | | for Engineering, | | | | IEEE Emanuel R. | | | | Piore Award | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Howard Hathaway | - American | - Born: 8 March | | Aiken** | physicist and a | 1900, Hoboken, | | | pioneer in | New Jersey, | | | computing | United States | | | | | | | - **original | - Died: 14 March | | | conceptual | 1973, St. Louis, | | | designer** behind | Missouri, United | | | IBM\'s Harvard | States | | | Mark I computer | | | | | - Nationality: | | | - **1940, Conrad | American | | | Zuse's Z3** | | | | | - Spouse(s): : | | | - **First** | Louise Mancill | | | computing | (m. 1939--1942); | | | machine **to | Agnes Montgomery | | | use binary | (m. 1943--1961); | | | code**, | Mary Aiken (m. | | | precursor to | 1963--1973); | | | modern | | | | digital | - Education: | | | computers | Harvard | | | | University, | | | - **1944**, Harvard | | | | Mark I, Howard | | | | Aiken | | | | | | | | - **1946**, ENIAC | | | | first all digital | | | | computer | | | | | | | | - Ushered in | | | | the | | | | "Mainframe" | | | | era of | | | | computing | | | | | | | | - "First | | | | Generation" | | | | | | | | - **18,000 | | | | vacuum | | | | tubes** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Douglas Carl | - American engineer | - Born: 30 January | | Engelbart** | and inventor | 1925, Portland, | | | | Oregon, United | | | - early computer | States​ | | | and Internet | | | | pioneer | - Died: 2 July | | | | 2013, Atherton, | | | - **father of the | California, | | | modern mouse** | United States​ | | | | | | | - developed a | - Residence: | | | gadget made with | Atherton, | | | a **wooden** base | California, U.S​ | | | using two wheels | | | | to roll back and | - Education: | | | forth - It was | University of | | | the first mouse | California, | | | that could fit | Berkeley (1955), | | | into a user\'s | ​ | | | hand | | | | | - Spouse: Karen | | | - **called** a **co | O\'Leary (m. | | | mputer | 2008), Ballard | | | mouse** because | Engelbart (m. | | | of the wire that | 1951--1997) | | | connects | | | | the **mouse** to | | | | the **computer**. | | | | The people who | | | | designed it | | | | thought that it | | | | looked like the | | | | tail on a | | | | **mouse** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Blaise Pascal** | - French | - Born: 19 June | | | mathematician, | 1623, | | | physicist, | Clermont-Ferrand, | | | inventor, writer | France | | | and Catholic | | | | theologian | - Died: 19 August | | | | 1662, Paris, | | | - child prodigy who | France | | | was educated by | | | | his father, a tax | | | | collector in | | | | Rouen | | | | | | | | - **Father of | | | | modern | | | | Calculators** | | | | | | | | - Built for | | | | **Etienne | | | | Pascal** (his | | | | father) an | | | | accountant | | | | for the King | | | | of France | | | | | | | | - Built in | | | | **1639** | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | NEW GENERATION | | | | CONTRIBUTORS | | | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **William Henry Gates | - an American | - Born: 28 October | | III** | business magnate, | 1955 (age 62 | | | investor, author, | years), Seattle, | | | philanthropist, | Washington, | | | humanitarian, and | United States | | | principal | | | | **founder of | - Net worth: 92.9 | | | Microsoft | billion | | | Corporation** | USD (2018) Forbes | | | | | | | - Microsoft\'s | - Spouse: Melinda | | | cofounder became | Gates (m. 1994) | | | a self-made | | | | millionaire in | - Children: | | | **1981** at age | Jennifer | | | 26 | Katharine Gates, | | | | Rory John Gates, | | | - value in his | Phoebe Adele | | | shares surpassed | Gates | | | \$1 billion by | | | | the time he | - Did you know: | | | was **31**, | Bill Gates has | | | making him the | the highest | | | **youngest | amount given to | | | billionaire ever | charity (\$35 | | | at the time** | billion) among | | | | the greatest | | | | philanthropists | +-----------------------+-----------------------+-----------------------+ | **Mark Elliot | - American | - Born: 14 May 1984 | | Zuckerberg** | technology | (age 34 years), | | | entrepreneur and | White Plains, New | | |