Hose, Streams, & Appliances PDF

GREENSBORO FIRE DEPARTMENT TRAINING DIVISION Hose, Streams, & Appliances STUDENT OUTLINE  Hose, Streams, & Appliances I. Hose A. Fire Hose - A type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry water under pressure...

GREENSBORO FIRE DEPARTMENT TRAINING DIVISION Hose, Streams, & Appliances STUDENT OUTLINE  Hose, Streams, & Appliances I. Hose A. Fire Hose - A type of flexible tube used by firefighters to carry water under pressure from the source of supply to a point where it is discharged. B. History of the Fire Hose 1. Ox Intestines – Ancient Greece 2. Bucket Brigade – before the introduction of the fire hose, water was moved by passing leather buckets down a line of firefighters or anyone else who could help out. 3. Steps in Fire Hose Development a) Leather hose – First flexible hose, riveted (1808) or sewn (1673) b) Canvas hose – Woven from flax, very susceptible to mildew & decay (1794) c) Cotton jacket – Lined with rubber. (1) Riveted jacket (1821) (2) Seamless Jacket (1878) d) Rubber Hose – Reinforced with cotton ply (1871) e) Synthetic jacket – Lined with rubber or type of Polymer (1950’s) C. Fire Hose Sizes 1. Hose Size: Refers to the dimensions of the inside diameter of the hose. 2. Cut into lengths a) 50 or 100 foot lengths. Must be "coupled" together to produce a continuous line. b) Done for convenience of handling and easy replacement c) Referred to as sections 3. Sizes of particular types of hose a) Rubber-covered, rubber-lined - 1” diameters (Booster Line) b) Hard Suction - 4½” & 6” c) Double-jacketed polymer-lined hose: 1¾”, 2½”, 4”, 5”, and 7¼” D. Types of Hose Commonly Used 1. Classified by Use a) Attack Hose – 1¾” and 2½” b) Supply Hose - 4” or 5” (71/4” for foam task force) c) Intake Hose – Used when the water source is nearby Greensboro Fire Department 1-2 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances (1) Hard suction – Used for drafting (a) 4½” or 6” (b) Used with a static water source 2. Classified by Construction a) Woven Jacket (1) Single Jacket – Standpipes (2) Double Jacket – GFD b) Rubber Covered (1) Rubber-lined, fabric reinforced (2) Used as Booster line c) Wrapped Hose (1) Non-collapsible (2) Rubber-covered, rubber lined, d) fabric and wire reinforced (1) Helix Wire – Prevents collapse e) Corrugated Plastic (1) Non- collapsible 3. Capacity and Approximate Weight per section (empty and dry) a) 1¾ “ (50 ft.) – 7.23 gallons, weighs approx. 19 lbs. b) 2½ “ (50 ft.) – 12.75 gallons, weighs approx. 26 lbs. c) 4“ (100 ft.) – 65.28 gallons, weighs approx. 76 lbs. d) 5” (100 ft.) – 102 gallons, weighs approx. 110 lbs. E. NFPA Standards 1. NFPA 1961 – Standard on fire hose. 2. NFPA 1963 – Standard on fire hose connections. 3. NFPA 1901 – Standard for automotive fire apparatus. a) 15 feet of large soft intake hose or 20 feet of hard intake hose. b) 800 feet 2½” or larger fire hose c) 400 feet of 1½”, 1¾”, or 2” attack hose. d) A minimum hose storage area of 30ft3 for 2½” or larger fire hose Greensboro Fire Department 1-3 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances e) Two areas, each a minimum of 3.5ft3 to accommodate 1½” or larger hose. 4. The following fire hose shall be carried on the GFD apparatus: a) 1000 ft. of 4” or 5” supply hose not counting short sections b) 850 ft. of 2½” attack line c) 600 ft. of 1¾” attack line F. Methods of Preventing Mechanical Damage – Some common mechanical injuries are worn places, rips and abrasions on the coverings, crushed or damaged couplings, and cracked inner linings. To prevent this: 1. Avoid laying or pulling the hose over rough, sharp edges or objects. 2. Use hose ramps or bridges to protect the hose from vehicles running over it. G. Methods of Preventing Thermal Damage – The exposure of the hose to excessive heat can char, melt, or weaken the fabric covering and dry the rubber lining. A similar effect can occur to inner linings when the hose is hung to dry for longer than necessary or when it is dried in intense sunlight. To prevent this: 1. Protect the hose from excessive exposure to heat or fire when possible. 2. Prevent the hose from coming in contact with or being close to vehicle exhaust. 3. Use hose bed covers on apparatus to shield the hose from the sun. H. Methods of Preventing Chemical Damage – Chemical Damage can cause the lining and jacket to separate. When the hose is exposed to petroleum products, paints, acids, or alkalis, it may weaken to the point of bursting. Runoff water from a fire may also carry foreign materials that can damage the hose. To prevent this: 1. Scrub the hose thoroughly and brush all traces of acid contacts with a solution of baking soda and water. 2. Test the hose properly if there is the least suspicion of damage. I. General Cleaning of Fire Hose – The methods used to clean hoses depends on the type of hose construction. If cared for properly, it can extend the life of a hose. 1. Rubber-covered hoses can simply be rinsed. 2. Woven jacketed hose a) Rinse for mild dirt. It may need to have dirt brushed from it or scrubbed. b) If exposed to oil, wash with a mild soap or detergent. Greensboro Fire Department 1-4 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances II. Fire hose couplings A. Couplings - Made from durable materials and designed so that it is possible to couple and uncouple them with little effort in a short time. B. Materials - generally made of alloys of varied percentages of brass, aluminum, or magnesium C. Threaded Couplings 1. 3-piece coupling: 2. 5-piece coupling: 3. Couplings are made with lugs to aid in tightening, loosening, and grasping the hose. The 4 types are: a) Pin – Older couplings b) Recessed – Booster lines c) Extended – Large Intake d) Rocker – Most Common e) Higbee Cut – a special type of thread design in which the beginning of the thread is “cut” to provide a positive connection between the first threads of opposing couplings, which tends to eliminate cross-threading. f) Higbee Cut Indicator – a notch or groove cut into only one of the rocker lugs on both the male and female parts of a coupling, allowing the Higbee Cut to be utilized easily by touch and/or sight. D. Storz Couplings 1. Sometimes referred to as sexless couplings. 2. Both couplings are identical. 3. No distinct male or female components. 4. Only require 1/4 of a turn to lock or unlock them. 5. Typically on large diameter hose also referred to as LDH. 6. Have lugs and slots built into the swivel rings of each coupling for locking. 7. Must have locking devices on them if attached to large-diameter hose. E. Rules for the Care of Fire Hose Couplings 1. Avoid dropping and/or dragging couplings 2. Do not permit vehicles to run over a fire hose Greensboro Fire Department 1-5 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 3. Examine couplings when the hose is being cleaned 4. Clean threads to remove tar, dirt, gravel, and oil 5. Inspect the gasket, and replace it if cracked or creased F. Hose Coupling Threads 1. All couplings and connections in the GFD have National Standard Threads a) NOTE: 60% of all fire departments use the above threads. Kernersville uses a combination of National Standard and pipe threads. Winston-Salem uses pipe threads. NFPA appointed a committee to standardize coupling threads in 1905. Still, there are over 2000 different threads in the U.S. 2. Threads per inch a) 1” Booster Line couplings – 8 threads per inch b) 1½ ” Attack line couplings – 9 threads per inch c) 2½ ” Attack line couplings – 7½ threads per inch G. Hose Coupling Gaskets 1. Swivel Gasket a) Removable gasket found in the female coupling. 2. Expansion Ring Gasket a) Used to prevent leaking where the hose is joined to the coupling with an expansion ring. III. Fire hose appliances A. Defined - Any appliance in a hose line through which water passes. B. Wye connections- This device enables one to divide a hose line into two or more hose lines. It will have one female and two male connections. Examples: 4" reduced to 2½” and 2½" reduced to 1½". May also have quarter-turn ball valves. C. Siamese connections - This device brings two or more lines into one hose line or device; (has one male end and two or more female ends). Siamese connections can be purchased with or without clapper valves but is advisable to specify them. Greensboro Fire Department 1-6 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances D. Water thief - This device is a variation of the wye and it’s intended to be used in a 2½" hose line. It allows the use of either 1½" or 2½" hose lines of the same layout. Each outlet has a quarter-turn ball valve. E. Double male adapter F. Double female adapter G. Reducers - these range in size from 2½" to 1½", 4" to 2½" and are used in special type pump connections. H. Universal Thread Adapter - Allows use of National Standard Threads (used by GFD) on any other nonstandard threaded device. Sometimes mutual aid responses are hampered by other cities' use of non-standard threads. I. Elbows - Provide support for the intake or discharge hose at the pumping apparatus. J. Hose Caps - Protect the threads on pump male discharge outlets. K. Hose Plugs - Protect the female inlets on some fire department connections. L. Intake Strainers - Devices attached to the drafting end of a hard intake (suction) to keep debris from entering the fire pump. M. Types of Valves 1. Clapper 2. Ball 3. Butterfly 4. Gate IV. FIRE HOSE TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES A. Hose clamp - This tool is used to shut off the water in hose lines when other control valves are not applicable. It can also be used to replace a burst section of hose, to extend lines, or to hold water back from the source of supply until the pump operator can utilize it. Place 20’ behind the pumper or 5’ behind the coupling on the supply side. a) Note: When replacing a burst section of the hose, always replace it with two sections. Greensboro Fire Department 1-7 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances B. Spanners wrenches - The principal use of a hose spanner wrench is to tighten or loosen couplings but it can also be used to close utility valves, pry, or as a hammer. C. Hydrant wrenches - usually equipped with a pentagon opening in its head which will fit most standard fire hydrant operating nuts. The lever handle is threaded into the operating head to make it adjustable. D. Fire hose bridges - 1 set in GFD, stored on Air 1 E. Rope, strap, or chain hose tools - These tools are useful in hose line operations in connection with ladders, fire escapes, stairways, and hoisting. Primarily used for maneuvering and securing hose lines. V. Hose rolls and hose connections A. Hose rolls 1. Straight roll 2. Donut roll a) Provides both couplings on the outside of the roll B. Methods for breaking tight coupling connections 1. Using spanner wrenches 2. One man using knee press - male end on the ground 3. Stiff arm (2person) C. Methods for loading fire hose in hose bed 1. Flat Load - Consists of folding the hose back and forth on its flat sides and lengthwise in the hose compartment a) Used for LDH supply hose b) May be started on either side in a single hose bed. c) On LDH all couplings are placed in front of the hose bed. d) Folds should be offset with each tier at the rear of the hose bed. e) Dutchman- A short fold placed in the hose to change the location of a coupling or change the direction of the hose. Greensboro Fire Department 1-8 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 2. Accordion Load – Used for 100’ bundles 3. Minuteman Load a) More options due to the load being carried on shoulder b) Used on all pre-connected attack lines D. Methods for Replacing A Section of Hose 1. Closing a valve (pump or hydrant) is the safest way 2. Apply hose clamp. 3. Replace section with 2 sections. 4. Mark the burst section for repair. 5. NOTE: The hose will stretch when pressure is applied. GFD specs stipulate no more than 8’ per 100’ section. The average is usually 2’-3’. VI. Fire hydrants A. Operation of fire hydrants 1. To prevent ground erosion, the hydrant should be opened completely. Open SLOWLY for Large Diameter Hose. 2. The number of turns necessary to open hydrants may vary with the make. (Usually takes 15 to 20 turns to open completely.) 3. Water Hammer- Resulting change in the direction of energy and its multiplication when the flow of water is suddenly stopped. 4. NOTE: Street hydrants in Greensboro open in the counter-clockwise direction VII. Hose layouts and advancing fire hose A. Procedure for the forward lay from hydrant to fire 1. Apparatus stops at hydrant 2. One man attaches the hose to the hydrant Greensboro Fire Department 1-9 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 3. Driver proceeds to fire 4. The engineer pulls off the needed hose, attaches it to the intake and calls for water B. Procedure for using 1 3/4" preconnected hose line with the forward lay 1. After the apparatus reaches fire, the firefighter pulls off preconnected lines and advances to fire. 2. Driver may charge 1 3/4" hose lines using water from the booster tank 3. Driver connects the feeder line (4") from the hydrant to the pump suction and makes the necessary changeover from the booster tank supply to the hydrant feeder line. C. Procedure for the reverse lay- from fire to hydrant procedure for using a 4" hose 1. Apparatus stops at fire 2. Firefighter pulls off the necessary hose, nozzles, and equipment 3. Driver lays hose to hydrant 4. The driver connects the pump to the hydrant, and hose to the pump and obtains proper fire stream pressure. D. Standpipe procedures 1. Always make connections one floor below the fire floor. 2. Denver pack E. Members of a hose team 1. Nozzle 2. Control 3. Officer VIII.Testing fire hose A. Frequency of Test and Pressures 1. New hose - 600 psi for 5 minutes in 100’ lengths 2. Used hose - 300 psi for 3 minutes in 300’ lengths 3. Tested annually and after repair B. GFD Specs 300 service test, 600 proof test, and 900 burst test. C. Testing Procedure Greensboro Fire Department 1-10 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 1. Remove air 2. Raise pressure slowly to the required test pressure 3. Observe the hose for defects 4. Hold pressure for at least three minutes D. HOSE INSPECTION RECORDS 1. Purpose- to have a case history of a section of hose. 2. Each section should be numbered and a record kept with the following information a) Hose number b) Size hose c) Kind d) Date of purchase e) Manufacturer f) Brand g) Cost h) Vendor i) Date of test or used j) Pounds test to k) Location used l) Amount of time used m) Warranty n) Date put in service Greensboro Fire Department 1-11 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances IX. Fire hose nozzles A. Gives the fire stream shape and added velocity. B. Types of nozzles 1. Adjustable pattern fog stream nozzles a) Adjustable pattern fog nozzles b) Solid stream nozzles c) Special purpose nozzles - deliver a broken stream (1) Cellar Nozzle (2) Piercing Nozzle (3) JS-10 Nozzle (Foam) X. Fire streams A. Definition – A fire stream is considered to be a stream of water from a fire hose after it leaves the nozzle and until it reaches the desired point of fire in the proper configuration. This stream of water, during the time it passes through space, is influenced by the forces of nature, such as gravity, wind, and friction with the air. The condition of the stream, when it leaves the nozzle, is influenced by operating pressures, nozzle design, nozzle adjustment, and the condition of the nozzle orifice. B. EXTINGUISHING PROPERTIES OF WATER 1. Composition of water – Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen and is produced by combining two parts hydrogen and one part of oxygen, by volume. Hence, the formula H2O. 2. The heat-absorbing ability of water. a) Water can absorb large amounts of heat and is the best of all extinguishing materials. 3. Natural laws affecting the use of water as an extinguishing agent: a) The Law of Heat Flow - Heat tends to flow from a hot substance to a cold substance b) The Law of Specific Heat – A measure of the heat-absorbing capacity of a substance Greensboro Fire Department 1-12 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances c) Latent Heat of Vaporization – The quantity of heat absorbed by a substance when it changes from a liquid to a vapor. 970 BTUs are required to evaporate one pound of water at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. d) BTU - Amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. 4. Relative expansion of water when converted into steam a) When water changes into steam, it expands approximately 1,700 times its volume. b) When one cubic foot of water (7.5 gallons) is converted into steam, it expands to 1,700 cubic feet of space. 5. Values of water as a firefighting agent a) Readily available and relatively inexpensive b) Has a greater heat-absorbing capacity than most other common extinguishing agents 6. Disadvantages of water as an extinguishing agent a) Surface tension – Prevents penetration b) Reactivity c) Freezing temperatures d) Low viscosity – Does not “stick” to materials e) Electrical conductivity XI. Types of fire streams A. Solid Streams – A stream that is produced from a fixed orifice smooth bore nozzle. 1. Advantages a) Greater reach/penetration than other types of streams. b) Less expensive / Less maintenance c) Less prone to clogging d) Reduce steam burns to firefighters. Greensboro Fire Department 1-13 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances B. Straight Streams – Similar to a solid stream in appearance and effect, consisting of water droplets in a very narrow tight pattern. C. Broken Streams – A fire stream that has been broken into coarsely divided drops. 1. Means of Production a) Rotary distributor nozzles. D. Fog Streams – A patterned stream composed of water droplets. 1. Advantages a) Hydraulic ventilation b) Exposure protection c) Fog streams may be used nearby of energized electrical equipment with a reduced chance of electrocution. d) Vapor dissipation 2. Disadvantages a) Do not have the reach and penetration power of solid streams. b) Fog streams are more susceptible to wind currents. c) When improperly used during interior attacks, they can spread fire, create heat inversion, and cause steam burns to firefighters. E. Effective reach of a fire stream is affected by : 1. Gravity 2. Water velocity 3. Fire stream pattern 4. Water droplet friction with air 5. Wind F. Fire Stream classified according to GPM 1. Small streams – discharging 39 GPM or less 2. Hand streams – discharging 40 to 349 GPM 3. Master streams – discharging 350 GPMs or more G. Fire Stream classified according to pressure 1. Smoothbore hand streams- 50 psi nozzle pressure 2. Low-Pressure Fog hand streams- 50 psi nozzle pressure Greensboro Fire Department 1-14 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 3. Smoothbore Master streams- 80 psi nozzle pressure H. Fire Stream Application 1. Direct Attack 2. Indirect Attack 3. Combination Attack XII. Foam fire streams A. Methods by which foam controls the hazards 1. Smothering – prevents air and flammable vapors from combining. 2. Separation – intervening between the fuel and the fire. 3. Cooling – lowering the temperature of the fuel and adjacent surfaces. 4. Penetrating — Lowers the surface tension of water and allows it to penetrate deep-seated fires. B. Application Techniques 1. Roll-On Method 2. Bank-Down Method 3. Rain Down Method 4. Never Plunge Foam C. Production of Foam 1. Foam Concentrate + Water and Air + Mechanical Agitation = Finished Foam “Foam Tetrahedron” 2. Foam Concentrate – The raw liquid as it sits in its storage container. 3. Foam Proportioner – The device that injects the correct amount of concentrate into the water stream to make the foam solution 4. Foam solution – The mixture of foam concentrate and water that is discharged from the proportioner and passed through the hose line. 5. Finished Foam – The completed product after the foam solution reaches the nozzle and air is introduced into the stream. Greensboro Fire Department 1-15 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances D. Types of Fuels 1. Hydrocarbon Fuels – Fossil fuels, examples are gasoline, diesel fuel, kerosene, aviation fuel, etc…These fuels require foam application rates at 1% for effective blanketing and extinguishment. Application rates above 1% are a waste of foam concentrate. 2. Polar Solvent Fuels – Polar refers to the molecular structure of the substance. Many of the fuels that fall into this category contain alcohol. Examples include acetone, ketone, etc… These fuels require a higher application rate, 3% because they tend to attack and destroy the foam blanket. E. Types of proportioners 1. Portable: a) In-Line Eductors 2. Apparatus Mounted: a) Around the Pump: Uses pick-up line from the discharge side of the pump F. Foam Nozzles: 1. Smooth Bore: 2. Fog Nozzles: 3. Air aspirating Foam Nozzles: JS-10 XIII.Types of foam and their characteristics A. Thunderstorm (ATC AR-AFFF) FC-601A 1. Can be used through non-air-aspirating nozzles. 2. May be stored from 35o to 120o F. 3. Freezing should be avoided. 4. Shelf life of 20 to 25 years when stored at proper temperatures. B. Phos-Chek WD881 Class A Foams 1. Specifically designed for class A materials. 2. a wetting agent. 3. Low application rates.1 to 1.0 (99 – 99.9% water) 4. May be used with regular water stream equipment. Greensboro Fire Department 1-16 Training Division  Hose, Streams, & Appliances 5. Subject to freezing but can be thawed and used. 6. Maybe premixed in the apparatus booster tank XIV. Foam equipment A. In-Line Eductors 1. Operates from a venturi principal. 2. May be attached to the pump panel or directly in the hose lay. 3. Least expensive foam production means B. Operating Considerations. 1. The eductor must control water flow through the system. 2. The pressure at the outlet must not exceed 70% of the inlet pressure. 3. Back pressure is determined by: a) Nozzle Pressure b) Friction loss between the nozzle and the eductor. c) Pressure created by elevation. 4. Foam solution concentration is only correct at the rated inlet pressure of 200 PSI. 5. Eductors must be properly flushed and maintained after each use. 6. Set the metering valve to match the concentrate percentage and the type of fuel. 7. The foam concentrate inlet to the eductor should not be more than 6 feet above the liquid 8. surface of the concentrate. C. Checklist if Eductor fails to operate 1. Partially closed nozzle 2. By-pass valve open 3. Improperly cleaned equipment, clogged with foam. 4. Hose lay too long 5. The metering valve was improperly set 6. Nozzle elevated too far above the eductor 7. Kinks in hose line Greensboro Fire Department 1-17 Training Division