Homeostasis, Stress and Adaptation (c.s2) PDF

Homeostasis, Stress and Adaptation AHN-1 Class session 2 Dr Salwa Al`Alawi  Objectives Identify the significance of the body`s compensatory mechanism in prompting adaption and maintaining the steady state. Compare physical, phys...

Homeostasis, Stress and Adaptation AHN-1 Class session 2 Dr Salwa Al`Alawi  Objectives Identify the significance of the body`s compensatory mechanism in prompting adaption and maintaining the steady state. Compare physical, physiologic and psychological stressors. Describe the various nursing interventions used in managing stress. Identify individual, family and group measures that are useful in reducing stress.  Introduction Following injury the body response involve functional and structural changes: – Positive effect (adaptive) – Negative effect (maladaptive) The defense mechanisms that the body uses determine the difference between – adaptation and maladaptation – health and disease  Introduction How disease or pathophysiology happen? – When the compensatory mechanism no longer make adaptive changes. Pathophysiologic processes result when cellular injury occurs at such a rapid rate that the body’s compensatory mechanisms cannot make the adaptive changes necessary to remain healthy. Physiologic mechanisms : involves balance between internal and external environment There should be a balance between the internal and external environment to be stable Internal environment: cell, organ, tissue External environment: family, group , community and the society as a whole  Steady state The dynamic balance that result from the interaction between the body subsystems The goal of the interaction of the body subsystems is to produce a dynamic balance or steady state so that all subsystems are in harmony with each others  Compensatory Mechanisms The internal body adjustment to promote the steady state of organism that ensure its survival and restore balance in the body. For example when there is a bleeding the body will response by releasing the vasopressin, catecholamine ect… the compensatory mechanism is shown by the vasoconstriction process that happen to stop the bleeding Four concepts:keys to the understanding of steady state. Constancy and Homeostasis Stress and Adaptation  Constancy The fixity of the internal milieu The internal milieu is the fluid that bathed the cells Constancy the balanced the internal state maintained by physiologic and biochemical processes Homeostasis: internal Steady state The steady state (balance) within the body; an adjustment or restorative efforts  Key points for homeostasis Static process: despite the external changes there should be a constancy in the internal state that maintained the physiological and the biochemical process. Adjustment process or restorative effort: for example development of the rapid breathing after intense exercise to compensate for an oxygen deficit and excess lactic acid accumulated in to the muscle tissue. Compensatory mechanism: is not enough the steady state is threaten leading to disease disordered or dysfunction. For example, heart failure. The body reacts by retaining sodium and water and increasing venous pressure, which worsens the condition leading to dysfunction or disorder.  Stress and adaptation Stress: A state that produced by a change in the environment that is perceived as challenging, threatening or damaging to a person's dynamic balance or equilibrium. Adaption: Adjustment to the change to retain to the equilibrium state. Coping with stress: the ability to meet new demand.  Types of stressors what is a stressor ? An internal or external event or situation that creates the potential physiological and emotional or cognitive or behaviours changes  Physical stressors Cold Heat Chemical agent  Physiological stressors Pain Fatigue  Psychological stressors Fear ????? Give an example Losing job Waiting for diagnostic test  Types of stressors Day-to-day stressors: – getting caught in a traffic jam – experiencing computer downtime – having an argument with a spouse or roommate – a rainstorm while you are vacationing at the beach stressors involves larger groups or families or nations such as – events of history, – terrorism and war Ect...  Stressors categorizes An acute, time-limited stressor, such as studying for final examinations A stressor sequence—a series of stressful events that result from an initial event such as job loss or divorce A chronic intermittent stressor, such as daily hassles A chronic enduring stressor that persists over time, such as chronic illness, a disability, or poverty  Nursing management Main goal: early identification of the stessors, Promoting a healthy lifestyle Chart 6-3 – Health risk appraisal  Nursing management Enhancing coping strategies – Coping enhancement – Coping strategies : Copying enhancement Be optimistic nursing interventions Chart 6-4 Use social support Use spiritual support maintain control over stress Accept stress or situtation  Relaxation techniques What are the four elements that are shared between the different relaxation techniques? – Quite environment – Comfortable position – Passive attitude – Mental device  Relaxation techniques: progressive muscle relaxation Progressive muscle relaxation  Relaxation techniques The Benson relaxation: combines meditation and relaxation – Chart 6-5 Repeated Word Phrase  Relaxation technique Guided imagery Word Phrase Visual image  Nursing management Educating about stress management Promoting family health Enhancing social support – positive social identity, emotional support, material aid and tangible services, access for information and access t new social contacts. Recommending support and therapy groups Questions ? Thanks