History of Architecture 2- Brief History of Christianity PDF

AR122-1: History of Architecture 2 Brief History of Christianity Week 1 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE In 380 CE Theodosius organized the Edict o...

AR122-1: History of Architecture 2 Brief History of Christianity Week 1 HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE ROMAN EMPIRE In 380 CE Theodosius organized the Edict of Thessalonica making the Nicene Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire. Other Christian sects were not allowed to continue practicing their faith, loss their legal right to religion. FOUR ATTRIBUTES OF THE CHURCH ONE- one common teaching HOLY- teaching that are good in virtues and values-dedicated First century CE and consecrated to God - started in Judea by Jesus and was based on Jewish religion. CATHOLIC – universal (ex. Same mass on every church or the - Spread to the Roman Empire and became the official religion of “standard”) the empire APOSTOLIC– based on the teachings of the 12 apostles or the - The religion started by Jesus after his death, his followers, started followers of Jesus while still living. by Paul, begun his teachings now contained in the New Testament of the Bible. (Jesus started Christianity but Paul was RELIGION SHAPING THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH the one who made it into a religion). Aside from the architectural influences, In Rome, there came conflicts with the people believing in Judaism and Christianity and the Roman government see Christianity as a threat to the empire’s management. In 313 AD, Constantine, in his Edict of Milan, granted freedom of religion to The details and ornamentations of the early Christian Church was the empire-his calculating influenced the church’s attribute Catholic (universal). The church move to pacify the design has a standard. growing population of The rites and rituals are given specific spaces Christians. Events, lives of religious personalities were seen on the building envelop The feeling of salvation is seen in the interior of the church In 325 AD, Constantine organized the Council of Nicaea-a meeting of the all the Christian leaders (Orthodox and the Roman Catholics) to determine all dogmas to believe. This meeting resulted to the Nicene Creed (prayer)-that contains the summary of In later times, the church became the stone bible so that those the teachings of the who are illiterate can still understand the religion through the Christian religion paintings, carvings statues mosaics seen on the structure The religion is a communal practice- community worship RELIGION SHAPING THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH (From Ma’am:) Fenestrations – are the openings on the walls (ex. windows)  Climate: Building Techniques and processes: o Cold climate = Big windows for light source o Hot climate = small windows to lessen hotness ▪ New building type- the old basilica converted to an early Materials: Christian church. Consisting of aisled rectangular hall, timber o France – Stone churches trussed roofed. o Rome – white churches (marble import from Greece) ▪ Ashlar stone work Geography ▪ Use of brick o Mountainous – simple churches due to financial ▪ Lack of natural pozzolana-instead used fine ashlar in reasons heavily loaded pier and solid brickwork set in mortar which had o Commercial/ City – Beautiful churches an admixture of crushed brick sheathed in stucco, marble or mosaic. Building Envelope - part of the building that encloses space. ▪ Fully developed pendentive and the use of semi-dome on grand Orthodox Christian (No Rebulto/ Sculpture) – They put the scale-chief contributions of the Byzantine architects-polymath readings in the wall and building (church as stone bible) known as architecture (as described by Vitruvius) mosaic. Ex. Hagia Sophia. Roman – uses painting/ sculpture. Prehistoric doesn’t worship as a community compared to the religion now. Greek and roman have freedom of religion so they go to church whenever they want, Christian has a religious obligation to attend church (nowadays, they attend every Sunday) while in Egypt, Temples can only be used by the Pharoah, priest, or its family. Churches was designed to uplift spirits just by looking at it. Main door = portal Resources (From Ma’am:) CHIMERAS Bishops started asking for donations Kings used their money for donations for lands to redeem themselves because they are afraid to go to hell (buying prayers = practice of indulgence). “Master Builders” were mathematicians, not architects. Woods were used to build warships Metals were used as weapons Men were used as soldiers Heritage Conservation – reuse of old buildings Big church = Basilica Christians who were persecuted don’t have much space to do worshiping that’s why the basilica de noval de Constantine was converted into a church. VAULT A scary statue located in the balcony of a church looking down on the plaza of the city. Half human half animal Watching humans who will commit sins (plan for salvation). Symbolizes sin/ temptation to test our faith Week 2 STRUCTURES AND DETAILS OF THE EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH Resources: ▪ Increasing Christian believers meant increase in donations - Groin vault were used specifically as quadri partype vault which allowed the church to gain land and wealth. - Coppers were used to decrease weigth of the vault ▪ Widespread use of salvaged materials-marble columns for churches ▪ Search of architects and skilled craftsmen to build the church after Constantine adoption of Christianity as the official religion. ▪ Necessity of theoretical background seen in architects resulting to substantial increase of professional expertise at the highest level. These architects were later commissioned by Justinian to do major projects like the Hagia Sophia. ▪ Marble, fire brick, iron were used. ▪ Materials were salvaged because marble quarry sites were exhausted, timber was scare due to forest depletion.  TYPICAL EARLY CHRISTIAN CHURCH - Domes and vaults were built of bricks so laid as to eliminate - has place for singing centering. - St. Peter, Rome 16th century | Basilica Sabina, Rome - Arches and domes were semi- circular. - Pointed forms and segmental profiles applied when full semi-circular was impossible - Use of ties iron ties in the construction of arches. 9 to 10th century - flying buttress was introduced and later became the characteristic of Gothic architecture. * Belief of baptism St. Peter, Rome 16th century | Basilica Sabina, Rome * Belief of confession EARLY CHRISTIAN * Belief of marriage Integral part of architecture of the later Roman Empire. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER First Christians worship in synagogue Later, the increase in number of worshippers, severed their ties with the Jews. The Christians, developed their own formalized liturgy of the Eucharist, worship in whatever space available.  - Bury their dead in catacombs, (tunneled rock just below the Common form of early Christian church surface of the ground) due to high price of land. - They shared commemorative meals in the cemeteries - 3rd century- purposely built churches and adaptation of existing churches were being commissioned. - Early churches were architecturally insignificant. - Worship of Christianity performed inside the buildings where worshippers are given enough room to participate. - Baptism also need special space requirement for the immersion. - No new demands for burial places. - Basilica structure was adopted as the church for its plan need few modification to house the rites and rituals of the religio - Maxentus- reinterpreted the building used by the Christians in his Basilica Nova aka Basilica Constantine BASILICA NOVA OR BASILICA OF CONSTANTINE (307 – 312 AD) ▪ Rectangular room, timber-roofed ▪ Usually with one or two aisles to each side of the central nave ▪ With an apse facing at one end facing the principal entrances at the other ▪ One or more circular rows of seats against the wall of the apse for the clergy ▪ Raised throne at the center for the bishop ▪ Open screen in front marked off the asanctuary from the rest of the nave ▪ And within the area the altar was set ▪ Baldachino or ciborium-consisted of four columns surmounted by a canopy to give the apse more dignity and emphasis ▪ With atrium and frequently with fountain at the center Coffered wood ceiling as decorative element Columns, capitals and similar features were reused from earlier buildings, ▪ Timber-roofed with little regard to ▪ Rectangular hall matching. This gave ▪ Colonnaded central space with aisles and galleries above the church more ▪ Main space is build higher than the aisle gallery liveliness. ▪ Clearstory lighting with apse which was used before as office for legal businesses were done. Flat entablature was not totally abandoned ▪ Seating provided in the apse for the clergy ▪ Christian altar could be placed in front Baldachino or ciborium- consisted of four columns surmounted by a canopy to give the apse more dignity and emphasis PARTS OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH Other Plan forms of early Christian church  TOMBS - Other plan forms were adopted such as plan with central vertical axis rather than longitudinal horizontal one - And the circular plan of the S. Stephano Rotondo, in Rome. - Its effective use presented considerable problems. Individual tombs followed Roman precedents Covered cemetery-plan similar to simplified basilican plan Mausolea S. Costanza, Rome (C. 350AD) - Burial place of the daughter of Constantine - Circular form with central circular domed space surrounded by ambulatory and barrel vault. The dome is carried by arched colonnade of coupled column of corinthian capital. ADDITIONAL NOTES: Other plans were the tetraconched (orthe four lobed) forms set within an overall octagon or square. The central principal space was expanded not only by the ambulatory, but also by semi-circular exedrae. Exedrae-raised floor of apse or niche BAPTISTERY Central font into which those who will be baptized could descend, and enough space for the officiating clergy. Simple circular, octagonal or other centralized plan was used.  ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE GOVERNMENT Week 1 HISTORICAL - The pope was very powerful Decline of the Roman Empire - the emperor had 476 CE Collapse of the Western Roman Empire-marked the end limited power and assisted of the ancient world and the start of the Middle Ages by princes, lords, bishops in o (Dark Ages is synonymous to Middle Ages- period in managing the empire. western civilization when cultural and scientific - These allies had development were stagnant due to the Church privileges in ruling their opposition) territories 400-1500 CE -from the end of the Roman empire and before the - the allies would renaissance period of 1500C. give tribute/tax to the 7th to 11th century Collapse of Eastern Roman Empire emperor HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE -tributes/taxes were sourced from the people - The empire was formed by the alliance of independent kingdoms BIRTH OF ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE (6TH TO 11THE CENTURY) (Spain, Great Britain, France Germany and other smaller kingdoms) united by the Roman Catholic religion Romanesque- like Roman, - the papacy became very powerful descended - feudalism was the form of government from Roman - the pope acted as the political as well as the spiritual ruler of the -Combination of ancient Roman Catholic countries Roman, Byzantine architecture - had the power to appoint emperors and local traditions Charlemagne- the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire who was crowned by Pope Leo III in 800 CE - Charlemagne wanted to unite the holy empire and show his power by constructing bigger churches of Roman style using church built during the time of Constantine as model. Otto the Great was crowned in 962 by - prior to Charlemagne’s reign, the early Christian church were pope John and united the entire Holy insignificant in size and design. Roman empire Roman basilica-hall of justice Early Christian Church Napoleon the Great dissolved the Holy Roman Empire in 1806 and formed the Confederation of Rhine HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE FROM 962 TO 1806 CE ROMANESQUE PLAN - adopted the basic basilican shape and space configuration of the early Christian church Cross-section of the roman basilica cross-section of the early Christian church Carolingian Churches (France, Germany and Italy) * Arcuated – structure system columnard- structure system Arcaded – series of arches colonnaded – series of column Trabeated – beam structure system - Presence of westwork - Prominent transept - Apse with ambulatory - Extended aisle and nave - Latin cross plan - Crypt-part of the church Triforium gallery- above the isle, has triforium window - rafter (structural support on the roof, usually wooden) - exposed rafters, can usually be seen in the poor (no budget) - rafter with truss (more support) - barrel on wagon EXAMPLE OF A COUNTRY INFLUENCED BY ROMANESQUE STYLE Islamic- no rebulto but has beautiful beams of generic shape, uses coupled columns ADDITIONAL NOTES: GGOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Week 2 HISTORY - materials: volcanic stones (very colorful) 14TH CENTURY TRACERY WINDOW - “flame-like or free flowing tracery windows”  RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in Europe Architectural Character Week 4 - Started in Italy in the early 15th century. Italy still had the Roman Geographical structures. Gothic style was not fully grasped by the Italians. But - Started in Italy in the early 15th century to 1830 and spread the Roman methods of construction were replaced by a more westward throughout Europe (Italy, France, Germany, Belgium refined and compact systems of the Gothic and Byzantine and Holland, Spain and Portugal) which had formed the Western methods. - There were buildings constructed to suit the changing lifestyles Roman Empire. during the period. - The Eastern Empire with Constantinople as the capital, were - Five classical orders, standardized by the Renaissance architects invaded by the Turks, and therefore were not influenced by the like Palladio, Vignola, Scamozzi and Chambers, were used as new movement. decorations as well as structural supports. Geological - Although the Roman precedent was followed, new combinations - The countries (Italy, France, Germany, Belgium and Holland, Spain of classics evolved. During the Baroque period, liberal and Portugal) have their own geological influences which affected interpretations of the style was made by the accomplished their architectural character. masters, and adopted by their pupils and their followers and the Climatic “design schools” established during that time. - The countries (Italy, France, Germany, Belgium and Holland, Spain - Skilled craftsmen, goldsmiths, and workers in metals (Donatello, and Portugal) have varying climates. The climate affected the Brunelleschi et,al) painters, sculptors as well as architects looked architectural treatment of each country. upon architecture as an art rather than construction. Religious - Application of art rather than consideration of the structural methods (medieval period) was the prevailing idea if the - Religious activities were affected by printing and spread of Renaissance time. knowledge due to spirit of inquiry and freedom of thought - Architectural contributions: Germany -had a desire to break away from Roman Christian - Rusticated masonries as seen in the palaces (Ricardi, Strozzi, religion which lead to the Reformation Movement. Rucellai, ) - Balusters-were developed from candelabra England-domestic architecture was developed further due to - Pendentive domes-domical domes vaults to be erected on square the rise of wealthy laymen and the confiscation of monastery or polygonal compartments. lands by Henry VIII. - Drum- raising the ‘drum’ to accommodate not only windows but Italy-revival of ecclesiastical buildings as well as domestic a decoration with columns allowing the dome to appear as a architecture. grand dominating feature. - Domes- were made of double or triple shell to foreshortened the France, Spain and Netherlands-were influenced in varying view. degrees by the new movement. The Jesuits who headed the - Lantern-decorative element found on top of the domes counter-reformists headed in the construction of renaissance - Semicircular Roman arch, semicircular vaults, cross-vaults, buildings influenced by religion. Social Renaissance Phases - Literature-Dante (1265-1321), Petrarch (1304-74), and Boccaccio (1313-75) aided the spread of classic literature which aided in the There was a conflict of ideas between the purists who followed strictly the revolt of medieval art. Revival of classic literature. Classical approach (Palladio) and the Proto-Baroque followers (Michelangelo) who applied new discoveries and innovations in the - The capture of Constantinople by the Turks (1453) send Greek style. scholars to Italy. Greek and Roman literature flooded Italy. 1. First phase-learning designers being intent upon accurate Treatise on Architecture by Vitruvius, transcription of the Roman architectural elements and their use - Return to Roman architectural style was embraced by the Italians. in the contemporary buildings. Style also known as Palladian Medieval feudalism was not fully embraced by the Italians. City architecture, the approach of the style was logical, staid and states had developed municipal freedom and enterprise. serene, - The countries of Italy, France Spain, Netherlands and England 2. Second phase -proto- Baroque or also known as Mannerist, is were subject to special social influences which affected the vivid, virile, intense sometimes disturbingly restless and architectural character of the particular country. confused. The application of Renaissance details were not only Historical applied to individual buildings but to urban design, civic design, - Smaller city states gradually grouped together into kingdoms landscaping. under powerful rulers. - The invention of gunpowder, mariner’s compass and America The proto-baroque leads directly to Baroque contributed to the general upheavals of the changing times. architecture-dramatic, impressive, rich, grand and - When the Turks conquered Constantinople, Syria and Egypt, the alive: architecture, sculpture, painting and minor art old east –west trade route was blocked. are all being used to produce the unified - The discovery of new routes between East and West by Vasco de whole. The Baroque in Italy began in 1600 and Gama who sailed to the Cape of India (1497) started the reached its best in fifty years 1625-75. colonization activities by the European countries Baroque was seen more on ecclesiastical buildings - Invention of printing (1450) facilitated the spread of knowledge rather than secular ones. and architectural ideas. - Galileo (1564-1642) changed the theory of Copernicus through Architectural character of Baroque: his scientific finding that the earth is not the center of the - Orders are laid one on top of the others; used in clusters, universe. variously in pilastered, attached or free-standing condition at - The countries such as Italy, France, Spain, Netherlands and irregular spacing; England were subject to special historical influences affecting - Entablatures are heavily ornate and advance or recede in their architecture. response to columnar arrangement below; - Pediments-segmental, triangular, broken are placed within the other; - Attic mounts over the attic; - Balustrades with reiterated dies; - Cartouches, heraldic emblems, and other ornaments as well as sculpture, painting, and craftwork are used. - Application of concave and convex in walls - Concealed windows are applied for light and dramatic effect. - Interiors were conceived in terms of spatial volume rather than complex of individual surfaces. 3. Rococo Architecture - the impressive, opulent, loud character of the Baroque period became progressively more refined and subtle over time which lead to the development of Rococo style. - Exteriors became less in details than the interiors. - The style started in 1700 in Italy and lasted for 50 years. 4. Antiquarian Style - The style was succeeded with Antiquarian Style when the designers went back to ancient models. Architectural character then became austere, following the reproduction of Greek architecture of simplicity and imitation of Gothic romantic approach. - Renaissance in Italy- developed from Roman influence - France and England-Gothic Influence - Early Renaissance in various countries was individual patronizing the past architectural style prevalent in its own land. - Baroque influenced Italy and fully flourished in Spain and Central Europe but not in France, England and Netherlands. - All countries were following the similar style in 1750-going back to the use of the classics- Roman, Greek and Gothic. RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in Italy Week 4 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in France Week 4  RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in British (Great Britain) Week 5 - Simple façade, large unadorned windows (no decoration), combination of Italian renaissance (because of the balustrade) and gothic - Balustrade was renaissance Italian made motif - Also influenced by gothic style - Near France (cold climate) - The period were based on the ruler ELIZABETH PERIOD (1558 – 1603 AD) early renaissance - Located at the edge of the building - Large windows due to the cold climate - Focus on church reform rather than church building - The time when king henry the 8th left the roman catholic church and establish his own Chirstian sec known as the Angelican Christian. - The church focused more on making the community bigger rather than its architectural structure. - Churches constructed on this time were simpler for the purpose of just housing the community for it to increase. The British Renaissance focus more on secular architecture like building palaces for the royalties. - Made of timber due to the forests in Britain - Ground floor is stone work, 2nd floor is timber - Half timbering (the patterns) frames of the wall that serves as structural support of the wall of the house  JACOBEAN PERIOD (1603 – 1625 AD) early renaissance - They extended the wall to make it bigger - British has different parapet (low protective wall). they have strapwork compared to the Italianate renaissance which is balusters - Has clocks on towers - In Elizabethan period, it was more gothic and few renaissance elements compared to the Jacobean which has more renaissance combined with gothic - Has 4- sided dome on a tower, decorative gable part, finials from gothic, balustrades from renaissance Italian, pilasters with capital, and arches from roman as well as wide windows. - Jacobean renaissance is more ornate and more decorations. - For renaissance elements, there are corner stones and quoins (stones placed on the corner of the building to make the building strong) *add labels  circular windows, clock, and drome on drum, front portion ANGLO-CLASSIC/ STUART PERIOD (1625-1703 AD) late renaissance inspired from Greek, roman arch with pedimented windows, coupled columns Corinthian capital and a presence of pilasters. GEORGIAN PERIOD (1702 – 1830 AD) late renaissance - the architects that want to study architectural styles found in other countries at that time travels to that country to study. They had to move around and work with other architects. - Followed the style of antiquarian (4th place of Italian renaissance going back to simpler form of renaissance) - Clean walls usually made of ashlar - Has strict balance and symmetry - Pedimented and architrave windows, double layered string course, no columns, cornice on roof, roof combination of hip and gable roof. - Has pediments on the windows at the 1st floor and the 2nd floor has architrave or horizontal beam on the windows. - More fancy, similar to the work of Inigo jones - If Italy had the St. peter basilica the biggest roman catholic church, in England they had St. Paul’s Cathedral for Anglican Christian. - Combination of gothic and renaissance, has central dome inspired by pantheon, has lanterns ,has western towers, occulus, RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in Germany Week 5 RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE in Spanish Week 5 5 PERIODS OF SPANISH RENAISSANCE FAMOUS STRUCTURES OF SPANISH RENAISSANCE