HOA 111 History of Architecture Module 1 PDF

HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 I. Module 1 Title : Introduction on the History of Architecture and the Prehistoric Period. Course Title : History of Architecture 1 Course Number : HOA 111 Course Descript...

HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 I. Module 1 Title : Introduction on the History of Architecture and the Prehistoric Period. Course Title : History of Architecture 1 Course Number : HOA 111 Course Description: Design Architectural manifestation of thoughts from the beginning of civilization to the Byzantine Period. Total Learning Time : 2 units = Lecture – 2 hour per week (2 hrs/wk) Pre-requisites : none II. Overview : This module will cover the introduction of the History of Architecture, describe and classify its definition, objectives, and principles that influences Prehistoric Architecture i.e. the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic Period. III. Learning Outcomes: After completing this module, the students should be able to: 1. Describe and classify the definition, objectives, and principles that influences the history of Architecture in a certain place. 2. Relate, investigate and reiterate the Paleolithic and Mesolithic Period. 3. Recognize and criticize the architectural character of the Neolithic Period. IV. Indicative Content: Topics Page A. Introduction on History of Architecture - 1 1. Historic Styles of Architecture - 2 2. Six Influencing Factors - 2 3. Four Great Constructive Principles - 3 4. Cultural Stages - 5 5. How Architecture Began - 6 6. Prehistoric Architecture - 7 B. Classification of Early Known Types of Architecture - 7 7. Primitive Dwellings - 7 8. Religious Monuments - 9 9. Burial Grounds - 13 C. Earliest Cities - 13 V. Discussion: A. Introduction on History of Architecture History of Architecture is a record of man's effort to build beautifully. It traces the origin, growth and decline of architectural styles which have prevailed lands and ages. (Salvan, George S., Architectural Character & the History of Architecture) The erection of structures devoid of beauty is mere building, a trade and not an art. Edifices in which strength and stability alone are sought, and in designing which only utilitarian considerations have been followed, are properly works of engineering. Only when the idea of beauty is added to that of use does a structure take its place among works of architecture. We may, then, define architecture as the ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 1 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 art which seeks to harmonize in a building the requirements of utility and of beauty. It is the most useful of the fine arts and the noblest of the useful arts. It touches the life of man at every point. It is concerned not only in sheltering his person and ministering to his comfort, but also in providing him with places for worship, amusement, and business; with tombs, memorials, embellishments for his cities, and other structures for the varied needs of a complex civilization. It engages the services of a larger portion of the community and involves greater outlays of money than any other occupation except agriculture. Everyone at some point comes in contact with the work of the architect, and from this universal contact architecture derives its significance as an index of the civilization of an age, a race, or a people. (Van Dyke, John C., College Histories of Art) 1 – Historic Styles of Architecture STYLE is a quality; the “historic styles” are phases of development. Style is character, expressive of definite conceptions, as of grandeur, gaiety, or solemnity. A historic style is the particular phase, the characteristic manner of design, which prevails at a given time and place. It is not the result of mere accident or caprice, but of intellectual, moral, social, religious, and even political conditions. Each style is based upon some fundamental principle springing from its surrounding civilization, which undergoes successive developments until it either reaches perfection or its possibilities are exhausted, after which a period of decline usually sets in. This is followed either by a reaction and the introduction of some radically new principle leading to the evolution of a new style, or by the final decay and extinction of the civilization and its replacement by some younger and more virile element. Thus, the history of architecture appears as a connected chain of causes and effects succeeding each other without break, each style growing out of that which preceded it, or springing out of the fecundating contact of a higher with a lower civilization. To study architectural styles is therefore to study a branch of the history of civilization. Technically, architectural styles are identified by the means they employ to cover enclosed spaces, by the characteristic forms of the supports and other members (piers, columns, arches, mouldings, traceries, etc.), and by their decoration. The plan should receive special attention, since it shows the arrangement of the points of support, and hence the nature of the structural design. (Van Dyke, John C., College Histories of Art) 2 – Six Influencing Factors Geographical Geological Climatic Religion Historical Social and Political 2.1 Geographical Pinpoints the location of a particular country. It describes whether it is near the sea, an island, on the mountains, deserts and others. 2.2 Geological ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 2 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Describes the materials found in the Locality. The character and composition of the earth and the contour of the ground. Materials like stones, trees, reeds, bamboo, clay for bricks, marble, metals, all influence the character of the buildings. 2.3 Climatic The prevailing weather in the country. If there is much sunshine or little rain, if there are winters with much snow, these affect the character like for example the roofing of a country with snow should be steep to ward off the snow while the windows in cold climates should be wide to permit light to enter and warm the rooms. 2.4 Religion This is the emotional temperament and spiritual tendencies of the peoples in a particular country. If they are pagans, they build temples for numerous gods. If they are christians, they build churches with altars. Muslims build mosques. 2.5 Historical The background of the people as a whole. Were there wars in the past? If so, buildings would have been ruined and new structures built. 2.6 Social and Political How the people lived and governed. Whether they are hostile, friendly, ruled by a king or under democratic rule. 3 – Four Great Constructive Principles Post & Lintel Construction (Trabeated) Arch & Vault Construction Corbel or Cantilever Construction Trussed Construction 3.1 Post & Lintel Construction (Trabeated) Post and intel is a building system where strong horizontal elements are held up by strong vertical elements with large spaces between them. A simple form of construction from pre- historic times to the Greek empire, the post and lintel system was the root of Architecture design. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 3 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 The Stonehenge in United Kingdom and Parthenon in Greece is an example of Post and Lintel Construction 3.2 Arch & Vault Construction A vault is a structural form composed of a series of arches, typically found in the construction of ceilings or roofs associated with Roman architecture. Historical examples of durable arch, vault and shell structures including a) the Roman Pont-Saint-Martin masonry arch bridge, b) the unreinforced concrete Roman Pantheon, c) ribbed groin vaults at Salisbury Cathedral and d) a groin-vaulted under-croft in Waldsassen, Bavaria. 3.3 Corbel or Cantilever Construction Corbel is an architectural member that projects from within a wall and supports a weight; especially one that is stepped upward and outward from a vertical surface. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 4 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Cantilever is a beam supported on only one end. Cantilever construction allows for overhanging structures without extend bracing. Second image shown is an example of cantilever construction, the Fallingwater house by Frank Lloyd Wright in Pennsylvania, USA and the Marina Bay Sands in Singapore 3.4 Trussed Construction Trusses are web-shaped structures, usually fabricated from straight pieces of metal or timber to form a series of triangles, used to bear tremendous weight. Used in buildings and bridges of all sizes, trusses allow builders to extend the dimensions of structures and create interesting shapes. 4 – Cultural Stages STONE AGE Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Mesolithic (Middle Stone Age) Neolithic (New Stone Age) BRONZE AGE Covered the Minoan Period of the Crete and Greek Period. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 5 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 IRON AGE 25 to 50 years before Julius Ceasar. 5 – How Architecture Began Architecture may be said to include every building or structure raised by human hands, and is here defined as construction with an artistic motive: the more the latter is developed, the greater being the value of the result. Direct human ancestors evolved in Africa from 2.3 million years ago - Homo habilis, Homo erectus, homo sapiens, homo sapiens sapiens. Early humans spread from Africa into Southern Europe and Asia as they could not settle far north due to the cold climate. From Siberia by foot into North America, and from Southeast Asia by boat into Australia. The first habitations of man were undoubtedly those that nature afforded, such as caves or grottoes, which demanded little labor on his part to convert into shelters against the fury of the elements, and attacks from his fellows or wild animals. As soon as man rose above the state of rude nature, he naturally began to build more commodious habitations for himself, and some form of temple for his god. Such early forms are given under the heading of Prehistoric Architecture. Before 9000 BC- nomadic life of hunting & food gathering. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 6 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 By 9000 BC- farming and agriculture was practiced; animal domestication for work, milk, wool. Some people needed not farm, so they spent time on other work - pot-making, metal- working, art and architecture. The success of the human race was largely due to the development of tools – made of stone, wood, bone. There were no organized religion yet the dead are treated with respect through burial rituals and monuments. 6 – Prehistoric Architecture The origins of architecture, although lost in the mists of antiquity, must have been connected intimately with the endeavors of man to provide for his physical wants. It has been truly said that protection from the inclemency of the seasons was the mother of architecture. According to Vitruvius, man in his primitive savage state began to imitate the nests of birds and the lairs of beasts, commencing with arbors of twigs covered with mud, then huts formed of branches of trees and covered with turf. B. Classification of Early Known Types of Architecture Primitive Dwellings Religious Monuments Burial Grounds 7 – Primitive Dwellings Placed within the Neolithic age, New stone age which lasted roughly from 8,000 to 3,000 B.C., man often used existing caves for shelter. As man was a hunter and food gatherer, he also construct temporary shelters from perishable materials. Temporary shelters were designed in direct response to climate, local materials, and hunting patterns, built with limited investment in time and energy. Other writers indicate three types of primitive dwellings: the caves or rocks or those occupied in hunting or fishing, the hut for the agriculturist, and the tent for those such as shepherds leading a pastoral or nomadic life. Rock cave- earliest form of human settlement. Huts- made up of reeds, brushes and wattles. Tents- made from tree barks, animal skin and plant leaves. This first masonry dwellings were natural caves which Stone Age man enlarged by erecting a pile of rocks opposite the entrance; the earliest timber houses, constructed by forest dwelling and tropical ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 7 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 peoples, were circles of sticks bound together at the top to form a cone and covered with thatch or leaves. Primitive houses usually had 'only one room, but the development of more complex. civilizations led to subdivisions for the separate functions of eating, sleeping, and social life. In areas where no industrial revolution has occurred to transform building methods and cause high urban population densities, houses are still being built that show almost no change from those of the Stone Age. Some dwellings illustrated on this page are still in use: Lascaux Cave, France Wigwam Igloo ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 8 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Tepee Clochán (Beehive Hut) Trullo Lascaux Cave- a cave in France containing wall paintings and engravings of Paleolithic humans thought to date from c. 13,000-8,500 BCE. Wigwam- an American Indian dwelling, usually of round or oval shape, formed of poles overlaid with bark, rush mats, or animal skins. Igloo- an Eskimo house, usually built of blocks of hard snow or ice in the shape of a dome, or when permanent, of sod, wood, or stone. Tepee- portable Indian shelter. Beehive Hut- a clochán is a stone beehive-shaped hut with a corbelled roof, commonly associated with the Irish coastline. Trullo- a traditional rendered stone dwelling in Apulia, southern Italy, in which square chambers are roofed with conical vaulted roofs. 8 – Religious Monuments After people started sharing community life, they began turning their attention to architecture that celebrated the spiritual and the sacred. Their tombs and temples imitated nature in gigantic forms resembling mountains and other landscape formations. 8.1 2 Classifications of Religious Structures Monolith Megalith MONOLITH – isolated single upright stone also known as “menhir”. Menhir - is a single, large upright monolith, without lintels sometimes arranged in parallel rows, reaching several miles and consisting of thousands of stones. Serves as a religious purpose or a memorial of victory over one tribe. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 9 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Kerloas Menhir in Brittany, France Carnac, France MEGALITH – Several number of stones. Dolmen Cromlech Dolmen- from the words daul, a table, and maen, a stone; A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab or capstone. Kilclooney in Ireland Goindol in South Korea It utilizes trabeation, the most basic construction system for structures. It consists of vertical supports called posts that hold up horizontal elements called lintels. Cromlech- Enclosure formed by huge stones planted on the ground in circular form, indicates place of religious rites. Also known as Stone Circle. Stone Circle in Avery, England Stonehenge Layout Stonehenge in England ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 10 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 STONEHENGE- this consists of a complex of sarsen stones and smaller "bluestones". Outermost is a ring of large monoliths of sarsen stones capped by Lintels. Next was a ring of smaller bluestones which in turn encircled a horseshoe of trilithons with the open end facing the east. The horseshoe consisted of five-lintel topped pairs of the largest sarsens, each of which weighed 45 to 50' tons all came from Wales located 200km away. Stones transported by sea or river then hauled on land with sledges and rollers by hundreds of people, raised upright into pits, capped with lintels. The stones at Stonehenge are arranged in such a way that on Midsummer Day, a man standing at the center of the monument and looking through the opening between two of the outer circle of Sarsen uprights will see the rising sun pass directly over the upright heelstone outside the monument. The mathematical accuracy of the heelstone's positioning, however, combined with other alignments indicating the exact position of midwinter sunset and two extreme positions of the midsummer moonrise during its cycle of 18 1/2 years, has led some scientist to suggest that Stonehenge and other stone monuments were designed as elaborate observatories. Solar Observatory- designed to mark the sun's path during sunrise on Midsummer Day. The Stonehenge is regarded as the most spectacular and imposing of all monolithic monuments and defines as a Genuine Architecture in a sense that defines exterior spaces. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 11 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 12 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 9 – Burial Grounds 9.1 Tumuli (Passage Grave) *Tumulus- an artificial mound of earth or stone, especially over an ancient grave, also called barrow. It has a corridor inside leading to an underground chamber. Royalties and aristocrats are buried. The term tumulus is Latin, and it translates to “mound” or “small hill.” The prefix tum means “to bulge” or “to swell.” You might recognize it as part of the English words tomb, thumb, and tumor. The dominant Megalithic tomb type, of which may exist in France and England, has a corridor lined with large stone slabs leading to a circular chamber often having a corbelled vault. To create a burial mound, the ancients sometimes dug into the ground and buried the bodies, first. Then they’d build the tumulus out of the available stones and soil. In other regions of the world, such as England, ancient villages usually built a stone chamber, which they then covered with sod and debris. Many burial mounds were used to house the ashes of the deceased, rather than the body itself. Etruscan necropolis of Banditaccia at Cerveteri 10 – Earliest Cities 10.1 Jericho A hilltop city; citizens lived in stone houses with plaster floors, surrounded by high walls and towers. One of the world's oldest continually-inhabited city. ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 13 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Aerial View showing the ruins of Telles, Sultan, Jordan 10.2 Khirokitia One of the earliest Neolithic village, Khirokitia is located in Cyprus which utilized a complex architectural system built according to a preconceived plan, suggesting a structured social organization. Houses, built in limestone, had a circular plan, the exterior diameter of which varied from about 2 to 9 meters. Partial modern-day reconstruction of Khirokitia, Cyprus 10.3 Çatal Hüyük Located in Konya, Turkey, Çatal Hüyük is the largest and most well-preserved Neolithic village. It consisted of rectangular flat-roofed houses packed together into a single architectural mass with no streets or passageways. The population of the eastern mound has been estimated to be, at maximum, 10,000 people, but the population likely varied over the community's history. An average population of between 5,000 and 7,000 is a reasonable estimate. The sites were set up as large numbers of buildings clustered together. The inhabitants lived in mudbrick houses that were crammed together in an aggregate structure. No footpaths or streets were used between the dwellings, which were clustered in a honeycomb-like maze. Most were accessed by holes in the ceiling and doors on the side of the houses, with doors reached by ladders and stairs. The rooftops were effectively streets. The ceiling openings also served as the only source of ventilation, allowing smoke from the houses' open hearths and ovens to escape. Houses had plaster interiors characterized by squared-off timber ladders or steep stairs. These were usually on the south wall of the ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 14 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 room, as were cooking hearths and ovens. The main rooms contained raised platforms that may have been used for a range of domestic activities. Typical houses contained two rooms for everyday activity, such as cooking and crafting. All interior walls and platforms were plastered to a smooth finish. Ancillary rooms were used as storage, and were accessed through low openings from main rooms. All rooms were kept scrupulously clean. Archaeologists identified very little rubbish in the buildings, finding middens outside the ruins, with sewage and food waste, as well as significant amounts of ash from burning wood, reeds and animal dung. In good weather, many daily activities may also have taken place on the rooftops, which may have formed a plaza. In later periods, large communal ovens appear to have been built on these rooftops. Over time, houses were renewed by partial demolition and rebuilding on a foundation of rubble, which was how the mound was gradually built up. As many as eighteen levels of settlement have been uncovered. Typical house and reconstructed shrine, Çatal Hüyük VI. Additional Reading/Videos: Preface: Architectural Character and History of Architecture by George Salvan Stone Age Architecture: https://youtu.be/hNAkWM8wStE Secrets of the Stone Age: https://youtu.be/I2vYr6gx56o ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 15 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Construction of Stonehenge: https://youtu.be/FZgz9zF4_ck VII. Exercises/Drills: Plate 1 – Research Paper (50 points) Give one example of a structure that manifests one of the four Constructive Principles of Architecture and give a short 3-paragraph essay of around 250–300 words about it. Plate 2 – Primitive Dwellings Output (50 points) Sketch and illustrate two examples of primitive dwellings and write an overview. Plate 3 – Monolith and Megalith Structure Output (60 points) Sketch and illustrate a Monolith, Megalith, and Cromlech; give an overview and identify its parts. Plate 4 – Earliest Cities Output (50 points) Sketch and illustrate Catal Huyuk and write an overview. VIII. Evaluation: On the Spot Graded Recitation Students to participate in Q&A and discuss their understanding about Prehistoric Architecture, their most favored of the early known types of Architecture and conclusion about the Stone Age. IX. References: A. Books George S. Salvan, Architectural Character and History of Architecture Fletcher, Sir Banister, A History of Architecture (latest ed.) B. Website 25 Prehistoric Architecture: https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=104256698057729&id=10347395 8136003 Stonehenge: Mystery of mighty stones solved by archaeologists: https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/archaeology/stonehenge-stones-sarsen- archaeology- a9644436.html?fbclid=IwAR2gRDFOALhweiRgMmXJstXaetn0llr8yB5Jog1EItoY- SFJKDSTQ4HGC1M Prepared by: AR. VANE IRISH A. ESCARO, uap HOA 111 Course Facilitator ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 16 HOA 111: History of Architecture 1 Module 1 Recommending Approval: AR. PETER JOHN D. FANTINALGO, uap Program Chair, BS Archi Approved by: ENGR. JOHN IKE A. UVAS OIC Dean, CEAT ARCH. Vane Irish Arches Escaro, uap Capiz State University – Main Campus 17