HLC Computer Studies Year 10 PDF

Scheme of work Weeks Topics 1 Overview of the computer system (hardware, software and people – ware) 2 Historical development of the computer system (pre – computing devices) 3 20th /21st century computers (ENIAC, EDSAC, Microcompute...

Scheme of work Weeks Topics 1 Overview of the computer system (hardware, software and people – ware) 2 Historical development of the computer system (pre – computing devices) 3 20th /21st century computers (ENIAC, EDSAC, Microcomputers etc.) 4 Input devices 5 Output devices 6 Operating system 7 Midterm break 8 The future of computing (Robotics and Artificial intelligence) 9 Programming language 10 Introduction to BASIC programming  WEEK ONE OVERVIEW OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT A computer performs four basic functions, which are:  Accepts data  Store data  Processes data  Gives out information (Info) The above stated can be combined to give a concise definition of the Computer system. The computer system can be defined as an electronic machine that accepts, stores, and processes data into meaningful information. Information is already processed data. The computer system can also be defined as an electronic, programmable, multipurpose device that converts data into meaningful information based on the logic supplied by the user. The computer is made up of Hardware and Software. Computer Hardware The computer hardware is the physical parts of the computer system that can be seen and touched. Some of the hardware component in the computer are; 1. Input device 2. output device 3. Central Processing Unit 4. Storage device 5. Multimedia devices Input Devices: These are devices that will enable a computer user to enter data, commands and program into the system. E.g. keyboard, mouse, scanner etc. Output Devices These devices are responsible for providing output display to the user. e.g. printer, plotter, monitor. Central Processing unit This is the part of the computer that executes programs or instructions. The Central Processing Unit is made up of the following parts.  Control unit  Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) Control Unit It is the nerve center of the computer that directs the operation of the processor and performs the following functions; 1. It controls all the hardware operations (i.e. input, output devices, storage devices) 2. It controls and coordinates data movements within the CPU and other components of the computer system. Arithmetic Logical Unit (ALU) This is the unit where arithmetic and logical operations are performed by the computer. The arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division. Storage Device Storage device is any hardware capable of holding information/programs either temporarily or permanently in the computer. The two main types of storage devices in the Computer are;  Primary Storage  Secondary Storage Primary Storage The main function of this memory unit is to store data and programs for immediate processing, and the data in this memory is almost instantly accessible to the processor.  RAM (Random Access Memory): The ram is essentially a short memory where data/instruction is stored as the processor needs it. RAM is often called a volatile (dynamic) memory.  ROM (Read Only memory) is a permanent storage and does not rely on a constant supply of electricity to keep its information which does not change. It is called a non-volatile (static) memory. Its content can only be accessed and read by the CPU. Below are Examples of ROM;  PROM: PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY  EPROM: ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY  EEPROM: ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY. Secondary Storage A secondary storage device refers to any non – volatile storage device that is internal or external to the computer. It can be any storage device beyond the primary storage that enables permanent data storage. It is also called auxiliary memory. It includes the external or removable memory of the computer such as Hard Disk, Flash Drive, Diskette, Compact Disk, Magnetic Tape etc. The Computer Software The computer software is a collection of the programs that tells the computer what to do and how to perform a particular task. Software includes many applications and the operating system. Types of Computer Software The Computer software can be classified into the  system software  Application software. System Software The System software is a collection of programs that is designed to manage the resources of the computer. It is a type of software used as a platform for running the applications and controls all user interface tools including display and the keyboard. Some of the types of system software are;  Operating system  Translators  Utility Programs Operating system An Operating System is a collection of programs that monitors and controls the execution of all programs. It serves as a platform on which other application program runs. Examples of OS includes o MS Windows,Mac (Graphical user interface) o MSDOS (Microsoft disk operating system), PCDOS, UNIX (command line) Translators A translator is a program processor that translates program written in one level of programming to another. There are three types of translators which are; o Compiler o Assembler o Interpreter Utility Program This is a program that performs a specific task, usually related to managing system resources. The operating system contains a number of utilities for managing disk drives, utilities are sometimes installed as Memory – resident programs. Examples include: o Routines for tracing debugging o Routines for sorting files into particular order o Routines for copying files o Editing routines o antivirus Application Software are the computer programs for performing user tasks such as word processing and web browsing. The major types of application software are;  Application packages  User application program or customized software Application packages Application packages are ready made programs or suit of programs with associated documentation used for a particular type of problem or variety of similar programs. The application packages can be classified into; o Special or specific purpose: this consists of program designed to carry out one specific task examples includes;  Payroll  Stock control  Accounting  Airline seat reservation o General Purpose: these provides facilities which might be useful in wide variety of business situations and used across many departments of business. Examples includes  Word processing program  Database programs  Spreadsheet programs  Graphic packages  Games  WEEKTWO HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTING DEVICES 1 (PRE COMPUTING AGE TO 19TH CENTURY) Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT Pre – Computing Device Computer history spans more than two centuries. Pre – computing age refers to Stone Age, when men started using fingers and toes, stones and pebbles, stick and cowries and making markings on surfaces as a method of counting and storing information. Initially proposed by mathematicians and business people, mechanical calculators were created in the 19th century to address the growing complexity of numerical problems. Some of the pre-computing counting devices developed are; i. Abacus ii. Slide Rule iii. Napier Bones iv. Pascal Calculator v. Leibnitz multiplier vi. Jacquard’s loom vii. Analytical Engine viii. Hollerith census machine ix. Burroughs’s machine 1. Abacus The abacus (plural abaci or abacuses), also called a counting frame, is a calculating tool which has been used since times. The exact origin of the abacus has not yet emerged. It consists of rows of movable beads, or similar objects, strung on a wire. They represent digits. One of the two numbers is set up, and the beads are manipulated to perform an operation such as addition, or even a square or cubic root. 2. The Slide Rule The slide Rule was developed by Reverend William Oughtred and others in the 17 th century. It was based on the emerging work on logarithm by John Napier. It was commonly used before the advent of the pocket calculator. It was mostly used in science and engineering. Around 1974, the electronic scientific calculator made it obsolete and most suppliers left the business. The slide rule is used basically for multiplication and division. It is also used for functions such as roots, logarithms and trigonometry, but not normally used for addition and subtraction. 3. Napier’s Bone Napier's bones also called Napier’s rod is a manually-operated calculating device created by John Napier for the calculation of products and quotients of numbers. The method was based on lattice multiplication. Using the multiplication tables embedded in the rods, multiplication can be reduced to addition operations and division to subtractions. 4. Leibnitz Multiplier In 1671 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibnitz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner. (It was completed in 1694). The Step Reckoner expanded on Pascal's ideas and did multiplication by repeated addition and shifting. 5. Jacquard’s Loom The jacquard loom is a mechanical loom invented by Joseph Marie Jacquard in 1804 that simplifies the process of manufacturing textiles with complex patterns such as brocade and damask. The loom is connected by punch cards with punched holes. It makes possible in almost any loom the programmed raising of each wrap thread independently of the others. This brings much greater versatility to the weaving process. Jacquard shedding brought about the automatic production of unlimited varieties of pattern weaving. 6. Hollerith Census Machine Herman Hollerith designed a tabulating machine in the 19th century which was used to assist in summarizing information stored on punched cards. The machine was developed to help process data for 1980 U.S. Census. Models of the tabulating machine were later used for business applications such as accounting and inventory control. 7. Difference engine: An English mathematician, inventor and mechanical engineer named Charles Babbage invented the Difference engine in 1822. He was regarded as the father of computer for invention comprising of 25000 parts, weighed about 15 tons and stood 8 feet (2.4m) high that could perform simple differential equations calculations. 8. Analytical engine Charles Babbage designed another machine called Analytical engine which was regarded as the first mechanical computer. It could perform any form of calculation. It consists of four major component; the mill, store, reader and printer which served as the calculating unit, the memory, input and output devices respectively. Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace (1815- 1842) created the instruction routines to be fed into the computer, making her the first female computer programmer.  WEEK THREE COMPUTING DEVICES II (20TH CENTURY TO DATE) Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary School 1 CONTENT The advancement of technology enabled ever more-complex computers by the early 20th century, and computers became larger and more powerful. These generations of computers had magnetic drum for storage and machine language was basically used for programming. The 20th century was characterized by more advanced computers that can carry out more complex numeric manipulations. Before then, most calculations were carried out by humans manually. Early mechanical tools to help calculations were referred to as calculating machines or calculators. The ENIAC, EDVAC, EDSAC, UNIVAC, the Manchester Mark 1, Harvard mark 1 etc. were examples of the 20th century computers 1. The Manchester Mark 1 The Manchester mark 1 was developed in the Victoria University of Manchester. Work began in august 1948 and the machine was operational in 1949. a program written to search for Mersenne primes ran error-free for nine hours on the night of 16/17 June 1949. The machine's successful operation was widely reported in the British press, which used the phrase "electronic brain" in describing it to their readers. It was historic because of the inclusion of index register (Operand manipulator). Many of the ideas behind its design were incorporated in subsequent commercial products such as the IBM 701 and 702 as well as the Ferranti Mark 1. The chief designers, Frederic C. Williams and Tom Kilburn, concluded from their experiences with the Mark 1 that computers would be used more in scientific roles than in pure mathematics. 2. The ENIAC The ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first general purpose electronic machine. It was a Turing complete digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems. ENIAC was designed primarily to calculate artillery firing table for the United States army laboratory. ENIAC was completed in 1945 and first put to work for practical purposes on December 10, 1945. ENIAC was formally dedicated at the University of Pennsylvania on February 15, 1946 and was heralded as a "Giant Brain" by the press. It was designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania. It had a speed on the order of one thousand times faster than that of electro-mechanical machines. The ENIAC was a modular computer, composed of individual panels to perform different functions. Basic Components a. It uses vacuum tube b. It had circuitry memory component c. It had large and enormous panels d. It consumes up to 150Kw energy e. It uses binary coding instruction 3. The EDVAC The Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) unlike the ENIAC, the EDVAC was binary rather than decimal. ENIAC inventors John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert proposed the EDVAC's construction in August 1944, and design work for the EDVAC commenced at the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering, before the ENIAC was fully operational. The design implemented a number of important architectural and logical improvements conceived during the ENIAC's construction, and a high-speed serial-access memory. It was finally delivered to the U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory at the Aberdeen Proving Ground in August 1949, but due to a number of problems, the computer only began operation in 1951, and then only on a limited basis. Features a. It uses binary coding system b. It could store up 1000bits c. Stored program was incorporated d. It comprises wiring circuits e. It was a machine code 4. UNIVAC I The UNIVAC I (UNIVersal Automatic Computer I) was the world’s first commercially available computer. UNIVAC was designed by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. The UNIVAC handles both numbers an alphabet. The first UNIVAC came online for the U.S. Government’s Censors Bureau. The first commercial customer to purchase the UNIVAC was the Prudential Insurance Company. In 1952, the UNIVAC I successfully predicted the outcome of the 1952 presidential election. General Electric Appliance Division created the first successful industrial payroll application for the UNIVAC I in 1954. Characteristics of the UNIVAC I a. The CPU were made of vacuum tubes b. They were extremely large in size c. They generated a lot of heat d. Punched card was used as an input device e. They were very expensive and extremely slow. 5. Microcomputers These are the smallest and the most common type of computers used in most offices, homes and schools today. It is based on Microprocessor chip technology. The first Micro computers were invented by IBM in 1977. It is generally called a personal computer. Microcomputers are small, relatively inexpensive computer having a central processing unit (CPU) made out of a microprocessor. They are known as Personal Computers and come in various sizes. The first micro computer was invented by IBM in 1997.Examples of micro computers are Desktops, Laptops, Palmtops, and Personal Digital Assistants.  WEEK FOUR COMPUTER HARDWARE(INPUT DEVICES) Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT Hardware is the physical components of a computer, such as the motherboard, processor, memory, storage drives, and other devices. It is the hardware that hosts and supports software or programs that provide instructions for the computer to complete its tasks. Hardware also includes external input/output devices such as keyboards, mice, monitors, printers, and speakers. CLASSES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE Computer hardware are broadly classified into two namely; 1. System unit 2. Peripherals  Input devices  Output devices  Storage devices 1. SYSTEM UNIT The exterior casing that encases every internal component of the computer is known as the computer system unit. It is sometimes referred to as a computer tower, computer case, or computer case. Although plastics can also be used, steel or aluminum are typically used to make the housing. Major components of the system unit. i. Motherboard: The motherboard (also known as a logic board in other devices) distributes power and allows communication to and from the random access memory (RAM), CPU, and other hardware components. ii. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU interprets and executes most of your computer's commands. It comprises of the following; i. Control Unit: It fetches instructions from the main storage, interpret them and issue all the necessary signals to the components making up the system.  ii. Arithmetic and Logic Unit: It performs all arithmetic operations in the computer. This unit is also involved in decision making. Logic functions such as less than () etc. which are operations of comparisons are used for decision making. iii. emory Unit: It is the place in the computer where the program and the data are stored. The computer memory is divided into two namely: Random Access Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) iv. Random Access Memory (RAM): RAM is the memory your computer uses to work; it's different from the storage that holds your files and programs. Your computer spends RAM to run those programs and process information. v. Power Supply Unit (PSU): The PSU is the means through which your computer draws power. It's usually a cord that plugs into the wall and a "power brick." vi. Video card: This component handles drawing graphics in games and displaying videos. vii. Hard Disk Drive (HDD): It stores information like apps and documents on a physical disc that your computer reads with an arm that travels across it (similarly to a record player). viii. Optical disk drive (e.g., BD/DVD/CD drive): This feature is less common in newer computers, but they provide a place to enter a music, movie, or data disk for your computer to read. ix. Card reader (SD/SDHC, CF, etc.): Your computer uses these to read from portable storage like SD cards. 2. PERIPHERALS The peripherals are devices outside the CPU but function under the control of the CPU. a. Input devices: They are used for entering data and programs into the computer system by the user for processing. Examples include: i. Keyboard vi. Touchpad ii. Mouse vii. Microphone iii. Joystick viii. Scanner iv. Graphics tablet ix. Web cam v. Trackball  b. Output device: Output devices are pieces of hardware that send usable processed information out of the computer. Examples are; i. Printer ii. Monitor iii. Plotter iv. Speakers v. Headphones vi. Media projector. c. Computer Storage Devices: They are used to store digital data and applications which may be in the form of images, video, audio, etc. Examples are CD-ROM, DVD, Memory Card, Floppy Disk etc. INPUT DEVICES Input devices are those that provide data to the computer system through input. The computer system receives data input in raw format, which is subsequently converted into a form that can be understood by computers. Examples are; Keyboard. Mouse, Joystick, Trackball. Scanner, Microphone, Magnetic Ink Card Reader (MICR), Optical Character Reader (OCR) Bar Code Readers, Optical Mark Reader (OMR), Light Pen etc. 1. COMPUTER KEYBOARD A computer keyboard is an input device that allows users to input text into a computer system. It consists of finger-sized buttons called keys which create numbers, symbols, letters, and special keys (like the Windows and Alt key) which can be combined to perform complex operations. TYPES OF KEYBOARD a. STANDARD KEYBOARD: It has about 82-85 keys with function keys ranging from F1- F10. b. ENHANCED KEYBOARD: It has about 101- 102 keys with F1-F12 function keys. c. WINDOWS KEYBOARD: It has windows keys specifically designated as a start button, is an improvement over the improved keyboard. STRUCTURE OF THE COMPUTER KEYBOAD. The computer key consists of keys which include: 1. Function keys 2. Numeric keys 3. Alphabetic keys 4. Special character keys 5. Cursor control keys 6. Command keys. Functions of some keyboard keys 1. Function keys: they are known as the F-keys located at the uppermost section of the keyboard and designed to perform specific functions. A standard keyboard has F1-F10 keys while An Enhanced Keyboard has F1-F12 Keys. 2. Numeric keys : are used for typing numeric values (0-9) 3. Alphabetic keys: Consists of alphabets and used for typing both upper and lowercase characters. 4. Arrow keys: are marked with arrows infour directions and used as cursor control keys 5. The symbols and special character keys: useful for typing special characters e.g *, &,#, @ +,=,< etc. 6. Enter key: useful for executing other commands or moves the cursor to the beginning of a new line. 7. CTRL KEY: it is combined with other keys to execute some functions 8. NUM KEY: to turn on and off the numeric keypad 9. Shift key: used to get the second functions of keys with two characters and symbols. 10. ALT KEY : useful for activating menus 2. MOUSE A Mouse is a pointing input device used to control cursor that is visible on the computer screen while moving the mouse on flat surface place. It was invented by Douglas Engelbart in 1963. The basic movement of the mouse includes pointing, clicking, dragging, hover, drag and drop and double clicking. The Parts of a mouse are the: a. Buttons d. Circuit board b. Ball, laser, or LED e. Cable or wireless receiver c. Mouse wheel The mouse Types of mouse i. Mechanical mouse iv. Trackball mouse ii. Laser mouse v. Gyroscopic mouse iii. Optical mouse vi. Gaming mouse etc Functions of the Mouse i. It is used for highlighting selected text or document ii. For drawing objects on the screen iii. It is used in moving text iv. It is used to select a menu v. For clicking and opening of files and folders 3. JOYSTICK : A joystick is an input device commonly used to control video games. It employs a vertical rod that can be moved in any direction mounted on a base with one or more buttons. 4. WEB CAMERA: It takes digital images and captures videos which can be transmitted over the internet. 5. Scanner: It is used to capture test or images into digital information which can be processed and stored on a computer. 6. Lightpen: it is a light sensitive input device which can be used to enter or modify data on a computer system other input devices include 7. Microphone · 8. Digital Camera 9. Magnetic Ink Character Reader (MICR) 10. Bar Code Reader  WEEK FIVE OUTUT DEVICES Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT An output device is any piece of hardware equipment which converts information into human readable form. It can be text, graphics, audio, video etc. some output device are monitors, printers, plotters, graphic output device. A new output device called speech synthesizer (a mechanism attached to the computer which produces verbal output sounding almost like human speeches) is been developed these days. Output is anything that comes out of the computer. Output can be of hard and soft copy. Output device are the medium through which processed data are sent to the user. The visual display unit (VDU) or Monitor The computer monitor is an output device that displays information in a pictorial form. The monitor comprises of the visual display circuitry, casing and the power supply cable. Modern monitor uses a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT – LCD) with led backlighting having replaced cold – cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) backlighting. Older monitor used cathode ray tube (CRT). Monitors are connected to the computer via VGA, Digital Visual interface (DVI), HDMI etc. Classification of Monitors based on colours There are three types of monitors based on classification by colour 1. A Monochrome monitor is a type of computer monitor in which computer text and images are displayed in varying tones of only one colour. This is a type of CRT computer monitor which was very common from the 1960s – 1980s before the invention of the colour monitor. It usually a white against a black. They are non – graphic computers. 2. Gray – scale: A gray – scale monitor is a special type of monochrome monitor capable of displaying different shades of gray. 3. Colour Monitor: this is a computer monitor capable of displaying many colours. The colour monitor implement the RGB colour model by using three different phosphors that  appears red, green and blue when activated. The color monitor displays by combining the three primary colors red, green and blue. Uses of Monitor 1. It is used to display inputted data 2. It is used to display output 3. It displays graphical image/text. Printers The printer is a device used to print information sent from the CPU. Classes of printers 1. Impact printers 2. Non – impact printers Impact printers: this class of printerprints by hitting the print head on the paper through the inked ribbon which then makes impression on the paper. The impact printers can further be grouped as 1. Serial printer i. Dot matrix printer ii. Cylinder printer iii. Daisy wheel printers iv. Golf ball printer 2. Line printer i. Band printer ii. Chain printers iii. Drum printer Non – Impact printers: A non – impact printer prints by spraying either tonner or ink or by using heat laser or photographic actions to form impressions. It prints without banging a ribbon onto paper. Non – impact printers are categorized into 5 types 1. Inkjet printers 2. Laser jet printers 3. Thermal printers 4. Electrostatic printers 5. Electro – graphic printers Uses of printers 1. It is used to store information permanently on the paper 2. It serves as backup Plotters The plotter is an output device used mainly to produce graphical output like graph or pie chart. They are used to produce precise and good quality graphics and drawings under the control of the computer. They use ink pen or inkjet to draw graphics or other drawings. Plotters can be classified as follows;  Inject plotter  Drum plotter  Flat – bed plotter  Micro – grip plotter Speakers The speaker produces output in form of sound to the user. This is done by using a sound card (an internal expansion card that provides input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under controls of Computer program). Most sound cards are sound blaster compactible. Most computers come with built in speakers. Projector This is a computer peripheral/hardware that projects and enlarges image or information stored in the Computer on a screen. Most projector creates an image by shining a light through a small transparent lens, but some newer type of projector can project the image directly using lasers. We have the liquid crystal display projector (LCD) and the digital light processing projector (DLP)  WEEK SIX COMPUTER SOFTWARE (OPERATING SYSTEM) Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary School 1 CONTENT Computer software or simply software is a set of programs that enables a computer to perform specific tasks. It is the part of a computer system that consists of encoded information or computer instructions. Type of Computer Software Software is divided into two broad groups, these are: 1. Application Software 2. System software 1. Application Software: A computer program that allow the users to perform specific task. The programs are commonly referred to as “Apps”. They can be installed or downloaded from a variety of websites. Classes of application software i. Web Browser e.g. Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome etc. ii. Word processing package e.g. Microsoft Word, Corel WordPerfect etc. iii. Spreadsheet software e.g. Microsoft Excel, Lotus123 etc. iv. Database Software e.g. MS-Access, Dbase123, Fox Pro etc. v. Presentation Software e.g. Microsoft PowerPoint, keynote etc. vi. Graphics Software e.g. Adobe Photoshop, Corel Draw, Canva etc. vii. Media Player e.g. VLC player, Windows Media Player, etc. viii. Gaming Software e.g. World of Warcraft, Need for Speed etc. 2. System software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control and extend the hardware and software capabilities of the computer. Types of System software a. Operating System: It is a program that manages the hardware and software resources of the computer and provides common services for other programs. b. Translators: a program that translates a set of code written in one programming language into a functional equivalent of the code in another programming language. c. Utility programs (or tools): software design to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain the computer system. Operating System An operating system (OS) is the interface between a computer user and the computer hardware. All operating system performs the entire basic task like file management, memory management, processing management, handling input and output. And controlling peripheral devices such as disk drives and printers. Every computer needs an operating system to start up. The operating system serves as an interface in which other computer applications runs. An operating system is a suite of programs that takes over the operation of the computer to the extent of being able to allow a number of programs to run in the computer without human intervention by operator. Below are examples of operating system  Personal computer disk operating system (PCDOS), Microsoft disk operating system (Command line operating system (CLI)). Command line interface uses the command line to receive commands from a user in the form of text.  Windows, Mac, Linux (Graphical user interface operating system (GUI)). The GUI uses icons, menus and a mouse to manage interaction with the system. Functions of the Operating System Below are some important functions of the Operating System; 1. Memory Management: this involves the management of primary or main memory. Main memory is a large array of bytes were each word or byte has it’s own address. 2. Device Management: An OS manages device communiccation via their respective drivers. 3. File Management: A file system is normally organized into directories for easy navigation and usage. These directories may contain files and other directories. An OS does the following activities  Keeps tracks of information, location, locations, uses, status etc.  Decides who gets the resources.  Allocates the resources. Below are other important activities carried out by the Operating System;  Security.  Control over system performance.  Job accounting.  Error detecting aids  Coordinating between other software and users. Types of operating system Below are the major types of Computer operating system; Single – tasking, single user operating system: single tasking operating system can only run one program at a time while single user operating system as the name implies allows only one user but may allow multi tasking or single tasking operations. Multi – tasking, Multi – user operating system: a multi – tasking operating system allows more than one program to be running in concurrence. This is achieved by time sharing, where the available processor time is divided between multiple processors while multi – user OS allows many user to share computer resources (disk space) simultaneously. Distributed operating system:A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct, networked computers and makes them appear to be single computer, as all computations are distributted (divided among the constituent computers.) Embedded Operating System: Embedded OS are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines with less autonomy (e.g. PDA’s). they are very compact and extremely efficient by design, and are able to operate with limited amount of resources. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded OS. Real Time OS: A real time OS is an operating system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment of time. A real time operating system may be single or multi – tasking. Windows Operating System Microsoft Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families, all of which are developed and marketed by Microsoft. MS windows include Windows NT (developed July 27, 1993), Windows XP (operating system produced by Microsoft as part of Windows NT family of operating system. Released Oct 25th, 2001), Windows 7, windows 8, windows 8.1, windows 10 etc. The MS windows is the most widely used operating system for microcomputers. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI) called the desktop. The MS windows is a multi – tasking operating system. Info are stored in a system of files and folders. As of October 2021, the most recent version of Windows PCs and tablets is windows 11. The Mac Operating System Mac Operating system is a set of proprietary graphical operating system developed and marketed by apple Inc. since 2001. It is the primary operating system for apple Mac computers. It is the second most highly used after Microsoft windows. Linux operating system Linux is a family of open – source Unix – like operating systems based on the Linux kernel an operating system first released on September 17, 1991, by Linus Torvalds. Types of Translators a. Assembler: a program for translating assembly language into machine language. b. Compiler: it translates text written in a computer language into another language c. Interpreter: it executes instructions written in a programming language, without previously compiling them into a machine language program  3. Utility Program: Utility software also known as a service program, service routine, tool, or utility routine) is computer software designed to help analyze, configure, optimize or maintain the computer. Examples of Utility program i. Anti-virus v. Cryptographic utilities ii. Backup Utilities vi. Disk Cleaners iii. Data compression utilities vii. Disk partitioners iv. File managers:  WEEK SEVEN MID-TERM BREAK  WEEK EIGHT The future of computing (Robotics/Artificial Intelligence (AI)) CONTENT Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the ability of a digital computer or computer – controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. Since the development of the computer in the 1940s, it has been demonstrated that computers can be programmed to carry out complex tasks like discovering proofs for mathematical theorems or playing chess with proficiency. Despite the continue advancement in computing processing speed and storage capacity, there are yet no program that can match human flexibility over wider domains or in task requiring everyday human knowledge. On the other hands, some programs have attained the performance level of human experts and professionals in performing tasks. So, the AI in this limited sense is found in application as diverse as medical diagnosis, computer search engine, voice or handwriting recognition. What is intelligence? All human behavior is ascribed to intelligence, while even the most complicated insect behavior is never taken as indication of intelligence. Research in AI has focused chiefly on the following component of intelligence;  Learning  Reasoning  Problem solving  Perception  And using language Methods and goals in Artificial intelligence Symbolic vs connectionist approaches AI research follows two distinct methods, the symbolic (or “top-down”) approach, and the connectionist (or “bottom – up”) approach. The top – down approach seeks to replicate intelligence by analyzing cognition independent of the biological structure of the brain, in terms of processing of symbol (Symbolic approach). The bottom-up approach on the other hand, involves creating artificial neural networks in imitation of the brain’s structure (connectionist approach). Strong AI, applied AI and cognitive simulation AI research attempts to reach one of three goals;  Strong AI  Applied AI  Cognitive simulation AI Strong AI aims to build machine that thinks. Applied AI, also known as advanced information processing, aims to produce commercially viable “smart” system examples “expert” medical diagnoses system, stock trading systems. In cognitive simulation, computers are used to test theories about human and mind works. For example, theory about how people recognize faces. Robotics Robotics, is the design, construction, and use of machines (robots) to perform tasks done traditionally by human beings. Robots are widely used in such industries as automobile manufacture to perform simple repetitive tasks and in industries where work must be performed in environments hazardous to humans. Many aspects of robotics involve artificial intelligence; robots may be equipped with the equivalent of human senses such as vision, touch, and the ability to sense temperature. Some are even capable of simple decision making, and current robotics research is geared toward devising robots with a degree of self-sufficiency that will permit mobility and decision-making in an unstructured environment. Today’s industrial robots do not resemble human beings; a robot in human form is called an android robot. Robotics and application Industrial robots and robot arms are used by manufacturers and warehouses, such as those owned by Amazon, Devol, Best Buy and more. To function, a combination of computer programming and algorithms, a remotely controlled manipulator, actuators, control systems -- action, processing and perception -- real-time sensors and an element of automation helps to inform what a robot or robotic system does. Some additional applications for robotics are the following:  home electronics  computer science/computer programming  artificial intelligence  data science  law enforcement/military  mechanical engineering  mechatronics  bioengineering/healthcare  WEEK NINE PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT Definition of Terms. Program: A program is a set of instructions that the CPU obeys to guide the computer on how to carry out a certain task can also be referred to as a program. Programming: the act of writing instructions or codes (programs) for the computer. Computer programs are written by programmers. Programming Language:. The language used by programmers to interact with computers to solve various types of problems is called programming language. It facilitates communication between programmers and computers to create programs. Program semantics is the meaning attached to each word in a language, and syntax is the collection of rules guiding how words are written in a programming language. Levels of Programming Language There are three levels of programming language 1. Machine Language 2. Low Level Language (Assembly Language) 3. High Level Language 1. Machine Language This was the first generation programming language that the computer can only understand. Machine language is written in binary digits (1 and 0). Advantages i. It is fast and efficient for the computer usage. ii. It requires no translator to translate the code. iii. It is directly understood by the computer. Disadvantages i. It is very difficult to code, read and remember. ii. It is machine dependent iii. It is hard to debug 2. Low Level (Assembly) Language A low Level programming Language is a language developed to overcome some of the many inconveniences of machine language. Assembly language uses mnemonic representation of machine language and requires a translator to covert to machine language before execution. A program for translating low assembly language is called assembler. Advantages of Assembly Language i. It is close to machine language ii. Does not use much of computer memory iii. It is easy to locate and correct error as compared to machine language iv. Program written in assembly language executes faster than that of high level language. Disadvantages of Assembly Language i. Assembly language, like machine code is also machine dependent ii. Difficult to understand iii. It is machine dependent iv. Coding is time consuming 3. High Level Programming Language A high level language is a programming language that, in comparison to low level programming languages, may be more abstract, easier to use, or more portable across platforms. Examples of High Level Language include i. PASCAL v. FORTRAN (Formula Translation) ii. BASIC (Beginners All-purpose vi. COBOL (Common Business Symbolic Instruction Code) Oriented Language) iii. C ++ vii. PROLOG iv. Java viii. ALGOL (Algorithmic language) ix. APL (A Programming Language) x. Python Advantages of High Level Language i. It is easier to learn and use ii. It user friendly iii. Programs in high level language requires less time to write iv. It is easier to maintain v. It is machine independent It does not require programmer to have knowledge of the computer hardware architecture. Disadvantages of High Level Languages i. It consumes more memory ii. Very difficult to translate iii. Translation process is tedious and time consuming. Classification of High-level language  Scientific language  Multi – purpose language  Commercial language  Command language of operating system  Special purpose programming language  General purpose programming language Scientific language is used for scientific and engineering purposes. An example includes FORTRAN (Formula Translator), BASIC. It combines features of extensive arithmetic computational ability and ability to handle mathematical expression. Multi – purpose can cope with a number of different types of applications areas. Examples of multi – purpose language are Visual BASIC, C++. Java etc. Commercial Language is a programming language used for commercial purposes. The prominent commercial language is COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language). Command language for operating systemis used to control the operating system. E.g. DOS commands (Disk Operating System commands). Special Purpose High level languagealso known as domain – specific language is a programming language designed for a specific assignment. It is tailored towards a particular problem. E.g. command languages, artificial intelligence HLL General-Purpose High-levellanguageare designed to be use to program any particular application or problem. Some examples are python, java, BASIC, PASCAL etc Programming errors A bug is an error in a program. Some types of programming errors are  Logical Errors  Syntax Errors  Execution Errors Logical Errors are programming errors that causes the program to operate incorrectly, but not to terminate abnormally or crash. Unlike a program with a syntax error, a program with a logic error is a valid program in the language, though it does not behave as intended. Logical errors are difficult to detect. Syntax Errors occurs when the code given does not follow the syntax rules of a programming language. Examples include misspelling a statement (writing Print instead of print).Syntax refers to rules that defines the structure of a language. It defines how words and symbols are been written in that particular programming language. Debugging Debugging is the process of eliminating all errors and suitably modify instructions for smooth running of program.  WEEK TEN PROGRAMMING WITH BASIC Reference Books: i. Hiit @ School, Computer Studies for Senior Secondary Education. ii. Basic Computer studies for Senior Secondary Education. CONTENT Basic Programming BASIC (Beginners all – purpose symbolic instruction code) is a family of general – purpose, high – level programming language designed for ease of use. The original version was created by John.G. Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth college in 1964. They wanted to enable students in non – scientific field to use the computer system. Versions of BASIC  Q BASIC (Quick BASIC)  T BASIC (Turbo BASIC)  V BASIC (Visual BASIC)  Apple soft BASIC Rules of BASIC programming  All expressions must be written in capital letters  First character must be an Alphabet  BASIC statement or keyword must start with a line number  Each line must contain only one BASIC program statement  There must not be full stop at the end of a statement  END/STOP statement must be the last entry in a program Elements of BASIC 1. Character set: this refers to any letter, number, sign and symbol and punctuation mark in any language used for representing information. Numbers:comprises of numbers (0 – 9). Alphabet:comprises of upper and lower case alphabets (Aa – Zz). Special characters/symbols: @,%,$,(,),:,; etc. 2. Line numbers: in BASIC, we need a line number for each BASIC statement. The number ranges from 1 to 99,999 10………….. 20………….. etc. 3. Data Constant and Data Variables: Data Constant: these are data that do not change during the course of computation or program execution. Data Variables: they are data that can be changed in quantities during execution. 4. Reserved Keyword: This refer toa word that is reserved by a program because the word has a special meaning. They are called BASIC statement in BASIC programming language Classification of Data  Numeric data  String data Numeric data are data in which arithmetic operations can be carried out on. e.g. 2*3, 5-2, 4+7 etc. Names are given to the numeric variables so that the Computer can understand it.e.g. 10 LET A = 5 20 LET B = 6 30 PRINT A, B 40 END String Data/Variables are data which arithmetic operations cannot be carried on. The values is usually characters enclosed in quotation marks (single or double). e.g. 10 LET A$ = “Father” 20 LET B$ = “Christmas” 30 PRINT A$ + B$ 40 END Output => Father Christmas Operators and Expressions in BASIC There are three types of operators which are; arithmetic, relational and logical operators. There are precedence when it comes to these operators. An operator with higher precedence will be evaluated first before the other. 1. Arithmetic Operators: these are special characters/symbols used in carrying out basic arithmetic operations. E.g. () (brackets), ** or ^ (exponential), / (division), * (Multiplication), + (Addition) and – (Subtraction). 2. Relational Operators: a relational operator is a programming language construct or operator that tests or defines some kind of relation between two entities. E.g. = (Equal to), /= or != (Not Equal to), > (Greater than), < (Less than), >= (Greater than or equal to),