History of Psychotherapy Research PDF

History of Psychology Session 9: Psychotherapy research Loreen Tisdall, Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences November 18, 2024 # Date Topic Instructor 1 23.09.2024 Session 1: Introduction Tisdall 2 30....

History of Psychology Session 9: Psychotherapy research Loreen Tisdall, Center for Cognitive and Decision Sciences November 18, 2024 # Date Topic Instructor 1 23.09.2024 Session 1: Introduction Tisdall 2 30.09.2024 Session 2: Pre-psychology Mata 3 07.10.2024 Session 3: The birth of psychology Mata 4 14.10.2024 Session 4: Psychoanalysis Mata 5 21.10.2024 Session 5: Behaviorism Mata 6 28.10.2024 Session 6: Gestalt psychology Mata 7 04.11.2024 Session 7: Cognitive psychology Mata 8 11.11.2024 Session 8: Psychology today Tisdall 9 18.11.2024 Session 9: Psychotherapy research Tisdall 10 25.11.2024 Session 10: Psychological testing Tisdall 11 02.12.2024 Session 11: Decision science Tisdall 12 09.12.2024 Session 12: What kind of science is psychology? Mata Learning Objectives for Today Distinguish the main psychotherapy approaches and identify their goals and methods Distinguish the main phases and identify key events in psychotherapy research, such as the birth of process and outcome research Identify the principles/rationale of key tools in evidence-based practice, such as randomised control trials and meta-analyses 3  Psychotherapy ==> “the informed and planful application of techniques derived from established psychological principles, by persons quali ed through training and experience to understand these principles and to apply these techniques with the intention of assisting individuals to modify such personal characteristics as feelings, values, attitudes, and behaviors which are judged by the therapist to be maladaptive or maladjustive.” (Meltzo & Kornreich, 1970) ==> “the informed and intentional application of clinical methods and interpersonal stances derived from established psychological principles for the purpose of assisting people to modify their behaviors, cognitions, emotions, and/or other personal characteristics in directions that the participants deem desirable.” (Norcross, 1990) Meltzo , J. K., & Kornreich, M. (1970). Research in Psychotherapy. New York: Atherton. Campbell, L. F., Norcross, J. C., Vasquez, M. J., & Kaslow, N. J. (2013). Recognition of psychotherapy e ectiveness: the APA resolution. Psychotherapy, 50(1), 98. 4 https://oce.ovid.com/article/01745799-201305010-00013/PDF ff fi ff ff Psychotherapy: Main approaches There are several forms of psychotherapy, with many of their concepts and methods emerging directly or indirectly from many of the schools we addressed earlier in this course! APPROACH GOALS METHODS Close working partnership between therapist and client Helps clients discover the unconscious meaning and Psychoanalysis / Clients learn about themselves by exploring their interactions in the motivation behind problematic feelings, behaviours, Psychodynamic Therapies feelings and thoughts therapeutic relationship e.g., psychoanalysis with free association and dream analysis Focuses on the role of learning and learned associations e.g., techniques rooted in classical conditioning (e.g., exposure, Helps clients replace harmful behaviors with bene cial Behavior Therapy aversion), operant conditioning (e.g., positive/negative reinforcement, ones token economy), and social learning (e.g., social skills training, modeling, role-playing) Helps clients develop a stronger, healthier sense of self Centred on empathy, active listening, authenticity, self-re ection, Humanistic Therapy through emphasis on personal growth, self-actualization, unconditional positive regard, and awareness of the “here and now” and the inherent goodness of individuals e.g., client-centred therapy, gestalt therapy, and existential therapy Helps clients identify and eliminate harmful thought Focuses on what people think rather than what they do Cognitive Therapy patterns, and replace them with more positive / bene cial e.g., cognitive restructuring / reframing, behavioral activation, ones Socratic questioning, and cognitive-behavioral therapy Integrative / Helps clients achieve their goals, balance, resilience, and Therapists blend elements from di erent approaches and tailor their Holistic Therapy a deeper understanding of themselves treatment according to each client's needs https://www.apa.org/topics/psychotherapy/approaches 5 ff fi fi fl  Is psychotherapy an example of evidence-based practice in psychology? (Why) should it be? 6 Your turn! What do we mean if we refer to evidence-based practice in psychology? Talk to your neighbour(s) and exchange ideas! Image created with AI (Bing), February 2024 ~2 minutes 7 Evidence-based practice in psychology “Evidence-based practice in psychology (EBPP) is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of patient characteristics, culture, and preferences. […] The purpose of EBPP is to promote effective psychological practice and enhance public health by applying empirically supported principles of psychological assessment, case formulation, therapeutic relationship, and intervention.” APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice In which year did the APA adopt evidence-based practice in psychology? 2006 APA Presidential Task Force on Evidence-Based Practice. (2006). Evidence-based practice in psychology. The American Psychologist, 61(4), 271-285. https://www.apa.org/ 8 pubs/journals/features/evidence-based-statement.pdf  Psychotherapy research ==> the scienti c study of the outcomes and processes involved in psychotherapy ==> branch through which psychology as a discipline has strived to make psychotherapy an evidence-based practice that does not solely rely on the intuition of clinicians but refers to scienti c results - such as controlled studies - to validate and investigate the ef cacy and mechanisms underlying psychotherapeutic techniques Scienti c research Clinical Clinical Scienti c & expertise expertise research 9 fi fi fi fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes Some Implicit Common Methods in Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 10 fi Early criticism and call for scienti c investigation Saul Rosenzweig was a pioneer of early psychotherapy research in 1930s, who coined the Dodo Bird Hypothesis (more on that later!) Rosenzweig and Mason conducted experimental work to elicit and study repression (key concept in psychoanalysis, defense mechanism) Rosenzweig wrote to Freud with lab results on repression … and Freud responded: “I have noted with interest your experimental work in testing psychoanalytic claims. I cannot estimate these con rmations very highly, because the abundance of my reliable observations on which those claims are based makes them independent of experimental testing. Nevertheless, these can do no harm.” Freud, letter to Rosenzweig, 1934 11 fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The Interpretation of Dreams 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes Some Implicit Common Methods in Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy 1930s: Institutions started outcome research by documenting treatment results (mainly tables, tallies), but overall poor and unstandardized documentation 1940: Carl Rogers records and transcribes therapy sessions 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in the International Classi cation of Diseases (ICD-6) manual 1948: Use of a placebo control design by the Medical Research Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 12 fi fi Randomized Control Trial (RCT) Randomized control(led) trial (RCT) A type of scienti c (often medical) experiment, where the people being studied are randomly allocated one or other of the different treatments under study. RCTs are considered the gold standard for a clinical trial. RCTs are often used to test the ef cacy or effectiveness of various types of medical intervention and may provide information about adverse effects, such as drug reactions. Random assignment of intervention is done after subjects have been assessed for eligibility and recruited, but before the intervention to be studied begins. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial 13 fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1940: Carl Rogers records and transcribes therapy sessions 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in the International Classi cation of Diseases (ICD-6) manual 1948: Use of a placebo control design by the Medical Research Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 14 fi fi fi Hans Eysenck’s attack on psychotherapy (1952): A catalyst for change Eysenck, H. J. (1992). The e ects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 659. https://oce.ovid.com/article/ 15 00004730-199210000-00001/PDF ff  Hans Eysenck’s attack on psychotherapy (1952): A catalyst for change “In view of the importance of the issues involved, it seemed worth while to examine the evidence relating to the actual effects of psychotherapy, in an attempt to seek clari cation on a point of fact.” (p. 659) “We may now turn to the gures as presented. Patients treated by means of psychoanalysis improve to the extent of 44 per cent; patients treated eclectically improve to the extent of 64 per cent; patients treated only custodially or by general practitioners improve to the extent of 72 per cent [DATA NOT SHOWN IN TABLE]. There thus appears to be an inverse correlation between recovery and psychotherapy; the more psychotherapy, the smaller the recovery rate.” (p. 660) “[…] should give pause to those who would wish to give an important part in the training of clinical psychologists to a skill the existence and effectiveness of which is still unsupported by any scienti cally acceptable evidence. […] The gures fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder.” (p. 662) Eysenck, H. J. (1992). The e ects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 659. https://oce.ovid.com/article/ 16 00004730-199210000-00001/PDF fi fi ff fi fi  Hans Eysenck’s attack on psychotherapy (1952): A catalyst for change “In view of the importance of the issues involved, it seemed worth while to examine the evidence relating to the actual effects of psychotherapy, in an attempt to seek clari cation on a point of fact.” (p. 659) “We may now turn to the gures as presented. Patients treated by means of psychoanalysis improve to the extent of 44 per cent; patients treated eclectically improve Eysenck’s worktowastheheavily extentcriticized, of 64 per cent; patientsfor treated example only on thecustodially basis of his or useby of general seemingly practitioners different improve to standards the extenttoofde72neper cent control [DATA NOTgroups, SHOWN illness severity,There IN TABLE]. standards thus for appears recovery, etc., to be an inverse correlation between recovery and psychotherapy; BUT:the Ledmore psychotherapy, to further efforts in the smaller the recovery rate.” (p. 660) research!!! psychotherapy “[…] should give pause to those who would wish to give an important part in the training of clinical psychologists to a skill the existence and effectiveness of which is still unsupported by any scienti cally acceptable evidence. […] The gures fail to support the hypothesis that psychotherapy facilitates recovery from neurotic disorder.” (p. 662) Eysenck, H. J. (1992). The e ects of psychotherapy: An evaluation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(5), 659. https://oce.ovid.com/article/ 17 00004730-199210000-00001/PDF fi fi ff fi fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1940: Carl Rogers records and 1956: Placebo control in transcribes therapy sessions psychotherapy research adovated by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1948: Use of a placebo control design by the Medical Research Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 18 fi fi fi Competing therapeutical approaches Joseph Wolpe (1915 - 1997) was a South African psychiatrist and one of the most in uential gures in behavior therapy Reciprocal inhibition = a technique in which a response or feeling (e.g., anxiety) is inhibited by another feeling or response that is not compatible with the former; Wolpe used reciprocal inhibition in the form of assertiveness training under the assumption that one cannot be angry/anxious while simultaneously assertive at same time. Systematic desensitization = a technique to help people effectively overcome phobias and other anxiety disorders based on principles of classical conditioning; a person is exposed to a stimulus at a low level, and once no negative reaction is present a stronger version of the negative stimulus is given Rachman, S. (2000). Joseph Wolpe (1915–1997). The American Psychologist, 55(4), 431-432. https://oce.ovid.com/article/00000487-200004000-00007/PDF 19 fl fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1940: Carl Rogers records and 1956: Placebo control in transcribes therapy sessions psychotherapy research adovated by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1948: Use of a placebo control 1958: APA and NIMH organize design by the Medical Research conferences on psychotherapy Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 20 fi fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes 1975: Beck, Mahoney, & Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy Meichenbaum publish Cognitive Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical 1976: Gene Glass coins the term Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) meta-analysis 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1940: Carl Rogers records and 1956: Placebo control in transcribes therapy sessions psychotherapy research adovated by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1948: Use of a placebo control 1958: APA and NIMH organize design by the Medical Research conferences on psychotherapy Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 21 fi fi fi  Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis “Systematic review attempts to collate all empirical evidence that ts pre-speci ed eligibility criteria to answer a speci c research question. It uses explicit, systematic methods that are selected with a view to minimizing bias, thus providing reliable ndings from which conclusions can be drawn and decisions made [184,185]. The key characteristics of a systematic review are: (a) a clearly stated set of objectives with an explicit, reproducible methodology; (b) a systematic search that attempts to identify all studies that would meet the eligibility criteria; (c) an assessment of the validity of the ndings of the included studies, for example through the assessment of risk of bias; and (d) systematic presentation, and synthesis, of the characteristics and ndings of the included studies.” “Meta-analysis is the use of statistical techniques to integrate and summarize the results of included studies. Many systematic reviews contain meta-analyses, but not all. By combining information from all relevant studies, meta- analyses can provide more precise estimates of the effects of health care than those derived from the individual studies included within a review.” Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzla , J., Mulrow, C., Gotzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., et al. (2009). The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate 22 healthcare interventions: explanation and elaboration. BMJ, 339(jul21 1), b2700–b2700. http://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.b2700 fi fi fi fi fi ff fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes 1975: Beck, Mahoney, & Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy Meichenbaum publish Cognitive Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical 1976: Gene Glass coins the term Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) meta-analysis 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to 1977: Meta-analysis by Glass & research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, Smith shows effectiveness of results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of psychotherapy overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1940: Carl Rogers records and 1956: Placebo control in transcribes therapy sessions psychotherapy research adovated by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on mental disorders was included in 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1948: Use of a placebo control 1958: APA and NIMH organize design by the Medical Research conferences on psychotherapy Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 23 fi fi fi Smith & Glass (1977) “Results of nearly 400 controlled evaluations of psychotherapy and counseling were coded and integrated statistically. The ndings provide convincing evidence of the ef cacy of psychotherapy. On the average, the typical therapy client is better off than 75% of untreated individuals.” Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32(9), 752–760. 24 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.9.752 fi fi  Smith & Glass (1977) “Everybody has won, and all must have prizes.” Lewis Carroll (1865), Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dodo_(Alice's_Adventures_in_Wonderland) “[…] Few important differences in effectiveness could Dodo bird verdict A controversial topic in psychotherapy, referring to the be established among many quite different types of claim that all psychotherapies, regardless of their speci c psychotherapy. More generally, virtually no difference in components, produce equivalent outcomes. The effectiveness was observed between the class of all conjecture was introduced by Saul Rosenzweig in 1936, behavioral therapies (systematic desensitization, behavior drawing on imagery from Lewis Carroll's novel Alice's modi cation) and the nonbehavioral therapies (Rogerian, Adventures in Wonderland, but only came into psychodynamic, rational-emotive, transactional analysis, prominence with the emergence of new research evidence etc.)” in the 1970s (e.g., Smith & Glass, 1977). Smith, M. L., & Glass, G. V. (1977). Meta-analysis of psychotherapy outcome studies. American Psychologist, 32(9), 752–760. 25 https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.32.9.752 fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes 1975: Beck, Mahoney, & Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy Meichenbaum publish Cognitive Therapy 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical 1976: Gene Glass coins the term Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) meta-analysis 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to 1977: Meta-analysis by Glass & research by documenting treatment integrate primary outcome studies, Smith shows effectiveness of results (mainly tables, tallies), but suggesting that the effect of psychotherapy overall poor and unstandardized psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation than spontaneous recovery 1979: Systematic analysis of language in psychotherapy by 1940: Carl Rogers records and 1956: Placebo control in Russell & Stiles hints at transcribes therapy sessions psychotherapy research adovated commonality by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on 1980: FDA requires double-blind mental disorders was included in 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes placebo design the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1982: Publication of Converging Themes in Psychotherapy, a book 1948: Use of a placebo control 1958: APA and NIMH organize promoting common factors theory design by the Medical Research conferences on psychotherapy Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 26 fi fi fi The Great (Psychotherapy) Debate: Common factors versus speci city Common factors theory A theory guiding some research in clinical psychology and counseling psychology, which proposes that different approaches and evidence-based practices in psychotherapy and counseling share common (pan-theoretical) factors that account for much of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment. Wampold argues that larger effects of goal consensus, empathy, and therapeutic alliance relative to treatment differences speaks for “common factors”. Chambless emphasises speci city and argues that common factors are likely more important for some mental health problems (e.g., depression) than others (OCD, phobia) Wampold, B. E. (2015). How important are the common factors in psychotherapy? An update. World Psychiatry, 14(3), 270-277. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/wps.20238 Chambless, D. L., & Ollendick, T. H. (2001). Empirically supported psychological, interventions: Controversies and evidence. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 685–716. http://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.psych.52.1.685 27 fi fi Psychotherapy research: Four phases and major events PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV (1900s - 1940s) (1950s - 1960s) (1970s - 1980s) (1990 - present) The birth of psychotherapy The birth of meta-analysis and Institutionalization of evidence- research (Outcome and Process The search for scienti c rigor institutionalization of randomized based practice in medicine and Research) control trials psychology 1899: Freud publishes The 1950s: Carl Rogers publishes 1975: Beck, Mahoney, & 1993: Cochrane Collaboration is Interpretation of Dreams Client-centered Therapy Meichenbaum publish Cognitive founded to systematize (and Therapy communicate) evidence in medicine; 1936: Saul Rosenzweig publishes 1952: Publication of the rst edition sister organisation for psychology, Some Implicit Common Methods in fo the Diagnostic and Statistical 1976: Gene Glass coins the term Diverse Forms of Psychotherapy the Campbell Collaboration, is Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) meta-analysis founded in 1999 1930s: Institutions started outcome 1952: Hans Eysenck attempts to 1977: Meta-analysis by Glass & research by documenting treatment 1995: Empirically supported integrate primary outcome studies, Smith shows effectiveness of results (mainly tables, tallies), but treatments designated by Division suggesting that the effect of psychotherapy overall poor and unstandardized 12 (Clinical Psychology) of the APA psychotherapy is equal to or less documentation 1979: Systematic analysis of on the basis of RCTs than spontaneous recovery language in psychotherapy by 1940: Carl Rogers records and 2001: Institute of Medicine adopts 1956: Placebo control in Russell & Stiles hints at transcribes therapy sessions evidence-based practice in psychotherapy research adovated commonality medicine by Rosenthal & Frank 1946: First time that a section on 1980: FDA requires double-blind mental disorders was included in 2006: APA adopts evidence-based 1958: Joseph Wolpe publishes placebo design the International Classi cation of Psychotherapy by Reciprocal practice in psychology Diseases (ICD-6) manual Inhibition 1982: Publication of Converging Themes in Psychotherapy, a book 1948: Use of a placebo control 1958: APA and NIMH organize promoting common factors theory design by the Medical Research conferences on psychotherapy Council Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 Russell, R. L., & Orlinsky, D. E. (1996). Psychotherapy research in historical perspective: Implications for mental health care policy. Archives of General Psychiatry, 53(8), 708-715. Link to paper 28 fi fi fi The work continues … Stewart, R. E., Chambless, D. L., & Baron, J. (2011). Theoretical and practical barriers to practitioners' willingness to seek training in empirically supported treatments. 29 Journal of Clinical Psychology, 68(1), 8–23. http://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20832 Summary Psychotherapy: Psychotherapy as application of clinical methods derived from psychological science for the purpose of assisting people to modify cognition and behavior; partial mapping between “schools” and psychotherapeutic approaches Psychotherapy Research: the scienti c treatment of the outcomes and processes (mechanisms) related to psychotherapy The Great (Psychotherapy) Debate: a debate about the role of common mechanisms present across therapeutic approaches (e.g., empathy, shared goals) and those that are speci c to some approaches (e.g., identi cation of defense mechanisms in psychoanalysis vs. exposure to phobias in behavioural therapy); meta-analyses seem to provide evidence for both (with larger effects for common factors) Evidence-based practice: progression from outcome to process research; creation of standard (scienti c) evaluation procedures including the use of controls (e.g., placebo), random assignment (i.e., RCT), systematic and unbiased assessment of empirical data (i.e., systematic reviews and meta-analysis), aided by the establishment of guidelines (e.g., PRISMA) and institutions/repositories (Cochrane, Campbell); parallels between Medicine and Psychology 30 fi fi fi fi Key reading Braakmann, D. (2015). Historical Paths in Psychotherapy Research. In: Gelo, O., Pritz, A., Rieken, B. (eds) Psychotherapy Research. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/ 10.1007/978-3-7091-1382-0_3 31 Additional readings (optional) Wampold, B. E. (2015). The great psychotherapy debate: The evidence for what makes psychotherapy work. https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/unibasch-ebooks/detail.action? pq-origsite=primo&docID=1968907 32