History Quiz Notes PDF: Christianity, Roman Empire, and the Frankish Kingdoms

Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A w...

Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Justinian Code Legal system that preserved and 529-534 CE simplified Roman laws.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus ✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Hagia Sophia Major church was built under Completed 537 CE Justinian; later it became a mosque.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Plague of Justinian Bubonic plague that weakened 541-549 CE the Byzantine Empire. Patriarch Head of the Eastern Orthodox Established 4th century CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus ✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Church; counterpart to the pope in the west. Schism/Icons Conflict over religious images Iconoclastic Controversy:  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE that led to divisions in 726-843 CE Christianity. The Great Schism/Eastern Split between Eastern and 1054 CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Orthodox Church/ Roman Western Christianity over Catholic Church theological and political differences.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus ✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Missionaries Christian travelers who spread Active from 1st century CE the faith; Cyril and Methodius onward converted the Slaves. Usually traveled in pairs  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Merovingians First ruling dynasty of the Franks c. 450-751 CE before the Carolingians. Clovis/Clotild (r. 481-511) Clovis united the Franks and Clovis r. 481-511 CE; Clotild d.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE converted to Christianity, 545 CE securing the Church's support. Civitas Administrative and religious Throughout Frankish period  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus ✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE centers in Frankish kingdoms, similar to Roman cities. Carolingians Dynasty that replaced the 751-987 CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Merovingians, beginning with Charles Martel. Charles Martel Frankish leader who stopped c. 688-741 CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Muslim expansion into Western Europe. Battle of Poitiers, 732 Battle where Charles Martel 732 CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE defeated Muslim forces, ensuring Christian dominance in Western Europe.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Charlemegne Expanded the Frankish Empire, (r. 768-814) revived learning, and was crowned emperor by the pope.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Missi dominici Royal officials sent by Throughout Charlemagne’s reign Charlemagne to enforce laws and ensure loyalty.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Holy Roman Empire Political entity that attempted to Founded 800 CE; dissolved 1806 revive Rome’s legacy but lacked CE centralized power.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus ✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Pope Leo III Crowned Charlemagne as r. 795-816 CE Emperor of the Romans, reinforcing papal authority.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Renovatio romani imperi Charlemagne’s vision of reviving Late 8th century CE the Roman Empire through Christian rule.  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE Carolingian Renaissance Revival of learning and culture Late 8th – early 9th century CE under Charlemagne. Treaty of Verdun Divided Charlemagne’s empire 843 CE  Term Explanation/Significance Date Messiah ✅ Prophesied savior in Judaism; Christians believed that Jesus N/A was the Messiah Jesus of Nazareth ✅ Central figure of Christianity; Believed to be the son of god; c. 4 BCE – c. 30 CE crucified by the Romans Disciples/Apostles ✅ Jesus’ followers who spread his teachings; main ones are Paul of 1st century CE Tarsus, Peter, John The Gospels/New Testament ✅ The four gospels who wrote the New Testament: about Jesus’ life c. 50-100 CE and teachings, central scripture of Christianity Paul of Tarsus✅ Major early Christian missionary; spread Christianity to Gentiles; c. 5 CE – c. 64-67 CE wrote many New testament epistles(letters) Constantine ✅ Roman empire who legalized Christianity with the Edict of r. 306-337 CE Milan and founded Constantinople Peter One of Jesus’ closest disciples; c. 1 BCE – c. 64-68 CE regarded as the first pope; martyred in Rome. Bishops/Popes Christian leaders overseeing Established 1st century CE church regions; the pope became head of the Catholic Church. Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Eastern continuation of the 330-1453 CE Empire Roman Empire; preserved Roman culture and law. Byzantium/Constantinople Capital of the Byzantine Empire; 330 CE founded by Constantine. Justinian/Theodora Emperor and empress who Justinian r. 527-565 CE; expanded the empire. Theodora d. 548 CE among his three grandsons, leading to fragmentation. The Early Spread of Christianity ​ What was Christianity, what were its core beliefs, and why was it appealing to individual people? o​ Christianity is a monotheistic religion centered on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth, who was believed to be the Messiah in Judaism. Some core beliefs included love, forgiveness, inclusion of all, and eternal life after death. It was appealing to individuals because it offered hope to the poor, promised spiritual equality, and provided a sense of community and belonging no matter who you are. ​ How/where/why did Christianity spread in the two/three centuries following Jesus’ death? Who were the key people/groups involved in its spread? o​ After Jesus’ crucifixion, the disciples/apostles (such as Peter) spread his message and teachings, particularly in Jewish and Gentile communities. The Gospels, wrote accounts of Jesus’ life, helped codify his teachings. Paul of Tarsus played a crucial role in spreading Christianity after Jesus’ death (46-49 AD), establishing churches and writing letters (epistles). Persecution by Roman authorities slowed the spread of Christianity at first, but it kept spreading underground and gained followers. The bishops and popes also helped grow the religion and later, Constantine legalized the religion with the Edict of Milan (313 CE). ​ Historical Significance Terms: Christianity, Messiah, Jesus of Nazareth/Christ, disciples/apostles, Gospels, Paul of Tarsus, Constantine, Peter, bishops/popes. The Legacy of the Roman Empire: The Eastern/Byzantine Empire and the Western Kingdoms ​ What happened to each “side” of the Roman Empire in the centuries following the fall in 476? o​ The Western Roman Empire fell due to internal decay and invasions from Germanic tribes. Meanwhile, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) maintained much of Rome’s power but was mostly Greek, not Latin. Both regions however retained the Justinian Code, and military ambitions ​ How did the Byzantine Empire differ from the Roman Empire? How did it differ from the Western Kingdoms of the former Empire? What similarities did the Byzantines have with each? ​ What did the Eastern Orthodox Church have in common with the Roman Catholic Church? How was it different, and why did they develop differently from each other?  ​ Historical Significance Terms: Byzantine Empire, Justinian/Theodora, Justinian Code, Constantinople, Hagia Sophia, Plague of Justinian, schisms, Iconoclastic Controversy, The Great Schism, Roman Catholic Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, patriarch, missionaries. The Frankish Kingdoms: Merovingians, Carolingians, and the “Holy Roman Empire” ​ How did Clovis/The Merovingians and Charlemagne/The Carolingians re-establish kingdoms/empires in Western Europe? ​ What was Clovis’s and Charlemagne’s relationship with the Catholic Church? How did they help Christianity spread? ​ What did Clovis’s kingdom and Charlemagne’s empire(?) have in common with Rome? How was it different? ​ Was the Holy Roman Empire, holy, Roman, and/or an empire? Why or why not?