History of Transportation - PDF

CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION The history of transportation can be simply divided into periods during which motive power was most characteristically furnished by human and animal muscle, by such natural forces as wind and gravity, and by fuel-operated machines. "TRANSPORTATION™ another. an...

CHAPTER 1 HISTORY OF TRANSPORTATION The history of transportation can be simply divided into periods during which motive power was most characteristically furnished by human and animal muscle, by such natural forces as wind and gravity, and by fuel-operated machines. "TRANSPORTATION™ another. an act or process of conveying from one place to It is derived from the Latin words "Terans" meaning across and move and "Portare" meaning to carry. The Manpower ​ Sled - Used during the Stone Age to transport firewood and killed animals ​ Ancient Cart - sled mounted on wheels ​ Wheel - invented in 3500 BC in the Tigris-Euphrates Valles (Mesopotamia) The Animal Power While human muscle power was still used widely for transport in Ancient Egypt, animal muscle power was widely exploited in other river valley civilizations. Ox, ass, and camel were tamed in the middle east by 3000 BC. ​ Arctic Snow - reindeer ​ India - elephant ​ Peru - llama ​ The Wind Power There is clear evidence of the migrations of primitive people over the wide stretch of the ocean long before 3000 BC. Primitive men may have hoisted crude sails of skin on his rafts or canoes. Three-mast ships - developed in 1450 AD The Water Transportation ​ The boats have been the means of transportation for man since time immemorial. The first boats date back to prehistoric times. These were simply floating logs or driftwoods paddled with the hands. Then, the dug-out canoe appeared. ​ In 1783, the steamboat was invented by French Nobleman Marquis de Jouffroy de Abbans. ​ Then came ships and submarines. The Road and Vehicle  ​ The Roman brought road building to its highest point of perfection in ancient times. The Roman's road network reaches a total of about 50,000 miles or 80,000 km, with feeder roads branching out from the main highways. ​ The roads were costly because Roman Road Engineers assumed that deep foundations, formed by layer after layer of heavy stones, were necessary to make roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years. ​ In 1815, John Mc Adam perfected the macadamized road in England. Realizing that dry native soil would support any weight, Mc Adam made the surface of his roads completely watertight and curved so that rain would run off them as of a roof. ​ A coach could average only about 4 mph or 6.4 kph. The Canals and Railways ​ Significant improvement of roads had solved the problem of fast transportation of passengers and light freight, but the problem in transporting heavy freight remained. This led to the development of canals and railroads. ​ In 1814, the railway locomotive used for hauling coal was fully developed. The first railroad is the "Stockton and Darlington Line” The Bicycle ​ The bicycle is important in the history of transportation because the bicycle industry played as a nursery for automobile builders. In 1818, bicycles have wooden wheels and were pushed by feet on the ground. ​ In 1865a bicycle with pedals was developed. The Automobiles ​ The earliest automobiles ran on four (4) bicycle wheels. "Steam Traction Engines" were a familiar sight on the road at the end of the 19th century. ​ Frenchman Etienne Lenoir invented a vehicle driven by an internal combustion engine. By 1865, there were 400 Lenoir Gas engines in France. ​ Two (2) German investors, Nicolaus Otto and Gottlieb Daimler, also pioneered the manufacture of gas engines, and Daimler later became a successful manufacturer of automobiles. ​ John Boyd Dunlop invented the "pneumatic bicycle tire" in 1888 and gave tremendous impetus to this early work. The Air Transport ​ The era of air transportation began with the development of the internal combustion engine. Men were making balloons and flights more than a century before brothers Wilbur and Orville Wright made their famous first flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina, USA in 1903. Orville piloted the gasoline-powered, propeller-driven biplane, which stayed aloft for 12 seconds. ​ The progress of air transportation was hastened by world wars 1 and 2. The jet engine was invented, and the rocket's development opened up the era of space exploration.