History of Subcontinent - Miss Najyah Saleem

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF SUBCONTINENT From the desk of Miss Najyah Saleem & Sir Qazi Muhammad Haris  MAIN TOPICS:  1) Invasion of Muslims and then Britishers in the Subcontinent.  2) Factors leading to the birth of the nation. (Economic, Social, Political)  3) The Struggle for Pakistan....

CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF SUBCONTINENT From the desk of Miss Najyah Saleem & Sir Qazi Muhammad Haris  MAIN TOPICS:  1) Invasion of Muslims and then Britishers in the Subcontinent.  2) Factors leading to the birth of the nation. (Economic, Social, Political)  3) The Struggle for Pakistan. a) British Colonization b) The Muslim reform movement c) The struggle for Independence d) The Pakistan Movement.  4) Aims and Objective for the Establishment of Pakistan.  5) Ideology: Two Nation Theory  6) Sir Syed Ahmed khan  7) Allama Dr. Muhammad Iqbal  8) Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah.  9) Glimpses of Pakistan’s Movement (1849-1947) SUBCONTINENT HISTORY  We can divide the history of subcontinent into 4 parts.  5000 B.C.E to 712 A.D = Subcontinent had been ruled by Hindus/Budhists majorly.  712 AD to 1857 A.D = Subcontinent had been ruled by Muslims majorly.  1857 A.D to 1947 A.D = Subcontinent had been ruled by Britishers.  After 1947: Separate Nations with separate countries. SUBCONTINENT (5000 B.C.E TO 712 A.D)  The latitude for Southern Asia is: 25.03764 and the longitude is: 76.456309. The civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt have long been recognized for their celebrated contributions to civilization, India has often been overlooked, especially in the West, though its history and culture is just as rich. The Indus Valley Civilization (c. 7000-c. 600 BCE) was among the greatest of the ancient world, covering more territory than either Egypt or Mesopotamia, and producing an equally vibrant and progressive culture.  It is the birthplace of four great world religions - Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism - as well as the philosophical school of Charvaka which influenced the development of scientific thought and inquiry. The inventions and innovations of the people of ancient India include many aspects of modern life taken for granted today including the flush toilet, drainage and sewer systems, public pools, mathematics, veterinary science, plastic surgery, board games, yoga and meditation, as well as many more.  In these years subcontinent was ruled by Hindus and Budhists majorly.  SUBCONTINENT (5000 B.C.E TO 712 A.D)  In early 7th century Holy Prophet peace be upon him was born in Makkah and then Islam was spread all over the Arabian peninsula.  Arab traders used to come to subcontinent as well and people here were highly impressed from their fair dealing and behaviors.  In the caliphate of Hazrat Umer r.a Muslim army invaded Persian territory and it continued in the caliphate of Hazrat Usman as well, until the reached the boundary of current Makran. SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  Although Muslims invaded near border areas of current Pakistan but they didn’t invade the land of subcontinent until Muhammad bin Qasim (695 AD to 715 AD) came here.  According to some historians Arabs used to come Subcontinent to visit Hazrat Adam’s peek (Srilanka) and trade. Once a group of pirates attacked the people of Arab and harassed a girl, then she wrote a letter to Hajjaj bin Yousuf, who was the governor of Iraq that time.  He had a discussion with Abdul Malik (Umayyad Caliphate from 685 AD to 705 AD) but the caliph was not interested to attack. Meanwhile Hajjaj wrote letters to Raja Dahir (Raja of Sindh 695 AD to 712 AD) but he didn’t give a positive response.  When Waleed bin Abdul Malik (Caliphate 705 AD to 715 AD) became caliph, He allowed Hajjaj to take action against Raja so He sent his nephew Muhammad bin Qasim to Sindh to take revenge from Raja.  SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  After the attack of Muhammad bin Qasim, Sindh came under the caliphate of Banu Umayya.  Raja Dahir was killed at the Battle of Aror which took place between his dynasty and the Arabs at the banks of the Indus River, near modern-day Nawabshah at the hands of the Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim. His body was then decapitated and his head was sent to the governor of Basra, Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf.  Muhammad bin Qasim was falsely alleged of a case of harassment by the sister of Raja Dahir, Muhammad was wrapped and stitched in oxen hides, and sent to Syria, which resulted in his death in route from suffocation.  SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  In the early days of 11th century some people separated from the majority of Muslims, they were almost atheists but called themselves Muslims. They had been called “Karamati”.  Mahmood Ghaznavi (971 A.D to 1030 A.D) attacked Sindh and surrounding areas to fight with those people and then Hindus.  He came from Ghazni (Afghanistan) and attacked 17 places in India between 1000 A.D and 1025, in which he invaded Somnat temple.  Sultan Mahmood Ghaznavi made his slave Ayaz the governor of Lahore. In this era the Ghazvanid Empire was spread to Sindh in south and Ladakh in north.  SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  Sultan Muhammad Ghouri attacked India to invade it. His invasions in India were conquest of Multan and Sindh, between1175-1178.  The first invasion of Muhammad Ghori was in 1175 AD when he attacked Multan, defeated the ruling Ismailian Heretics and was successful in capturing Multan. From Multan, he captured Uch in Upper Sindh in 1178 AD and established a fort there.  In 1911 A.D the army of Muhammad Ghouri had deeb defeated by Prithviraj’s army. The Second Battle of Tarain was fought in 1192 A.D by the Ghurids against the Chahamanas and their allies, near Tarain (modern Taraori in Haryana, India). The Ghurid king Muizudin Ghori defeated the Chahamana king Prithiviraj Chauhan thus avenging his earlier defeat at the First Battle of Tarain. Later the territory of Ghuri empire was spread far away.  SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  After Moiz Uddin, Sultan Qutb Uddin Aibak preceeded the kingdom, after which Altamash took the charge.  Altamash was sold into slavery but married the daughter of his master, Quṭb uddin Aibak, whom he succeeded in 1211.  He strengthened and expanded the Muslim empire in northern India and moved the capital to Delhi, where he built the great victory tower, the Quṭb Minar.  However Delhi sultanate remained active from 13th century to 16th century. SUBCONTINENT (712 A.D TO 1857 A.D)  The Muslims with the origin of Turkish-Mogol ruled India (specially northern part) for over 250 years. Their rule started in early 16th century and remained till 18th century.  After that time it continued to exist as a considerably reduced and increasingly powerless entity until the mid-19th century.  The Mughal empire started from Babar (1526 A.D) who was succeeded by Humayun, then Akbar, then Jahangir, then Shah Jahan and then Alamgir (1658 A.D to 1707 A.D).  After Alamgir the Mughal empire started declining due to incompetency and inexperience leadership of Mughals.  Eventually it ended in the time of Bahadur Shah Zafar in 1857, when he was captured by the Britishers. WHEN AND WHY DID THE BRITISH FIRST CHOOSE TO INVADE INDIA?  The British landed in India in Surat on August 24, 1608. While India has a rich and recorded history going back 4000 years to the Indus Valley Civilization in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, Britain had no indigenous written language until the 9th century almost 3000 years after India. Then how was it possible for the British to start capturing this huge country and control it from 1757 to 1947?  They had more economic power, better weapons and a certain European confidence which allowed them to slowly invade into the Indian subcontinent till it was ruling the huge nation. New sea route becomes popular  A sea route connecting Europe to India came into the limelight in 1498 when Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama came to Calicut.  This made India the center of attention of Europe’s trade circuit and European powers rushed to Asia to get their own trading posts.  Even though the primary motive at first was trade, slowly, the European powers started to get more interested in Acquiring territory. The British were one of these powers looking for money and action. HOW WAS THE BRITISH EAST INDIA COMPANY FORMED?  The British East India Company was formed in 1599 under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth in 1600. The British Joint Stock Company, as it was known earlier, was founded by John Watts and George White for trade with Asian nations in the south and south-east.  British merchants and aristocrats held shares in this joint stock company.  The British government had no controlling authority over the company and they shared no direct link. HOW DID THE BRITISH LAND IN INDIA?  The British East India Company came to India as traders in spices, a very important commodity in Europe back then as it was used to preserve meat. Apart from that, they primarily traded in silk, cotton, indigo dye, tea and opium.  They landed in the Indian subcontinent on August 24, 1608, at the port of Surat.  Mughal emperor Jahangir granted a farman to Captain William Hawkins permitting the English to erect a factory at Surat in 1613.  In 1615, Thomas Roe, the Ambassador to James I, got an imperial farman from Jahangir to trade and establish factories all across the Mughal empire.  Soon, the Vijaynagara Empire also gave the company permission to open a factory in Madras and the British company started to eclipse out the other European trading companies in their rising power.  A number of trading posts were established all over the east and west coasts of India and British communities developed in the three major trading towns of Calcutta, Madras and Bombay. HOW THE BRITISH ENTERED INDIAN POLITICS  The early East India Company realized that India was one big collection of provincial kingdoms and wanted to concentrate all the resources. Thus, the company stared to meddle in Indian politics and started to see a steady rise in their fortunes.  The first biggest strike from the British on India was the defeat of the Nawab of Bengal, Siraj-ud-daulah, at the hands of Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.  it was followed by the Battle of Buxar in 1764 wherein Captain Munro defeated the joint forces of Mir Qasim of Bengal, Shujauddaula of Awadh and Mughal king Shah Alam II.  Slowly but surely, the East India Company started to transform from a trading company to a ruling one.  The powers of the East India Company kept growing till 1858 when it was dissolved after the Revolt of 1857 and the British Crown took direct control of India to begin the British rule. Then the Government of India act was passed in August 2, 1858.  HISTORY: FACTORS LEADING TO THE BIRTH OF THE NATION.  A. Political Factor:  After the war of independence (1857), the British mistreated the Muslims.  Political rights of the Muslims were snatched.  Doors of new jobs were closed and also the Muslims were deprived of their jobs and were deprived of their property (estates).  After the formation of Mahasabha and its entrance into politics, biased movements like Shuddhi and Sangthan were born.  Riots occurred here and there. These extinguished the fire of revenge by dishonoring the mosques or attacking Moharram processions.  The daily increase in riots had given warning to the Muslims. It is rightly remarked that the last 25 years were spent in Hindu-Muslim civil war.  Its cure was non other than the creation of Pakistan in the Muslim majority provinces so that the daily occurrences of riots may come to an end. The Muslims may enjoy the peaceful conditions in a separate state of their own. HISTORY: FACTORS LEADING TO THE BIRTH OF THE NATION.  B. Economic Factor:  The Hindu community was not comfortable with the political rule; it was determined to worsen the condition of the minorities economically. But especially they wanted to take revenge from the Muslims for their past defeats. Under the patronage of the English, the Hindus were made the owners of the land. They were encouraged in trade and commerce also.  Only the trade of hyde and skins remained with the Muslims. They were encouraged in the trade of shining nature, or some factory, and that belonged to a Muslims, they started cut throat competitions.  So after being disheartened the Muslims had to leave the factory or trade.  The Muslims had seen this state of affairs for years till they reached the conclusion that where the problems were settled by the votes of majority, it was hardly possible to live along with the prejudiced and cruel Hindu majority.  The sole aim of the Hindus was to re-convert the Muslims to Hinduism and absorb them in that religion. So there was no room left for the Muslims except demanding a separate independent homeland, for themselves. HISTORY: FACTORS LEADING TO THE BIRTH OF THE NATION.  C. Social Factor:  Success of congress in elections of 1937 and capturing the leadership was an enough proof that the Hindus wanted to demolish Muslim civilization and culture.  Every now and then new intrigues were hatched to destroy the Muslim’s religious values.  The breeding of cows and to worship them was the reckoned culture of Hindustan.  The Hindu community was planning to prevail upon Muslims in their customs and ceremonies.  The Muslim ceremonies were interfered whereas the Hindu festivals of Diwali, Lorhis (celebrated to mark the end of peak winter, this festival is traditionally associated with the harvest of the rabi crops), Dasehra were celebrated with great pomp and show.  In short, if India were not divided, this country would have become a pure Hindu State and the next generation of Muslims would have been Muslim only by name, but it would have been impossible for the Muslims to follow Islam practically. STRUGGLE FOR PAKISTAN:  1857-1905  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lCK6pofXEs  1906-1919  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SchGx77nkiQ  1920-1929  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sGin3jSup60  1930-1939  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=krRLKrRdRh4  1940-1946  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FshONGpHQKI AIMS AND OBJECTIVES FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT OF PAKISTAN:  1. Setting up of a Free Islamic Society.  2. Protection from Communal Riots.  3. Social and Political Development of Muslims.  4. Protection of Muslim language.  5. Protection of Two Nation Theory.  6. To get rid of the repeated social humiliation.  7. To emerge as an economically sound Muslim country.  8. To stand strong and united against all odds as a nation. SETTING UP OF A FREE ISLAMIC SOCIETY: 1. Society having its own identity and government. 2. Practice its own social principles and religion and inviting the Muslims of the world, particularly and others generally to adopt the Islamic way of life. PROTECTION FROM COMMUNAL RIOTS.  The communal Riots on every other day made it clear that the Hindus could take over the politics after the departure of the British government.  The Hindu organizations had again and again asserted that HINDU RAJ would be imposed on India after the independence War.  So to get rid of these atrocities the Muslim demanded their separate state. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT OF MUSLIMS:  After the war of Independence 1857, the social environment was totally changed.  The Muslims were scared of the caste system of Hindus and other discriminations.  They could enjoy neither political nor social liberties; therefore, they preferred to have a separate homeland in which they could live according to the teachings of Islam. PROTECTION OF MUSLIM LANGUAGE.  The Hindus did the best to replace Urdu by Hindi. But they did not succeed during British period.  In 1867 the Hindus of Banaras presented a request to their government regarding the replacement of Urdu with Hindi and its Persian script with that of Devnagri script. PROTECTION OF TWO NATION THEORY.  The Muslims claimed separate nationhood for themselves and they were determined to maintain a separate entity for all times to come.  Mohammad Ali Jinnah propounded the two-nation theory and sowed the seed of partition of the country. TO GET RID OF THE REPEATED SOCIAL HUMILIATION:  Competitive examinations for British administrative jobs were for Hindus rather than Muslims.  Tablighi and shuddhi movements, all this went a long way to divide us.  During shuddhi movement Muslims were forced to change their religion.  Muslims were badly treated inhumanely.  Muslim student were forced to read about Hinduism, to apply red mark on fore head (Tilaq).  Muslim students were forced to recite their national anthem (which had verses against Muslims). TO EMERGE AS AN ECONOMICALLY SOUND MUSLIM COUNTRY.  In spite of limited economically stable & educated social circles of Muslims in the subcontinent hither to not any appreciable economic development of Muslims, in other words the “sparrow of gold” needed the stabilization of the area. TO STAND STRONG AND UNITED AGAINST ALL ODDS AS A NATION.  Muslims while living with the Hindus were continuously betrayed, as Hindus were the one to start most controversial political moves and were also the one to surrender these moves are always acclaimed Muslims responsible for all political upsets.  So Muslims badly felt the need of separate state where they can acquire the status of nation which they couldn't gain while living with the Hindus. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO NATIONS:  RELIGIOUS DIFFERENCES:  Muslims  Hindus:  The religion of Muslims is Islam.  Hindus believe in Hinduism is  Islam preaches Tawheed (oneness based on the concept of multiple Gods. of Allah), Namaz, Roza, Zakat Hajj and believes in equality of man  Their society follows a cast before law. system and divided into four classes and have a very narrow approach towards life. CULTURAL DIFFERENCE:  Muslims followed the Islamic culture, while Hindus inherited a self built culture.  The Hindus burnt their dead bodies while Muslim burry them.  Hindus consider the “Mother cow” as one of their god and worship it, while Muslim slaughter it to follow the footsteps of Hazrat Ibrahim A.S. SOCIAL DIFFERENCE  The two communities of the sub-continent differ in their social life as well:  The clothes, the food and its way to cook, the household utensils, the layout of homes, the words of salutation etc… LANGUAGE DIFFERENCE  The Hindus had advanced in the educational field because they quickly and readily took the English education.  While Muslims did not receive modern education which heavily effected their economic condition. ? POLITICAL DIFFERENCE:  The political differences between the Hindus and Muslims have played an important role in the development and evolution of Two Nation Theory.  They have different ideologies that’s why they have different political purpose. HINDI URDU CONTROVERSY:  The Perso-Arabic script form of this language underwent a standardization process and further Persianization in the late Mughal period (18th century) and came to be known as Urdu, a name derived from the Turkic word ordu (army) or orda and is said to have arisen as the "language of the camp", or "Zaban-i- Ordu", or in the local "Lashkari Zaban". As a literary language, Urdu took shape in courtly, elite settings. Along with English, it became the official language of British India in 1837.  In 1867, Hindus demand that Urdu should be written in Hindi script.  They even tried to replace Urdu from Hindi in 1870s and 1880s.  This created another gap between Hindus and Muslims. ATTITUDE OF CONGRESS:  The Indian national congress was founded in 1885 by A.O. Hume.  It claimed to represent all communities of sub continent but oppressed all Muslim ideas and supported the Hindus. . Two Nation Theory The two-nation theory in its simplest way means that cultural, political, religious, economic and social dissimilarities between the two major communities, Hindus and Muslims of the Subcontinent. These differences of outlook, in fact, were greatly instrumental in giving rise to two distinct political ideologies which were responsible for the partition of the sub-continent into two independent states.  Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Quaid e Allama Dr. Azam Muhamma Muhamma d Iqbal d Ali Jinnah SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: I  In beginning Sir Syed believed in Indian Nationalism but later due to Hindi- Urdu controversy, Sir Syed's faith in a united India was shaken and he began to advocate the two nation theory. He made the Muslims realize that they are separate nation. Their religion is very powerful. Muslims should demand for separate homeland of their own.  Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first Muslim leader who used the word “NATION” for the Muslims of Sub-continent. According to Sir Syed in India there exist two nations, the Hindus and Muslims. They could not live together and as the time would pass the hostility between the two-nation would grow.  Sir Syed was of the view that Hindus and Muslims are two separate nations because their religion, history, culture and civilization were different from each other.  SIR SYED AHMED KHAN AND TWO-NATION THEORY Sir Syed's political views can be summed up as:  1. That undivided India was a continent, not a country.  2. That it was inhabited by a vast population of different races and different creeds.  3. That among these, Hindus and Muslims, were the major nations on the basis of nationality, religion, customs, cultures, cultural and historical traditions.  4. After the British quit, they could not share the political power equally. That was simply impossible and inconceivable.  5. The Indian National Congress was not acceptable to the Muslims.  6. Muslims could not accept a democratic set up of western type because with a one to four ratio of population, they could be enslaved by the Hindus.  7. There would be a disastrous civil war if the Congress persisted in its policy of yoking together the two nations.  The above discussion leads us to conclude that Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the staunch believer and eminent preacher to Two-Nation Theory; on account of which, he may be called the real founder to two-Nation Theory in sub-continent. ALLAMA IQBAL AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: I  Allama Iqbal and Two-Nation Theory  Allama Iqbal was a great poet, philosopher and a politician. Iqbal had a sensitive heart and a deep-thinking inquisitive mind. He was dismayed at the pathetic conditions of the Muslims in general and of the Indian Muslims in particular.  Allama Iqbal delivered historical address at Allahabad. “The units of Indian society are not territorial as in the European countries. India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races speaking different languages and professing different religions. Their behavior is not at all determined by a common race-consciousness.”  Under such circumstances, Allama Iqbal proposed a separate state of the Muslims.  Allama Iqbal AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: II  In his presidential address to the Allahabad session of the Muslim League in 1930, he said: “Personally I would go further…. I would like to see the Punjab, North West Frontier Province, Sindh and Baluchistan amalgamated into a single state. Self-government within the British Empire or without the British Empire, the formation of a single consolidated North-West Indian Muslim state appears to me to be the final destiny of the Muslims at least of North West India.” Allama Iqbal claimed that the Muslims were a separate nation in every respect.  His own words in this regard were as follows: “We have a population of seven corer among all nations of the sub-continent, we are the most united. In fact, of all the nations inhabiting the country, Muslims are the only true nation according to the most modern definition of the world.”  In the annual meeting of Muslim League on December 29, 1930 at Allahabad, he said: “Islam is not the name of some beliefs and customs but it is a complete code of life. In, Europe, religion is every one’s personal matter which divides the human oneness into two opposite parts i.e. body and soul. In contrast to that in Islam, God, Universe, soul, matter, sate and religions are bound to each other or in other words Muslims are one nation”.  In short the prophecy of Iqbal acted as a spur for the Muslims of India who craved out an independent state Pakistan for themselves, Seventeen years later (Allahabad Address 1930) on 14th August 1947. QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN (MUHAMMAD ALI JINNAH AND TWO-NATION THEORY):  Quaid-e-Azam was the liberator of the Muslim nation in Sub-Continent. He struggled for the separate state on the basis of Islamic Ideology. He himself explained this basic ideology:  “Difference in India between the two major nations, the Hindus and the Muslims are thousand times greater when compared with the continent of Europe.”  Quaid-e-Azam further said:  “India is not a national state. India is not a country but a nationalities, the two major nations being Hindus and the Muslims whose culture and civilizations, language and literature, art and architecture, names and nomenclature, sense of value and proportion, laws and jurisprudence, social moral codes, customs and calendar, history and traditions, aptitudes and ambitions, outlook on life and of life are fundamentally different. By all canons of international law we are nation.” QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: II  In 1940, Muslim League embraced the creed of Chaudhry Rehmat Ali and the historic session on March 23, 1940 in Lahore demanded the establishment of Pakistan. On that occasion, Quaid-e-Azam in his presidential address said:  “Islam and Hinduism are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders… The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, literatures. They neither inter-marry nor inter-dine together and, indeed, they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions.”  He disproved the claim of All Indian Nation Congress that India had only one single nation, in the name of Indian by the following statement.  “The history of the last twelve hundred years has failed to achieve the unity and has witnessed, India always divided into Hindu India and Muslim India”  Quaid-e-Azam made the English ruler realize the fundamental deep rooted spiritual economic, social and political differences. He said that their efforts would frustrate which they were making to bind all Indians through central Government. QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: III  In his address at Lahore, on 23rd March 1940 it was clearly mentioned:  “No Act or Law would be acceptable which deny the separate status of the Muslims.”  Further he added:  “Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religions based on totally different beliefs, and present the different ideologies. They have different epics, different heroes and different history. Therefore, the union of two nations is fatal for the sub-continent, because it is not based on equality but on numerical minority and other as a majority. It would be better for the British government to partition the sub-continent by keeping in view the interests of the two nations. It will be a correct decision religiously and historically”. QUAID-E-AZAM AND IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN: IV  Quaid-e-Azam had a strong belief in achieving his goal. He said:  “We cannot be moved or diverted from our purpose and objective by threats or intimidations. We must be prepared to face all difficulties and consequences, make all the sacrifices that may be required of us to achieve the goal we have set in front of us”.  In the light of above mentioned facts we can easily conclude that the Quaid-e-Azam was truly aware of the basic demands of an Islamic state and he struggled for it. According to his ideas Islam was the only base of, The Ideology of Pakistan. IMPORTANCE OF TWO NATION THEORY:  The Two-Nation Theory served as the basis of demand for Pakistan by the Muslims in British India. There are two major nations in British India.  The Muslims are not a community but a nation with a distinctive history, heritage, culture, civilization, and future aspirations. The Muslims wanted to preserve and protect their distinct identity and advance their interests in India. They wanted to order their lives in accordance with their ideals and philosophy of life without being overwhelmed by an unsympathetic majority.  Initially, they demanded safeguards, constitutional guarantees and a federal system of government with powers to the provinces for protection and advancement of their heritage, identity and interests. Later, they demanded a separate state when neither the British nor the Hindu majority community was willing to offer those guarantees and safeguards. ANNEXATION OF PUNJAB (1849)  On 21 February 1849, the East India Company decisively defeated the Sikh Empire at the Battle of Gujrat bringing to an end the Second Anglo-Sikh War.  Following the victory, the East India Company annexed the Punjab on 2 April 1849 and incorporated it within British India. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE (1857)  The War of Independence is an important landmark in the history of Sub- Continent. This War was fought in 1857 by Indians against the British in order to get rid of their domination.  It is also given names as Indian Rebellion, Indian Mutiny as well as Indian Revolt. The main causes of the War were political, social, economical, military and religious.  It was an extreme effort made by Indians, but they failed due to certain reasons including mutual jealousies, disunity, and lack of central leadership etc FORMATION OF THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS (1885)  The Indian National Congress was established when 72 delegates from all over the country met at Bombay in 1885.  The Englishman Allan Octavian Hume, a former British civil servant, was one of the founding members of the Indian National Congress.  Allan Octavian Hume founded the Indian National Congress in order to form a platform for civil and political dialogue among educated Indians. PARTITION OF PUNJAB (1901)  In 1901 Lord Curzon authorized the division of Punjab.  The North West Frontier Province was created with five districts and five agencies.  Delhi was separated to become the new capital. The remaining part of Punjab formed a separate province which was subsequently partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947. PARTITION OF BENGAL (1905)  The first Partition of Bengal (1905) was a territorial reorganization of the Bengal Presidency implemented by the authorities of the British Raj.  The reorganization separated the largely Muslim eastern areas from the largely Hindu western areas.  The idea of the partition had been brought up only for administrative reasons. Therefore, Curzon planned to split Orissa and Bihar and join fifteen eastern districts of Bengal with Assam.  The eastern province held a population of 31 million, most of which was Muslim, with its centre at Dhaka. FOUNDATION OF ALL INDIAN MUSLIM LEAGUE (1906)  The Muslim League was founded in 1906 to safeguard the rights of Indian Muslims. At first the league was encouraged by the British and was generally favourable to their rule, but the organization adopted self- government for India as its goal in 1913.  For several decades the league and its leaders, notably Mohammed Ali Jinnah, called for Hindu-Muslim unity in a united and independent India.  It was not until 1940 that the league called for the formation of a Muslim state that would be separate from the projected independent country of India.  Founders: Sir Agha Khan 3, Nawab Waqar ul Mulk, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Khwaja Salimullah, Muhammad Ali Jinnah MINTO MORLEY REFORMS (1909)  For the first time, the demand for a separate electorate was accepted. A constitutional recognition of Separate Electorate was a great achievement for the Muslims.  Muslims could now have their own representative members at the Legislative Councils. They were to be elected by Muslims alone.  The Indians were not satisfied with these reforms.  Owing to mass political protests, the partition of Bengal was annulled in 1911. New provinces were created based on linguistic lines rather than religious lines. LUCKNOW PACT (1916)  The Lucknow Pact was an agreement reached between the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League (AIML) at a joint session of both the parties held in Lucknow in December 1916.  Through the pact, the two parties agreed to allow representation to religious minorities in the provincial legislatures. The Muslim League leaders agreed to join the Congress movement demanding Indian autonomy. JALLIANWALA BAGH MASSACRE, MONTAGU CHELMSFORD REFORMS, KHILAFA MOVEMENT (1919)  Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, Jallianwala also spelled Jallianwalla, also called Massacre of Amritsar, incident on April 13, 1919, in which British troops fired on a large crowd of unarmed Indians in an open space known as the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar in the Punjab region (now in Punjab state) of India, killing several hundred people and wounding many hundreds more.  People gathered there to protest against the arrest of pro-Indian independence leaders Dr. Saifuddin Kitchlew and Dr. Satya Pal.  The Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms or more briefly known as the Mont–Ford Reforms, were introduced by the colonial government to introduce self- governing institutions gradually in British India.  Khilafat movement, pan-Islamic force in India that arose in 1919 in an effort to salvage the Ottoman caliph as a symbol of unity among the Muslim community. The Khilafat movement was a protest against the sanctions placed on the caliph and the Ottoman Empire after the First World War by the Treaty of Sevres. NEHRU REPORT (1928)  The Nehru Report of 15 August 1928 was a memorandum to appeal for a new dominion status and a federal set-up of government for the constitution of India.  It also proposed for the Joint Electorates with reservation of seats for minorities in the legislatures. SIMON COMMISSION REPORT (1930)  The Indian Statutory Commission also known as Simon Commission, was a group of seven Members of Parliament under the chairmanship of Sir John Simon.  The Commission published its 2-volume report in May 1930. The commission proposed to abolish the diarchy, an extension to autonomy of provinces by establishing representative government in provinces. ROUND TABLE CONFERENCES (1930-32)  The three Round Table Conferences of 1930–1932 were a series of peace conferences organized by the British Government and Indian political personalities to discuss constitutional reforms in India. These started in November 1930 and ended in December 1932.  Before the Conference, M. K. Gandhi had launched the Civil Disobedience Movement on account of the Indian National Congress. GOVERNMENT OF INDIA ACT (1935)  The Government of India Act was passed by the British parliament in 1935 and came into effect in 1937. It was based on a report by a Joint Select Committee, led by Lord Linlithgow, set up the two houses of the British parliament.  The report, in turn, was the result of the Joint Committee’s scrutiny of the ‘White Paper’ – a scheme of constitutional proposals - prepared by the British government close on the heels of the Round Table conferences. ELECTIONS (1937)  Provincial elections were held in British India in the winter of 1936-37 as mandated by the Government of India Act 1935. Elections were held in eleven provinces.  The final results of the elections were declared in February 1937. The Indian National Congress emerged in power in eight of the provinces - the exceptions being Punjab and Sindh. The All-India Muslim League failed to form the government in any province. PAKISTAN RESOLUTION (1940)  The resolution for the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of British India passed in the annual session of the All India Muslim League held in Lahore on 22–24 March 1940 is a landmark document of Pakistan's history.  A. K. Fazlul Huq presented the historical Lahore resolution. CRIPP’S MISSION (1942)  The Cripps Mission was a failed attempt in late March 1942 by the British government to secure full Indian cooperation and support for their efforts in World War II. The mission was headed by a senior minister Sir Stafford Cripps REDCLIFFE LINE (1947)  In order to determine exactly which territories to assign to each country, in June 1947, Britain appointed Sir Cyril Radcliffe to chair two boundary commissions—one for Bengal and one for Punjab.  The Radcliffe Line was the boundary demarcated between the Indian and Pakistani portions of the Punjab Province and Bengal Presidency of British India. CREATION OF PAKISTAN (1947)  As the United Kingdom agreed to the partitioning of India in 1947, the modern state of Pakistan was established on 14 August 1947 (27th of Ramadan in 1366 of the Islamic Calendar), amalgamating the Muslim- majority eastern and northwestern regions of British India.  There were lack of resources in Pakistan at that stage but later we survived and made ourselves recognized. We made different industries in different cities and made first TV station on Lahore and then evolved it.