Modern History Module I PDF

MODERN HISTORY Module - I Ace Your 5-Year Law Entrance Exams: JMI | AMU | CUET www.legitprep.in Modern History EUROPEANS IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT PORTUGUESE The new sea route from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, known as "the Cape r...

MODERN HISTORY Module - I Ace Your 5-Year Law Entrance Exams: JMI | AMU | CUET www.legitprep.in Modern History EUROPEANS IN INDIAN SUBCONTINENT PORTUGUESE The new sea route from Europe to India via the Cape of Good Hope, known as "the Cape route," was discovered by Vasco da Gama. He reached the port of Calicut on May 17, 1498. Cochin was the first capital of the Portuguese in India, but it was later replaced by Goa. Afonso de Albuquerque arrived in India in 1503 as the governor of the Portuguese. In 1510, he captured Goa from the ruler of Bijapur. Nino da Cunha (1529-1538) - shifted the Portuguese capital from Cochin to Goa in 1530 and obtained Diu and Bassein from Bahadur Shah of Gujarat in 1534. The renowned Jesuit saint Francisco Xavier arrived in India with Martin Alfonso de Souza (1542-1545). Following this period, Portuguese influence began to decline, eventually reducing to Goa, Daman, and Diu, which they retained until 1961. DUTCH Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825. Merchants of the Dutch East India Company first established themselves in Dutch Coromandel, notably Pulicat, as they were looking for textiles to exchange with the spices they traded in the East Indies. After the Dutch conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656, they took the Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast five years later as well, to secure Ceylon from Portuguese invasion. ENGLISH Popularly known as the ‘English East India Company’, this company was granted exclusive trading rights in the East by Queen Elizabeth I in 1600. It operated until 1858. The East India Company decided to establish a trading post at Surat in 1608. Captain Hawkins visited Jahangir’s court in 1609 to seek permission. In 1613, Jahangir issued a farman allowing the English to build a factory at Surat. www.legitprep.in Sir Thomas Roe arrived in India as the ambassador of James I in 1615. His mission was to secure permission from Jahangir to trade and establish factories across the empire. FRENCH The French East India Company was formed by Colbert in 1664 The first French factory was established at Surat by Francois Caron in 1664. A factory at Masulipatam was set up in 1669. The arrival of Dupleix as French governor in India in 1742 saw the beginning of Anglo-French conflict (Carnatic wars) resulting in their final defeat in India. IMPORTANT BATTLES First Battle of Tarain ✓ Between: Prithviraj Chauhan and Mohammed Ghori ✓ Result: Prithviraj Chauhan won ✓ Location: Taraori, Haryana ✓ Year: 1191 Second Battle of Tarain ✓ Between: Prithviraj Chauhan and Mohammed Ghori ✓ Result: Ghori won ✓ Location: Taraori, Haryana ✓ Year: 1192 Battle of Diu ✓ It was a battle between the Portuguese and a coalition of forces including the Sultan of Gujarat, the Zamorin of Calicut, the Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt, supported by the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. ✓ Result: Portuguese victory ✓ Location: Arabian Sea, Port of Diu ✓ Year: 3 February 1509 www.legitprep.in First Battle of Panipat ✓ Between: Babar and Ibrahim Lodi ✓ Result: Babar won ✓ Location: Panipat, Haryana ✓ Year: 21 April 1526 Battle of Khanwa ✓ Between: Babur and Rana Sanga ✓ Result: Mughal victory ✓ Location: Khanwa, Rajasthan ✓ Year: March 16, 1527 Battle of Ghaghara ✓ Between: Babur and Mahmud Lodi (Delhi Sultanate), Nusrat Shah (Bengal Sultanate) ✓ Result: Mughal victory ✓ Location: Ghaghara River, Bihar ✓ Year: May 6, 1529 Battle of Chausa ✓ Between: Sher Shah and Humayun ✓ Result: Mughal loss ✓ Location: Chausa, Buxar, Bihar ✓ Year: 26 June 1539 www.legitprep.in Second Battle of Panipat ✓ Between: Akbar and Hemu ✓ Result: Mughal victory ✓ Location: Panipat, Haryana ✓ Year: 5 November 1556 Battle of Talikota ✓ Combatants: Vijayanagara Empire (Aliya Rama Raya) vs. Deccan Sultanate alliance (Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Bidar, and Golconda) ✓ Result: Vijayanagara lost ✓ Location: Talikota, Karnataka ✓ Date: 23 January 1565 Battle of Haldighati ✓ Between: Maharana Pratap of Mewar and Akbar’s forces led by Man Singh I ✓ Result: Mughal victory ✓ Location: Haldighati, Rajsamand District, Rajasthan ✓ Year: 18 June 1576 Battle of Samugarh ✓ Between: Dara Shikoh and Aurangzeb for the Mughal throne ✓ Result: Aurangzeb won ✓ Location: Samugarh, near Agra ✓ Year: 29 May 1658 www.legitprep.in Battle of Karnal ✓ Between: Nader Shah (Persian Empire) and Muhammad Shah (Mughal Empire) ✓ Result: Persian victory ✓ Location: Karnal, Haryana ✓ Year: 24 February 1739 Battle of Colachel ✓ Between: Kingdom of Travancore and the Dutch East India Company ✓ Result: Travancore victory ✓ Location: Colachel, Travancore Kingdom (present Kanyakumari District, Tamil Nadu) ✓ Year: 10 August 1741 First Carnatic War ✓ Between: English and French forces in India ✓ Result: Inconclusive ✓ Location: Carnatic region, South India ✓ Year: 1746 – 1748 Second Carnatic War ✓ Between: Rival claimants to the posts of Nizam of Hyderabad and Nawab of the Carnatic, supported by the British and the French ✓ Result: Muzaffar Jung became Nizam of Hyderabad, Muhammad Ali became Nawab of the Carnatic ✓ Location: Carnatic (Southern India) ✓ Years: 1749 – 1754 www.legitprep.in Battle of Plassey ✓ Between: British East India Company vs. Siraj-ud-Daulah, Nawab of Bengal ✓ Result: British victory; Mir Jafar became the new Nawab of Bengal ✓ Location: Palashi, near Calcutta, on the banks of the Bhagirathi River ✓ Date: 23 June 1757 Note: ▪ The British East India Company, led by Lord Clive, defeated Siraj-ud-Daulah after the Black Hole tragedy and a conspiracy to remove him from power. ▪ Siraj-ud-Daulah was captured and later executed by Mir Jafar's son. Third Carnatic War ✓ Between: English and French forces in India ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Carnatic, South India ✓ Year: 1757 – 1763 www.legitprep.in Battle of Wandiwash (Part of the Third Carnatic War) ✓ Between: English vs. French forces in India ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Vandavasi, Tamil Nadu ✓ Date: 22 January 1760 Third Battle of Panipat ✓ Between: Maratha Empire and Durrani Empire (Afghanistan) ✓ Result: Afghan victory ✓ Location: Panipat, Haryana ✓ Year: 14 January 1761 The Battle of Buxar ✓ Between: The British and a coalition of Mir Qasim (ruler of Bengal), Shuja-ud-Daulah (Nawab of Oudh), and Shah Alam II (Mughal emperor) ✓ Outcome: British victory ✓ Location: Buxar, Bihar ✓ Date: October 1764 First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–1769) ✓ Parties Involved: British East India Company vs. Hyder Ali of Mysore ✓ Outcome: Victory for Mysore ✓ Location: South India Note: ✓ A tripartite alliance was formed against Hyder Ali by the British, the Nizam, and the Marathas. www.legitprep.in ✓ The war ended with a British defeat. ✓ The Madras government, in panic, signed the humiliating Treaty of Madras in 1769. Treaty of Madras (1769): Signed by Hyder Ali and the allies, including the British East India Company, the Raja of Tanjore, and the Malabar ruler. Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–1784) ✓ Parties Involved: British East India Company vs. Hyder Ali of Mysore ✓ Outcome: Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo ante bellum ✓ Location: South India Note: ✓ Hyder Ali formed a joint front with the Nizam and the Marathas against the British. ✓ Hyder Ali died in 1782 and was succeeded by his son, Tipu Sultan. ✓ Tipu continued the war for another year, but neither side achieved absolute success. ✓ Both sides, tired of war, concluded the Treaty of Mangalore, restoring the status quo. Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–1792) ✓ Parties Involved: British East India Company vs. Tipu Sultan of Mysore ✓ Outcome: British victory, Treaty of Seringapatam ✓ Location: South India Note: ✓ Tipu Sultan had to cede half of his territories, which were to be shared among the British and their allies. ✓ Tipu Sultan was required to release all prisoners of war. ✓ As a guarantee for fulfilling these terms, two of Tipu Sultan's sons were taken as British hostages. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1799) ✓ Parties Involved: British East India Company vs. Tipu Sultan of Mysore ✓ Outcome: British victory, Mysore entered into a subsidiary alliance www.legitprep.in ✓ Location: Chiefly South India Note: ✓ After his defeat in the Third Anglo-Mysore War, Tipu Sultan sought revenge and aimed to reclaim his territory. ✓ He negotiated with the French and Zaman Shah of Kabul for support. ✓ Lord Wellesley, after making a Subsidiary Alliance with the Nizam, asked Tipu Sultan to accept the same, but he refused. ✓ Mysore was attacked from two sides: General Harris, supported by the Nizam's subsidiary force under Arthur Wellesley, attacked from the east, while another army advanced from Bombay. ✓ Tipu Sultan was initially defeated by the Bombay army and later by General Harris at Mallavalli, where he died fighting. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782) ✓ Parties Involved: British vs. Marathas ✓ Outcome: Maratha victory ✓ Location: Pune Note: ✓ The East India Company retained Salsette and Broach. ✓ The Marathas guaranteed to retake their possessions in the Deccan from Hyder Ali of Mysore. ✓ The Marathas promised not to grant any more territories to the French. ✓ Raghunathrao was to receive a pension of Rs. 3 lakhs annually. ✓ All territories taken by the British after the Treaty of Purandhar were ceded back to the Marathas. ✓ The English accepted Madhavrao II (son of Narayanrao) as the Peshwa. ✓ A series of battles led to the signing of the Treaty of Salbai in 1782, ending the First Anglo-Maratha War. www.legitprep.in Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–1805) Parties Involved: British vs. Marathas Outcome: British victory Location: India Note: ✓ After the British captured Mysore in 1799, the Marathas were the only major Indian power left outside British control. ✓ The Maratha Confederacy included five major chiefs: the Peshwas at Pune, the Gaekwads at Baroda, the Holkars at Indore, the Scindias at Gwalior, and the Bhonsles at Nagpur. ✓ In the Battle of Poona in 1802, Yashwantrao Holkar of Indore defeated the Peshwas and the Scindias. ✓ Baji Rao II sought British protection and signed the Treaty of Bassein, which the Marathas saw as a loss of national honor. ✓ The Scindias and the Bhonsles did not accept the treaty, leading to the Second Anglo- Maratha War in central India in 1803. ✓ The Holkars later joined the battle against the British. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) ✓ Parties Involved: British vs. Marathas ✓ Outcome: British victory ✓ Location: Maharashtra and neighboring areas Note: ✓ After the Second Anglo-Maratha War, the Marathas attempted to rebuild their prestige and retake their possessions from the British. ✓ Maratha chiefs Peshwa Bajirao II, Malharrao Holkar, and Mudhoji II Bhonsle united against the British. ✓ Daulat Rao Shinde, the fourth major Maratha chief, was diplomatically pressured to stay out of the conflict. ✓ The British achieved a swift victory. www.legitprep.in First Anglo-Sikh War ✓ Between: British East India Company and the Sikh Empire ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Mudki, Punjab ✓ Year: 1845 – 1846 Battle of Sobraon (Part of the First Anglo-Sikh War) ✓ Between: British and the Sikh Empire ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Sobraon, Punjab ✓ Year: 10 February 1846 Second Anglo-Sikh War ✓ Between: British East India Company and the Sikh Empire ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Punjab ✓ Year: 1848 – 1849 Battle of Imphal ✓ Between: British and Imperial Japan, Provisional Govt. of Free India (Azad Hind) ✓ Result: British victory ✓ Location: Imphal, Manipur ✓ Year: 1944 www.legitprep.in The Revolt of 1857 ✓ Known as the "Sepoy Mutiny" by British historians. ✓ Known as the "First War of Independence" by Indian historians. ✓ Important landmark in Indian history. Trigger: ✓ Introduction of Enfield greased rifles with cartridges rumored to be greased with beef and pork fat. ✓ Offended both Hindu and Muslim soldiers. Key Events: ✓ March 29, 1857: Mangal Pandey, an Indian sepoy, killed two British officers (Hugeson and Baugh) at Barrackpore. ✓ May 10, 1857: Mutiny started in Meerut by the 3rd Native Infantry. ✓ May 11, 1857: Revolt spread to Delhi; local soldiers seized the city and proclaimed Bahadur Shah Zafar as Emperor of India. Outcome: ✓ Company to Crown: British Queen took over India from the East India Company after 100 years of rule. ✓ Consequence: o Government of India Act, 1858: Also known as the "Act of Good Government of India." o Proclaimed direct governance of India by the British Crown. o Governor General of India became the Viceroy, representing the Crown. o Secretary of State for India became responsible to the British Parliament. BEGINNING OF CONGRESS Formation of Indian National Congress (1885) ✓ Founder: A.O. Hume credited with formation of Indian National Congress ✓ First Session: o Date: December 28, 1885 o Location: Bombay (originally planned for Pune, but shifted due to cholera outbreak) o President: W.C. Banerjee www.legitprep.in o Attendees: 72 delegates Some Important Session of Indian National Congress (INC) YEAR VENUE PRESIDENT 1887 Madras Badruddin Tyabji (1st Muslim President) 1888 Allahabad George Yule (1st English President 1917 Calcutta Annie Beasant (1st Women President) 1925 Kanpur Sarojini Naidu (1st Indian Women President) Partition of Bengal (1905) ✓ Implemented by: Lord Curzon ✓ Date: October 16, 1905 ✓ Changes: Created East Bengal and Assam, reducing the size of Bengal. ✓ Objective: Create a communal divide between Hindus and Muslims. Swadeshi Movement (1905) ✓ Events: o Benares Session: Initiated in 1905. o Calcutta Session (INC): August 7, 1905, formalized the movement. ✓ Key Actions: o Boycott of Foreign Goods: Encouraged Indians to reject British products. o Promotion of Swadeshi (Self-Reliance): Encouraged use of Indian-made goods. ✓ Leaders: o Lal, Bal, Pal: Trio who strongly advocated for the Swadeshi and Boycott movements. ✓ Context: o Launched in response to the British decision to partition Bengal. Note: Lal, Bal, Pal o Lal: Lala Lajpat Rai o Bal: Bal Gangadhar Tilak www.legitprep.in o Pal: Bipin Chandra Pal Formation of Muslim League (1906) ✓ Date: December 1906 ✓ Location: Dacca ✓ Key Leaders: Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah of Dacca and Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk ✓ Objectives: o Supported the partition of Bengal. o Opposed the Swadeshi movement. o Demanded special safeguards for Muslims. o Called for a separate electorate for Muslims. Congress Split Between Moderates and Extremists Moderates (1885–1905): ✓ Characteristics: Moderate demands, confidence in British justice and generosity. ✓ Leaders: Dadabhai Naoroji, A.O. Hume, M.G. Ranade, Madan Mohan Malviya, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Badruddin Tyabji Extremists (1905–1917): ✓ Characteristics: Viewed British rule as exploitative, spurred by the Partition of Bengal (1905). ✓ Leaders: Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Sri Aurobindo Ghosh ❖ Key Event: ✓ Split at Surat (1907): INC split into Moderates and Extremists on the banks of the Tapi River. Calcutta Session of INC (1906) ✓ Date: December 1906 ✓ Location: Calcutta ✓ Leadership: President: Dadabhai Naoroji ✓ Key Decision: o Adopted 'Swaraj' as the goal of the Indian people. o Definition: Aimed for self-government similar to that of the United Kingdom. ✓ Significance: o Marked a shift towards more assertive nationalist goals within the INC. www.legitprep.in Morley-Minto Reforms (1909) ✓ Year: 1909 ✓ Key Figures: Lord Minto (Viceroy of India) and Morley (Secretary of State) ✓ Reform Highlights: o Purpose: Introduced to appease Indian demands for greater participation in governance. o Key Feature: Institutionalized communalism through separate electorates for Muslims. o Impact: Allowed Muslims to vote only for Muslim candidates, thereby fostering division based on religious lines. Home Rule Movement (1915-1916) ✓ Background: o Release of Tilak: Released from Mandalay jail in 1914. o Re-entry into INC: Rejoined INC in 1915. ✓ Indian Home Rule League (Founded by B. G Tilak): o Date: April 28, 1916 o Location: Pune ✓ Annie Besant's Role: o Inspiration: Inspired by the Irish rebellion. o Initiation: Started the Home Rule Movement in India in September 1916. o Newspapers: Launched Young India and Commonwealth. ✓ Movement Characteristics: o Advocacy: Advocated for passive resistance and civil disobedience. o Goal: Aimed for self-governance or Home Rule for India. Lucknow Pact (1916) ✓ Background: o Context: Anti-British sentiment among Muslims increased after Britain's war with Turkey. ✓ Events: o Sessions: Both Congress and Muslim League held sessions in Lucknow in 1916. o Outcome: Concluded the Lucknow Pact. ✓ Key Agreements: www.legitprep.in o Acceptance of Separate Electorate: Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims. o Demand for Dominion Status: Jointly demanded dominion status for India. ✓ Significance: o Achievement: Significant step towards Hindu-Muslim unity. o Impact: Strengthened the political demands for self-governance and constitutional reforms in India. Champaran Satyagraha (1917) ✓ Background: o Location: Champaran district, Bihar, India. o Issue: Grievances of indigo cultivators against indigo planters. ✓ Key facts: o Initiated by: Mahatma Gandhi. o Nature: First Civil Disobedience Movement led by Gandhi in India. ✓ Objectives: o Redressal of Grievances: Addressing the exploitation faced by indigo cultivators. o Empowerment: Mobilizing peasants to resist unfair practices through nonviolent means. ✓ Significance: o Impact: Marked the beginning of Gandhi's prominent role in India's freedom struggle. o Method: Demonstrated the efficacy of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience in achieving social justice. Kheda Satyagraha (1918) ✓ Background: o Location: Kheda district, Gujarat, India. o Causes: Severe epidemic of Plague and cholera, leading to widespread deaths. o Immediate Trigger: Government insistence on tax collection despite local hardships. ✓ Leadership: o Key Leader: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. o Organizers: Patel and his colleagues mobilized people across different castes and creeds. www.legitprep.in ✓ Nature of Revolt: o Objective: Opposed the collection of taxes under severe local conditions. o Government Threat: Threatened seizure of property if taxes were not paid. ✓ Significance: o Leadership Emergence: Established Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as a prominent leader in India's freedom struggle. o Unity: Mobilized diverse communities in the region for a common cause, demonstrating solidarity against unjust taxation policies. Rowlatt Act (March 18, 1919) ✓ Introduction: o Enacted on: March 18, 1919. ✓ Key Provisions: o Authorization: Gave the government unbridled powers. o Detention: Allowed for arrest and imprisonment without trial. o Duration: Detention for up to two years maximum. ✓ Significance: o Controversy: Highly controversial for its draconian measures. o Resistance: Sparked widespread protests and civil disobedience across India. o Context: Contributed to growing unrest and dissatisfaction against British rule, leading to the Jallianwala Bagh massacre and further agitation for independence. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (April 13, 1919) ✓ Background: o Trigger: Arrest of Dr. Kitchlu and Dr. Satyapal on April 9, 1919, leading to widespread agitation. o Location: Jallianwala Bagh, Amritsar, Punjab, India. o Date: April 13, 1919, during the festival of Baisakhi. ✓ Incident: o Action: General Dyer ordered troops to open fire on a peaceful gathering of men, women, and children. o Casualties: Hundreds killed and thousands injured. ✓ Consequences: o Protests: Sparked outrage across India and internationally. o Actions: Rabindranath Tagore: Returned his Knighthood in protest. www.legitprep.in Sir Shankaran Nair: Resigned from the Viceroy's Executive Council. Hunter Commission: Appointed to investigate the massacre. ✓ Impact: o Public Outcry: Intensified the Indian independence movement. o International Criticism: Brought international attention to British repression in India. o Legacy: Remembered as a turning point in India's struggle for independence. Note: On March 13, 1940, Sardar Udham Singh assassinated O'Dwyer, who was the Lieutenant Governor of Punjab during the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, while O'Dwyer was addressing a meeting at Caxton Hall in London. Khilafat Movement (1919-1920) ✓ Background: o Cause: Muslim agitation over the mistreatment of Turkey by the British in the post- World War I treaties. o Brothers: Mohd. Ali and Shaukat Ali initiated the movement. ✓ Objectives: o Support: Show solidarity with the Ottoman Caliphate (Khilafat) in Turkey. o Protest: Against British policies seen as detrimental to Muslim interests. ✓ Key Events: o Activities: Included protests, strikes, and non-cooperation with British authorities. o Collaboration: Joined with the Indian National Congress under Gandhi's leadership. ✓ Legacy: o Impact: Strengthened Hindu-Muslim unity in the struggle against British rule. o Outcome: Marked a significant phase in the Indian independence movement, influencing future nationalist movements. Non-cooperation Movement (1920-1922) ✓ Leadership: o Leader: Mahatma Gandhi ✓ Duration: o Years: 1920-1922 ✓ Nature: www.legitprep.in o First Mass Movement: Led by Gandhi, aimed at achieving independence from British rule. ✓ Program of Non-cooperation: 1. Surrender of Titles: Indians relinquished their British-given titles as a sign of protest. 2. Boycott of Government Educational Institutions: Indians refused to attend schools and colleges run by the British government. 3. Boycott of Courts of Law: Indians abstained from using British judicial institutions. 4. Boycott of Foreign Cloth: People refused to buy and use foreign-made textiles. 5. Nonpayment of Taxes: Refusal to pay taxes to the British government. ✓ Objectives: o Goals: Withdrawal of support for British rule through nonviolent means. o Unity: Fostered Hindu-Muslim unity and mass participation in the independence movement. ✓ Outcome: o Impact: Raised nationalist sentiments across India. o Repression: Ended abruptly after violent incidents like the Chauri Chaura incident in 1922, leading to a temporary setback in the movement. Chauri Chaura Incident (1922) ✓ Date: o Occurred on: February 5, 1922 ✓ Location: o Place: Chauri Chaura, Gorakhpur district, Uttar Pradesh, India ✓ Events: o During a Non-Cooperation and Khilafat procession, violence broke out between the crowd and the police. o The crowd attacked and set fire to a police station. o Casualties: 22 policemen were killed in the incident. ✓ Consequences: o Impact on Movement: Mahatma Gandhi called off the Non-Cooperation Movement as a result of this incident. o Shift in Strategy: Gandhi emphasized the need for non-violence and disciplined conduct in future movements. www.legitprep.in o Legal Ramifications: Several participants in the incident were arrested and faced legal consequences. The Swaraj Party (1922) ✓ Formation: o Year: 1922 o Founders: Chittaranjan (C.R.) Das and Motilal Nehru ✓ Background: o Context: Emerged as a response to the need for a new political strategy to continue the struggle against British colonial rule. o Proposal: C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru proposed a strategy of council entry and participation in legislative councils to obstruct colonial policies from within. ✓ Gaya Session of Congress (1922): o Event: The new strategy was proposed during the Gaya session. o Opposition: Prominent Congress leaders like Vallabhbhai Patel, Rajendra Prasad, and C. Rajagopalachari opposed the idea of council entry. ✓ Outcome: o Resignation: C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru resigned from the Indian National Congress. o Formation of Swaraj Party: They established the Swaraj Party to pursue their strategy of entering legislative councils. ✓ Objectives: o Goal: To use legislative councils to oppose and obstruct British policies and push for greater self-governance (Swaraj) from within the system. Simon Commission (1927) ✓ Formation: o Year: 1927 o Leader: John Simon ✓ Purpose: o Objective: Review the political situation in India and propose further reforms to extend parliamentary democracy. ✓ Opposition: o Reason: Indian leaders opposed the commission because it did not include any Indian members. o Slogan: "Simon, go back!" www.legitprep.in ✓ Key Incident: o Lahore Protest: During a protest against the commission in Lahore, Lala Lajpat Rai was severely beaten in a lathi charge by the police. o Consequences: Lala Lajpat Rai succumbed to his injuries and died in 1928. ✓ Significance: o Impact: Intensified Indian nationalist sentiments and opposition to British rule. o Legacy: The commission's rejection led to greater demands for self-governance and was a precursor to further significant movements for Indian independence. Nehru Report (1928) ✓ Background: o Challenge: Lord Birkenhead, the Conservative Secretary of State, challenged Indian leaders' ability to create a consensus on constitutional reforms. ✓ Response: o All Parties Conference: Held in 1928 to address the challenge and formulate a unified scheme of constitutional reforms. o Chief Architect: Motilal Nehru ✓ Nehru Report: o Objective: Provide a concrete scheme of constitutional reforms with the support of a wide section of political parties in India. o Content: Proposed dominion status for India, fundamental rights, and universal adult suffrage. ✓ Significance: Demonstrated Indian political unity and capability in drafting a comprehensive constitutional proposal. ✓ Key facts: o Dominion Status: Called for India to be granted dominion status within the British Empire. o Fundamental Rights: Proposed a bill of rights ensuring fundamental civil liberties. o Universal Adult Suffrage: Advocated for universal adult suffrage irrespective of caste, creed, or gender. ✓ Impact: o Political Unity: The report was a significant step in showing political unity among various Indian factions. o British Response: The British government largely ignored the report, leading to increased demands for complete independence. www.legitprep.in 14 Points of Jinnah (March 9, 1929) ✓ Context: o Rejection of Nehru Report: Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, did not accept the Nehru Report. o Purpose: To address Muslim concerns and ensure adequate safeguards for Muslims in any future constitutional framework. ✓ 14 Points: 1. Federal Constitution: A federal structure with residual powers vested in the provinces. 2. Provincial Autonomy: Complete autonomy and sovereignty for provinces. 3. Constitutional Amendments: No constitutional amendment by the central government without the concurrence of the constituent states. 4. Muslim Representation: Adequate representation of Muslims in all legislatures and elected bodies without reducing a Muslim majority to a minority in any province. 5. Muslims in Services: Adequate representation for Muslims in government services and self-governing bodies. 6. Central Legislature: One-third Muslim representation in the Central Legislature. 7. Cabinet Representation: One-third of members in central and provincial cabinets to be Muslims. 8. Separate Electorates: Continued separate electorates for Muslims. 9. Minority Veto: No bill or resolution to be passed in any legislature if three-fourths of a minority community consider it against their interests. 10. Territorial Redistribution: No territorial redistribution affecting the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal, and NWFP. 11. Separation of Sind: Separation of Sindh from Bombay to form a separate province. 12. NWFP and Baluchistan Reforms: Constitutional reforms in the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Baluchistan. 13. Religious Freedom: Full religious freedom for all communities. 14. Protection of Muslim Rights: Safeguards for Muslim rights in religion, culture, education, and language. www.legitprep.in ✓ Significance: o Muslim Interests: Aimed at ensuring Muslim interests were safeguarded in any future constitutional arrangement. o Political Strategy: Formed a basis for the Muslim League's demands and negotiations in subsequent years leading up to the partition of India. Lahore Session (1929) ✓ Date and Location: o Annual Session: December 1929 o Place: Lahore o Presidency: Jawaharlal Nehru ✓ Key Resolutions: 1. Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence): The Indian National Congress declared complete independence (Poorna Swaraj) as the ultimate goal of the national movement. 2. Tricolor Flag: On December 31, 1929, the newly adopted tricolor flag was unfurled. ✓ Significant Events: o Independence Day: January 26 was fixed as Independence Day, to be celebrated annually. o Call to Action: The Congress called upon the Indian people to not submit to British rule any longer and to strive for complete independence. ✓ Impact: o Shift in Goal: Marked a clear shift from the demand for dominion status to complete independence. o Unity and Determination: Unified the Indian masses under a common goal and strengthened the resolve against British rule. Civil Disobedience Movement ✓ Overview: The Civil Disobedience Movement, also known as the Salt Satyagraha, was the second major mass movement led by Mahatma Gandhi. It was launched on April 6, 1930, aiming for complete independence from British rule. ✓ Background: o Gandhi’s Eleven Demands: Gandhi presented 11 demands to the British government, including reducing the rupee-sterling ratio, reducing agricultural taxes, abolishing the salt tax, and releasing political prisoners. When these demands were ignored, Gandhi initiated the Civil Disobedience Movement. www.legitprep.in ✓ Dandi March: o Timeline: Gandhi and 78 followers marched from Ahmedabad to the Dandi coast from March 12 to April 5, 1930. o April 6, 1930: Gandhi broke the salt law, officially starting the movement. ✓ Forms of Protest: o Breaking salt laws o Picketing liquor and foreign cloth shops o Refusing to pay taxes o Boycotting courts and government institutions o Resigning from government posts ✓ Spread of the Movement: o Tamil Nadu: Led by C. Rajagopalachari, involved breaking the salt law, picketing, and anti-liquor campaigns. o Malabar: Led by K. Kelappan and P. Krishna Pillai, included salt marches. o Bengal: Led by Subhas Chandra Bose and J.M. Sengupta, involved various protests and anti-tax movements. o Peshawar: Led by Khan Abdul Gaffar Khan, involved forming the Khudai Khidmatgars and peaceful protests. o Dharasana: Led by Sarojini Naidu, involved raids on salt works. o Bardoli and Kheda Region: Led by Sardar Patel, involved no tax movements. o United Provinces: Led by Jawaharlal Nehru, involved no-revenue and no-rent campaigns. o Bihar: Led by Ambika Kant Sinha, involved salt satyagraha and tax protests. o Orissa: Led by Gopalbandhu Choudhuri, involved coastal satyagrahas. First Round Table Conference (1930) The First Round Table Conference was a significant political event held to discuss constitutional reforms in British India. ✓ Date and Venue: o Held: November 12, 1930 o Location: London ✓ Purpose: o Primary Objective: To discuss the findings and recommendations of the Simon Commission and to formulate new constitutional reforms for India. www.legitprep.in ✓ Participants: o British and Indians: It was the first instance where the British and Indian representatives met as equals. o Boycotted by INC: The Indian National Congress (INC) boycotted the conference, significantly impacting its representative character. o Present Parties: Muslim League: Represented by leaders including Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Hindu Mahasabha: Represented by leaders such as B.S. Moonje. Liberals and Others: Various other political groups and leaders, including B.R. Ambedkar, represented the Depressed Classes. ✓ Outcome: o Limited Progress: Due to the absence of the INC, which was the most influential political group in India at the time, the conference did not achieve substantial progress. o Continuation: The discussions were inconclusive, leading to the need for further deliberations in subsequent conferences. Second Round Table Conference (1931) The Second Round Table Conference marked a pivotal moment in India's struggle for independence. ✓ Date and Venue: o Held: 1931 o Location: London ✓ Purpose: o Objective: To discuss constitutional reforms and the future governance of India, following the inconclusive First Round Table Conference. ✓ Key Participants: o Indian National Congress: Represented by Mahatma Gandhi, who was the sole representative of the INC. o British Government: Led by Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald. o Other Groups: Included representatives from the Muslim League, Depressed Classes, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and others. ✓ Major Issues: o Minorities Issue: The conference was soon deadlocked over the issue of separate electorates. www.legitprep.in o Separate Electorates Demand: Unlike previous demands, this time separate electorates were demanded not only by Muslims but also by Depressed Classes (led by B.R. Ambedkar), Indian Christians, and Anglo-Indians. ✓ Outcome: o Deadlock: The discussions reached an impasse due to the contentious issue of separate electorates. o No Consensus: The failure to reach a consensus on this critical issue hindered substantial progress towards constitutional reforms. ✓ Significance: o Highlighting Divisions: The conference underscored the deep divisions within Indian society, particularly regarding minority representation. o Continuation of Dialogue: Despite the deadlock, the conference continued to pave the way for further negotiations and highlighted the complexities of India's path to independence. Third Round Table Conference (1932) The Third Round Table Conference was the final in the series of conferences held by the British Government to discuss constitutional reforms in India. ✓ Date and Venue: o Held: 1932 o Location: London ✓ Context: o Backdrop: The conference was convened at a time when most of the prominent Indian national leaders were imprisoned due to their involvement in the Civil Disobedience Movement. ✓ Participation: o Limited Indian Representation: With most national leaders in jail, the conference saw minimal participation from the Indian National Congress. o Other Representatives: Delegates from the Muslim League, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, and princely states attended the conference. ✓ Discussions: o Lack of Major Agreements: The absence of key leaders resulted in a lack of significant progress or major agreements during the conference. o Continued Deadlock: The contentious issues, particularly those concerning minority representation and separate electorates, remained unresolved. www.legitprep.in ✓ Outcome: o Government of India Act, 1935: Despite the fruitlessness of the conference itself, the discussions and deliberations contributed to the formulation of the Government of India Act, 1935. o Act's Provisions: The act introduced provincial autonomy, a federal structure, and expanded franchise but fell short of granting full self-governance. The Communal Award (1932) The Communal Award, announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, was a significant political development in India during the 1930s, particularly amidst the backdrop of constitutional discussions and the Civil Disobedience Movement. ✓ Announcement: o Date: 1932 o Announced by: Ramsay MacDonald, the British Prime Minister ✓ Objective: o Purpose: The Communal Award was intended to address the issue of minority representation in Indian politics. o Representation: It proposed separate electorates and reserved seats for various communities, including Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Anglo-Indians, women, and the Depressed Classes (now known as Scheduled Castes). ✓ Reaction and Criticism: o Opposition: Mahatma Gandhi, who was imprisoned in Yeravada jail at the time, vehemently opposed the Communal Award. o Fast unto Death: In protest against what he perceived as further communal divisions and the British policy of "divide and rule," Gandhi initiated a fast unto death. ✓ Impact: o Political Tensions: The Communal Award exacerbated communal tensions in India, particularly between different religious and social groups. o Negotiations: Gandhi's fast and the widespread opposition led to negotiations and discussions that ultimately influenced the subsequent Government of India Act, 1935. www.legitprep.in Poona Pact (September 25, 1932) The Poona Pact, signed on September 25, 1932, was a significant agreement reached between Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, representing the depressed classes (now known as Scheduled Castes), following the controversy surrounding the Communal Award. ✓ Background: o Context: The Communal Award, announced by British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, proposed separate electorates for various communities, including the depressed classes. o Gandhi's Opposition: Mahatma Gandhi opposed the Communal Award and undertook a fast unto death in protest against what he saw as further communal divisions. ✓ Negotiations and Agreement: o Participants: The negotiations involved political leaders such as Madan Mohan Malaviya, B.R. Ambedkar, and M.C. Rajah. o Outcome: Under the Poona Pact, the idea of separate electorates for the depressed classes was abandoned. o Reservation of Seats: Instead of separate electorates, the Poona Pact agreed to increase the reserved seats for the depressed classes in the provincial legislatures. ✓ Significance: o Resolution of Conflict: The Poona Pact resolved the intense political crisis triggered by the Communal Award and Gandhi's fast. o Gandhi's Fast: Gandhi ended his fast unto death on the sixth day following the signing of the Poona Pact, after achieving a satisfactory resolution that prevented further communal division. ✓ Impact: o Political Unity: The agreement demonstrated the ability of Indian leaders to negotiate and find common ground amidst deep-seated communal tensions. o Legislative Representation: The increased reserved seats provided greater political representation for the depressed classes in provincial legislatures. www.legitprep.in The Government of India Act, 1935 ✓ Foundation and Scope: Based on the recommendations of the Simon Commission, which had submitted its report in 1930, the Government of India Act, 1935, received royal assent on August 4, 1935. It replaced the Government of India Act, 1919. ✓ Federal Structure: One of the major features of the Act was its provision for a federal system of government for India, although it never came fully into effect due to disagreements over the framing of rules and regulations. ✓ Provincial Autonomy: The Act introduced the concept of provincial autonomy, which meant that the provinces would have greater control over their own affairs. It abolished the earlier system of dyarchy (where certain powers were reserved to the Governor and others were transferred to elected ministers) in the provinces. Instead, it established provincial autonomy with elected ministers responsible to the provincial legislatures. ✓ Federal Structure Details: o Division of Powers: It provided for a division of powers between the central (federal) government and the provincial governments. o Diarchy at the Centre: Unlike the provinces, the central government retained a form of diarchy with certain powers reserved to the Governor-General and others transferred to ministers responsible to the central legislature. o Bicameral Federal Legislature: It envisaged a bicameral federal legislature with an elected House of Assembly and a Council of State. ✓ Expansion of Electorate: The Act expanded the electorate, albeit with significant limitations based on property qualifications, literacy, and other criteria. ✓ Emergency Provisions: It included emergency provisions that could be invoked by the Governor-General, which significantly curtailed the autonomy of the provinces during emergencies. ✓ Separate Electorates: The Act retained separate electorates for Muslims and other minorities, a continuation of the communal representation policy that had been a contentious issue in Indian politics. ✓ Reactions and Implementation Issues: The Act was criticized by Indian nationalists for not granting full independence or meeting nationalist demands, and for retaining many colonial-era structures and practices. Its federal provisions faced implementation challenges and were never fully realized. www.legitprep.in August Offer (1940): ✓ Date: 1940 ✓ Offered by: Viceroy Linlithgow ✓ Objective: Gain Indian nationalist support for World War II efforts ✓ Main Features: 1. Promise of Dominion Status in the future 2. Creation of a post-war body to draft a constitution, subject to British Parliament approval 3. Immediate expansion of the Viceroy's Executive Council 4. Formation of a War Advisory Council Cripps Mission (1942): ✓ Date: 1942 ✓ Context: Japan's advance in Southeast Asia during World War II threatened British interests in India. ✓ British Response: Sent Sir Stafford Cripps to negotiate with Indian leaders. ✓ Offer: Proposed a draft offering Dominion Status to India after the war. ✓ Reaction: o Congress: Rejected the proposal as it lacked immediate guarantees. o Gandhiji: Criticized it as a "postdated cheque in a crashing bank." Quit India Movement (1942) ✓ Causes: o Failure of Cripps Mission: Rejected by Congress, did not promise immediate independence. o World War II Impact: Economic hardships, shortages, and inflation due to wartime policies. o Japanese Threat: Advance towards India heightened nationalist fears and discontent. ✓ Launch o Congress Working Committee, Wardha (July 1942): Decision: Adopted a resolution for a mass civil disobedience movement against British rule. Significance: Initiated organizational preparations and strategic planning for the movement. www.legitprep.in o All India Congress Committee, Bombay (August 8, 1942): Decision: Passed the Quit India Resolution. ✓ Leadership: o Date: August 8, 1942. o Leader: Mahatma Gandhi, who called for "Do or Die". o Objective: Immediate end to British rule in India, formation of provisional government. ✓ Nature and Impact: o Violent Phase: Unlike previous movements, embraced more radical methods due to British repression and nationalist sentiment. o Mass Participation: Students, peasants, workers, and women played pivotal roles across India. o Social Base: Spread widely across regions, involving diverse groups despite challenges. ✓ Outcome and Legacy: o Suppression: British crackdown led to arrests of leaders; movement persisted underground. o Significance: Marked a shift towards more assertive nationalism and contributed to later independence movements. o Long-term Impact: Strengthened resolve for independence, laid groundwork for future political developments in India. The Cabinet Mission Plan (1946) ✓ Context: o The struggle for freedom intensified in 1945-46. ✓ Announcement: o March 15, 1946: Labour Party PM Lord Attlee declared the British Cabinet Mission would visit India. ✓ Members of the Mission: o Lord Pethick-Lawrence (Chairman) o Sir Stafford Cripps o A.V. Alexander ✓ Objective: o To negotiate with the Indian National Congress (INC) and the Muslim League (ML) for a peaceful transfer of power. ✓ Proposals: www.legitprep.in o Announced on May 16, 1946. o Rejected the demand for a separate Pakistan. o Suggested a federal union consisting of British India and the Princely States. ✓ Acceptance: o Both the Congress and the Muslim League accepted the proposals. Interim Government (1946): ✓ On Sept. 2, 1946, an interim government was formed. Congress members led by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru joined it but the ✓ Muslim League did not as it withdrew its earlier acceptance of the Cabinet Mission Plan. ✓ Formation of Constituent Assembly (Dec. 9, 1946): ✓ This Constituent Assembly met on Dec. 9, 1946, & Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected its President. The Muslim League did not join the Assembly. Attlee’s Announcement (Feb. 20, 1947): ✓ On Feb. 20, 1947, British PM Attlee announced that the British would withdraw from India by June 30, 1948 & that Lord Mountbatten would replace Wavell. Mountbatten Plan (June 3, 1947) ✓ Announcement: June 3, 1947, by Lord Mountbatten ✓ Key Provisions: o Division: India to be divided into India and Pakistan. o Partition: Bengal and Punjab to be partitioned. o Referendum: To be held in North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) and Sylhet district of Assam. o Constitutional Assembly: Separate assembly for Pakistan to frame its constitution. o Princely States: Liberty to join either India or Pakistan or remain independent. ✓ Transfer of Power: o Scheduled for August 15, 1947. ✓ Legislation: o The British government passed the Indian Independence Act of 1947 in July, containing the major provisions of the Mountbatten Plan. www.legitprep.in Partition & Independence (August 1947) ✓ Acceptance: o All political parties accepted the Mountbatten Plan. ✓ Princely States: o At the time of independence, there were 562 small and large Princely States in India. o Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister, played a key role in integrating these states. ✓ Instrument of Accession: o By August 15, 1947, most states had signed the Instrument of Accession. o Exceptions included Kashmir, Hyderabad, and Junagarh. ✓ Colonial Territories: o Goa was under Portuguese control. o Pondicherry was under French control. IMPORTANT BRITISH VICEROYS IN INDIA: Robert Clive: ✓ Became the first British Governor of Bengal after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. Warren Hastings: ✓ Tenure: 1772-1785 ✓ He was the first Governor-General of Bengal. William Bentinck ✓ Charter Act of 1833 o Provisions: The Governor-General of Bengal was made the Governor-General of British India. ✓ First Governor-General of British India: o William Bentinck Lord Canning (1856 – 1862): 1. The last Governor General & the first Viceroy. 2. Mutiny (Revolt of 1857) took place in his time. 3. Withdrew Doctrine of Lapse (introduced by Lord Dalhousie). 4. The Universities of Calcutta, Bombay & Madras were established in 1857. www.legitprep.in 5. Indian Councils Act was passed in 1861. Lord Lawrence (1864 – 1869): 1. Telegraphic communication was opened with Europe. 2. High Courts were established at Calcutta, Bombay & Madras in 1865. 3. Expanded canal works & railways. 4. Created the Indian Forest department. Lord Mayo (1869 – 1872): 1. Started the process of financial decentralization in India. 2. Established the Rajkot college at Kathiarwar & Mayo College at Ajmer for the Indian princes. 3. For the first time in Indian history, a census was held in 1871. 4. Organised the Statistical Survey of India. 5. Was the only Viceroy to be murdered in office by a Pathan convict in the Andamans in 1872. Lord Ripon (1880–1884) ✓ Vernacular Press Act: o Repealed the Vernacular Press Act in 1882. ✓ Local Self-Government Act: o Passed the Local Self-Government Act in 1882. ✓ Education Reforms: o Improved primary and secondary education based on the recommendations of the William Hunter Commission. ✓ I Factory Act, 1881: o Aimed at prohibiting child labor. Lord Dufferin (1884 – 1888): 1. Indian National Congress was formed during his tenure. Lord Lansdowne (1888–1894) ✓ II Factory Act (1891): www.legitprep.in o Passed to further regulate working conditions, including working hours and child labor. ✓ Civil Services Categorization: o Civil Services were categorized into Imperial, Provincial, and Subordinate. ✓ Indian Councils Act of 1892: o Passed to expand the legislative councils and increase Indian representation. ✓ Durand Commission: o Appointed to define the boundary line between British India and Afghanistan. Lord Curzon (1899–1905) ✓ Indian Universities Act (1904): o Increased official control over universities. ✓ Partition of Bengal: o October 16, 1905: Bengal was partitioned into Bengal (proper) and East Bengal & Assam. ✓ Police Commission: o Appointed under Sir Andrew Frazer to enquire into the police administration of each province. ✓ North Western Frontier Province (NWFP): o Created in response to the risings of frontier tribes in 1897-98. ✓ Ancient Monuments Protection Act (1904): o Passed to restore India’s cultural heritage, leading to the establishment of the Archaeological Survey of India. ✓ Indian Coinage & Paper Currency Act (1899): o Passed to put India on a gold standard. Lord Minto (1905–1910) ✓ Political Unrest: o Faced significant political unrest in India, leading to the passing of various acts to curb revolutionary activities. ✓ Repression of Extremists: o Lala Lajpat Rai and Ajit Singh were imprisoned in May 1907. o Bal Gangadhar Tilak was sent to Mandalay jail in Burma in July 1908. ✓ Indian Councils Act of 1909 (Morley-Minto Reforms): o Passed to introduce reforms, including expanded Indian representation in legislative councils. www.legitprep.in Lord Hardinge (1910–1916) ✓ Durbar of 1911: o Held in December 1911 to celebrate the coronation of King George V. ✓ Partition of Bengal Cancelled: o The 1905 partition of Bengal was cancelled in 1911. ✓ Capital Shift: o The capital of India was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi in 1912. ✓ Assassination Attempt: o A bomb was thrown at him on December 23, 1912, but he escaped unhurt. ✓ Gandhiji's Return: o Mahatma Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915. ✓ Home Rule Movement: o Annie Besant announced the Home Rule Movement during his tenure. Lord Chelmsford (1916–1921) ✓ August Declaration (1917): o Announced that control over the Indian government would be gradually transferred to the Indian people. ✓ Government of India Act (1919): o Also known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms, it aimed to increase Indian participation in governance. ✓ Rowlatt Act (1919): o Allowed the government to imprison suspects without trial. o Led to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre on April 13, 1919. ✓ Non-Cooperation Movement: o Launched by Mahatma Gandhi in response to the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre and other grievances. ✓ Indian Governor of Bengal: o Sir S.P. Sinha was appointed as the Governor of Bengal, the first Indian to hold such a position. ✓ Women's University: o A Women's University was founded in Poona in 1916. ✓ Saddler Commission (1917): o Appointed to formulate a new educational policy for India. www.legitprep.in Lord Reading (1921–1926) ✓ Legislative Actions: o Repealed the Rowlatt Act and also enforced the Press Act of 1910. ✓ Royal Visit: o Prince of Wales visited India in November 1921. ✓ Swaraj Party: o Formed during his tenure as a political party advocating for self-government. ✓ Vishwabharati University: o Started functioning in 1922 under the guidance of Rabindranath Tagore. ✓ Communist Party: o Founded in 1921 by M.N. Roy, marking the beginning of organized communist movement in India. ✓ Kakori Train Robbery (1925): o Notable incident where revolutionaries attempted to rob a train near Kakori to fund revolutionary activities. ✓ Communal Riots (1923–1925): o Witnessed communal riots in places like Multan, Amritsar, and Delhi. o Swami Shraddhanand, a nationalist and leader of Arya Samajists, was murdered during these riots. Lord Irwin (1926–1931) ✓ Simon Commission: o Visited India in 1928 to discuss constitutional reforms, faced protests due to lack of Indian representation. ✓ Indian Resolution: o Congress passed the Indian Resolution in 1929, demanding complete independence (Purna Swaraj) for India. ✓ Dandi March (March 12, 1930): o Led by Mahatma Gandhi, a protest against the salt tax by marching to the sea and making salt. ✓ Civil Disobedience Movement (1930): o Launched after the Dandi March, encouraging Indians to disobey British laws peacefully. ✓ First Round Table Conference (1930): o Held in England to discuss constitutional reforms, though Congress boycotted it. www.legitprep.in ✓ Gandhi-Irwin Pact (March 5, 1931): o Signed, ending the Civil Disobedience Movement and releasing political prisoners. ✓ Martyrdom of Jatin Das (1929): o Died after a 64-day hunger strike protesting prison conditions, becoming a symbol of resistance. Lord Willingdon (1931–1936) ✓ Second Round Table Conference (1931): o Held in London to discuss constitutional reforms for India. ✓ Resumption of Civil Disobedience Movement (1932): o Gandhi was arrested upon his return, prompting the resumption of the Civil Disobedience Movement in January 1932. ✓ Communal Awards (August 16, 1932): o Assigned seats to different religious communities, leading to Gandhi's protest fast against this division. ✓ Third Round Table Conference (1932): o Held to further discuss and negotiate constitutional reforms. ✓ Poona Pact: o Signed in 1932 between Dr. B.R. Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi, ensuring reserved seats for depressed classes (Dalits) in provincial legislatures. ✓ Government of India Act (1935): o Passed to provide for greater autonomy and representative government in British India. Lord Linlithgow (1936–1944) ✓ Government of India Act (1935): o Enforced in the provinces, providing for provincial autonomy and new legislative assemblies. ✓ Congress Ministries: o Congress ministries were formed in 8 out of 11 provinces after the elections of 1937. ✓ Churchill's Stance: o Winston Churchill became the British Prime Minister in May 1940. o He declared that the Atlantic Charter's principles did not apply to India, despite its call for self-determination and sovereign rights for nations. www.legitprep.in ✓ World War II: o Broke out in 1939, affecting British India and leading to significant political developments. Lord Wavell (1944–1947) ✓ Shimla Conference (June 25, 1945): o Organized with the Indian National Congress and Muslim League to discuss the future of India. o Ultimately failed to reach a consensus. ✓ Cabinet Mission Plan (May 16, 1946): o Proposed by the British Cabinet Mission, aimed to devise a framework for India's independence and governance. o Accepted by the Indian National Congress and Muslim League. ✓ Elections to the Constituent Assembly: o Held to form a Constituent Assembly tasked with drafting India's constitution. o An Interim Government was appointed under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru. ✓ First Meeting of the Constituent Assembly: o Took place on December 9, 1946, marking the beginning of the constitution-making process for independent India. Lord Mountbatten (March 1947 – August 1947) ✓ Last Viceroy and First Governor-General: o Lord Mountbatten served as the last Viceroy of British India and subsequently as the first Governor-General of independent India. ✓ Partition of India (June 3 Plan): o Lord Mountbatten proposed and oversaw the Partition of India based on the June 3 Plan, which outlined the division of British India into India and Pakistan. ✓ Indian Independence Act, 1947: o Passed by the British Parliament on July 4, 1947, this act granted independence to India, effective from August 15, 1947. ✓ Retirement and Succession: o Lord Mountbatten retired in June 1948. o He was succeeded by C. Rajagopalachari, who became the first and only Indian Governor-General of free India. www.legitprep.in Famous slogans by Indian freedom fighters: "Do or die" ✓ Given by Mahatma Gandhi. ✓ Nickname: Bapu, Father of the Nation. "Give me blood and I will give you freedom" ✓ Given by Subhash Chandra Bose. ✓ Nickname: Netaji. "Inqilab Zindabad" ✓ Given by Bhagat Singh. ✓ Nickname: Shaheed-e-Azam. "Dilli Chalo" ✓ Given by Subhash Chandra Bose. ✓ Nickname: Netaji. "Hindi, Hindu, Hindustan" ✓ Given by Bharatendu Harishchandra. "Back to the Vedas" ✓ Given by Dayanand Saraswati. ✓ Nickname: Martin Luther of India. "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan" ✓ Given by Lal Bahadur Shastri. ✓ Nickname: Man of Peace. "Maro Firangon ko" ✓ Given by Mangal Pandey. "Kar mat do (Don't give tax)" ✓ Given by Sardar Patel. ✓ Nickname: Iron Man of India. "Vijayi Vishwa Tiranga Pyara" www.legitprep.in ✓ Given by Shyam Lal Gupta. "Vande Mataram" ✓ Given by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee. ✓ Nickname: Sahitya Samrat. "Jan Gan Man Adhinayak Jaya hey" ✓ Given by Rabindranath Tagore. ✓ Nickname: Vishwa Kavi, Kaviguru, Gurudev. "Samarajywaad ka Naash ho" ✓ Given by Bhagat Singh. ✓ Nickname: Prince of Martyrs, Shaheed-e-Azam. "Swaraj (Self Rule) is my birthright" ✓ Given by Bal Gangadhar Tilak. ✓ Nickname: Lokmanya Tilak. "Sarfaroshi ki tamanna, ab hamare dil me hai" ✓ Given by Ram Prasad Bismil. "Saare jahan se achchha hindustan hamara" ✓ Given by Allama Iqbal. "Simon Commission Go back" ✓ Given by Lala Lajpat Rai. ✓ Nickname: Punjab Kesari, The Lion of Punjab. "Who lives if India dies" ✓ Given by Jawaharlal Nehru. ✓ Nickname: Chacha Nehru. "A blow to the sticks on my head will prove to be the nail of the casket of the British rule" ✓ Given by Lala Lajpat Rai. ✓ Nickname: Punjab Kesari, The Lion of Punjab. www.legitprep.in "Muslims were foolish, they demanded protection and Hindus were also foolish, they rejected that demand." ✓ Given by Abul Kalam Azad. "Satyameva Jayate" ✓ Given by Madan Mohan Malviya. ✓ Nickname: Mahamana. "Jai Jawan Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan" ✓ Given by Atal Bihari Vajpayee. "Dushman ki goliyon ka hum samna karenge, Azad hee rahein hain, Azad hee rahenge" ✓ Given by Chandra Shekhar Azad. ✓ Nickname: Young Turk. "Araam Haraam hai" ✓ Given by Jawaharlal Nehru. ✓ Nickname: Chacha Nehru. "Desh Bachao, Desh Banao" ✓ Given by P.V. Narsimha Rao. ✓ Father of Indian Economic Reforms. "Desh Ki Puja Hi Ram Ki Puja Hai" ✓ Given by Madanlal Dhingra. "He Ram" ✓ Given by Mahatma Gandhi. ✓ Nickname: Father of the Nation, Bapu. "Sampurn Kranti" ✓ Given by Jaiprakash Narayan. ✓ Nickname: Loknayak. Note: Solve the Questions from the Work Book of Modern History