History of Globalization Reviewer PDF

The Contemporary World **HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION** - Technology is always revolving, never regressive. It also provides efficiency and enables us to perform tasks in less time. - **Kenneth Waltz** as cited by **Brawley (2008) --** globalization is something quite underestimate the ex...

The Contemporary World **HISTORY OF GLOBALIZATION** - Technology is always revolving, never regressive. It also provides efficiency and enables us to perform tasks in less time. - **Kenneth Waltz** as cited by **Brawley (2008) --** globalization is something quite underestimate the extent to which the present looks like the past. - **Modern Era (19^th^ Century).** - **1600-1800** is also known as [proto-globalization.] The early phase of global interconnectedness between countries. ***Trade*** - Measured as one of the most important factors that started the cross-border relationship among nations. - Involves transfer of exchange of goods and services from one person to another or one country to another. **The Different Periods in the History of Globalization** - **Silk Roads** (1^st^ Century BC -- 5^th^ Century AD) - **Spice Routes** (7^th^ -- 15^th^ Centuries) - **16^th^ Century** - **Age of discovery** (15^th^ -- 18^th^ Century) - **First Wave of Globalization** (19^th^ century -- 1914) - **Globalization 4.0** (20tth Century) - A network of trade routes that connected East and West. - **SILK --** one of the most common products for trading at that time. It is fiber obtained from silkworms which can be woven into textiles. - **1^st^ Century BC,** luxury products from China staring appearing in Eurasian Continent/Rome. This happened during the **Han Dynasty.** - According to **Vanham (2019)**, trades had stopped being local or regional affairs and started to become global. - Global trade links were established because the [Silk Road served as the key to people's movement] and opened the doors for **trans-border relations** among countries. - According to **Kuzmina (2008)**, this was [the road that for many countries saw the movement of people, objects and ideas]. ***The Role of the Scynthians*** - ***Scynthians*** were the nomadic tribes with no permanent homes. - Since they move around a lot, they say and share the different goods and resources in several places. ***Zhang Qian and the Expansion of the Trade*** - ***Zhang Qian*** was one of the diplomat from the Han Dynasty. - He traveled west and negotiated with nomadic tribes and learned about their trade systems. PERSIA and INDIA. ***The Spread of Religion and Disease*** - Silk Road also helped in the spread of **Buddhism, Christianity**, **Zoroastrianism**, and **Islam**. - In diseases, **Bubonic Plague.** ***Spice Routes (7^th^ -- 15^th^ Century)*** - This period connects east and west for over **two thousand years.** - Spices are **cinnamon, cloves, pepper, turmeric,** etc. Spices are also considered as **luxury.** ***16^th^ Century*** - After the **fall of Constantinople (1453),** the Silk Road declined. - **Europeans** was recognized worldwide by building trade and connections on their own terms. - **Islamic Trade in the Middle Age was spices** since it was **traded mainly by sea** since ancient times, unlike silk. - **Medieval Era,** main spices are: - **Mace** - **Nutmeg** - **Cloves** (from Maluku Islands, Indonesia) - The spices are **extremely expensive** and in **high demand** in Europe. - **Spices are also being used as medicine and food preservatives.** - ***Age of Discovery (15^th^ -- 18^th^ Century)*** - **Europeans** continues to explore to look for avenues for trades, until they discovered **America.** - Goods like **tomatoes, coffees, and chocolates** were introduced to Europe. ***First Wave of Globalization (19^th^ Century -- 1914)*** - The **Period on Intense Globalizations**. - By the end of 18^th^ century, **Great Britain had started to dominate the world;** - geographically, - Establishment of the **British Empire**, - **Technologically.** - **Era of the First Industrial Revolution --** where period is characterized by machines and manufacturing industries. - People shifted from farming/agriculture to industry and commerce. - Transportation of goods and other materials become quicker. The Industrial Revolution's **Advantages;** - Inventions of Machines to Spin and Weave cloth - Stream Engine was widely used as a source of power. - Using of coal in smelting and refining iron. - Construction of railways. - Increased economic growth across participating nations. The Industrial Revolution's **Disadvantages;** - Technical change threw people out of work. - The cities were polluted. - The provision of education was limited. - Unequal economic development between nations. - Environmental degradation due to rapid industrialization. - **John Maynard Keynes** =\> London could order through telephone the goods and services it wants while sipping tea and lying on bed. - **BRITAIN** was the country who benefited the most from globalization, as it had the most technology and capital. - **URUGUAY** and **ARGENTINA** have also entered the [golden age of globalization as they started to mass export meat], from cattle grown on their vast land. FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - Traversed around **1760 -- 1860.** - Inventions of steam engines and construction of railroads. - Brought innovative mechanization and deep social change. SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - a.k.a **Technological Revolution;** a phase of rapid scientific discovery, standardization from the late 19^th^ century into the early 20^th^ century -- [made mass production possible.] THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - began in the **1960s**. - a.k.a **The Computer or Digital Revolution;** the development of semiconductors, mainframe computing and the internet. FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION - a.k.a **Globalization 4.0** - much more present mobile internet, by smaller and more powerful sensors that have become cheaper, and by **artificial intelligence** and **machine learning**. ***Globalization 4.0 (20^th^ Century)*** - The **Golden Age of Globalization.** - The world is dominated by two powerful countries; **China** and **the US,** the new partition of globalization is the **cyberworld**. - Negative globalization is enlarging too, **through climate change.** - As they say, **for every production, there is destruction, and for every consumption, there is waste.** To define the past Globalization before 4.0: ***Globalization 1.0*** - [Pre-World War I] which was launched by a historic group in trade costs. - Globalization came with almost [no government support.] ***Globalization 2.0*** - [Post-World War II] where trade in goods was combined with complimentary domestic policies. - Market was in charge of [efficiency] while the government was in charge of [justice]. - Establishment of [institute-based, rule-based] international governance; UN, IMF, World Bank, GATT/WTO, International Labor Organization, etc. ***Globalization 3.0*** - Created a new word of manufacturing which high-tech was combined with low wages. - Achieved through establishment of global supply chains as factories crossed international borders. - Variously called **New Globalization, Hyper Globalization, Global Value Chain Evolution.** - Political Crisis and Global level conflict - Economic Exclusion - Income Inequality - Human Resource - Unintended Consequences - Infrastructural Challenges