History of Monarchs & Dynasties

England ======= Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic mother to James who was raised Protestant A. James will start the **Stuart** dynasty in England 1630- B. Absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money C. The King James version of the Protestant Bible is named after...

England ======= Mary Queen of Scots was Catholic mother to James who was raised Protestant A. James will start the **Stuart** dynasty in England 1630- B. Absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money C. The King James version of the Protestant Bible is named after James James' son was King Charles, who was more arrogant than his father A. Charles was also an absolute monarch who only called Parliament into session when he needed money B. The Protestant Puritan leaders rebelled against Charles (Catholic) C. The **second English civil war** will start and last from **1642-1649** 1\. Charles' supporters were called loyalists or cavaliers 2\. Puritan Opposition led by **Oliver Cromwell** were called **round heads** 3\. Cromwell wins because he has support from the army D. Charles is executed in 1649 by public beheading E. Cromwell takes over and makes himself **Lord Protector or Dictator** F. His son Richard takes over after his death, but he was weak 1. **Charles 2** put on the throne by Parliament 2. Parliament had control of the government 3. When he died, he had no heir 4. His younger brother **James** **1** became King a. James was an absolute monarch who believed in divine right b. Started having problems after his Protestant first wife died 1. Had 2 daughters: Mary, married to William of Orange, Anne, who was married to an English noble 2. James then married a Catholic princess and converts 3. He had a son with her and James decides to make England Catholic again c. Parliament takes James off the throne in **the Glorious revolution of 1688** 1. It was called the glorious revolution because there was no civil war 2. Parliament was influenced by Enlightened writers 3. **William 3 and Mary 2** become the new monarchs 4. They were the only joint rulers of England 5. Parliament passes **Act of Succession** which forbids any Catholic from becoming monarch 6. Parliament will pass the **English Bill of Rights in 1689** a. It gave the people the rights of free speech, religion, press, and assembly b. Most of these rights were given to white male landowners c. It became a model for British colonies especially after they gained their independence 7. The next monarch is **Anne 1** a. Anne has little power and Parliament controls the government b. She will be the last Stuart monarch c. When she died, Parliament made **George 1** monarch 1. He was chosen because he was a Protestant German from Hanover 2. He will start **the Hanover dynasty** which rules from **1714 -- 1837** 3. He did not have absolute power and Parliament ran the government d\. Anne had 2 advisors named John and Sarah Churchill France ====== 1. All the monarchs were absolute rulers 2. **The Bourbon Dynasty** ruled France from **1589-1789** a. Started by **Henry 2** after a civil war between Protestant and Catholics b. He was Protestant but converted to Catholicism c. **Issues Edict of Nantes in 1598** which gives religious freedom to French Protestants called **Huguenots** d. He was murdered in 1610 by a Catholic fanatic 3. **Louis 14** was the son of Henry 2 a. He was an absolute monarch and gave the French people very little freedom b. He was famous for saying **"I am the state; I am the sun"** c. He built the **palace of Versailles** outside of Paris, taking 42 years d. Louis made **Jean Baptist Colbert minister of finance** because there wasn't enough tax money to pay for everything 1. Colbert starts **mercantilism** to get Louis the money he needs 2. Despite raising taxes and tariffs, Colbert could not keep France out of debt 3. After Colbert died, Louis had to raise taxes even more e. He **revoked the Edict of Nantes in 1689** 1. This affected the Huguenots, who were the skilled workers, merchants, and craftsmen 2. They went to **Prussia,** which helped their economy 3. This will weaken the French economy f. When Louis 14 died, his son would continue ruining the French economy Russia ====== 1. **Mikhail Romanov** will start the **Romanov Dynasty** which rules Russia from **1613-1917** a. The Russian rulers were **emperors** called **tzars** or **tzarinas** b. They were absolute rulers who controlled everything c. The Russian people loved the royal family and supported them 2. **Peter the Great (Peter 1)** was the most successful Romanov emperor (1689-1721) a. He was an **enlightened absolute monarch** because he read the writings of the enlightened philosophes b. He westernized Russia and made them adopt western clothing and made French the official language c. He copied the British navy and the Prussian army d. He allowed Russian women to have the right to choose who to marry e. He modernized the Russian calendar and started the first Russian newspaper f. He made the **Russian Orthodox Church the official religion** g. He made a brand-new castle in St Petersburg on the Baltic Sea h. He built schools and hospitals and made everyone pay taxes including the church and nobles i. He encouraged developments in agriculture, science, and industry 3. After Peter's death, **Catherine the Great (Catherine 2)** will be the next successful monarch a. She was a **German princess** who married into the royal Russian family b. In **1762**, Catherine led the nobles and overthrew her husband (Peter 3) c. The Russian people loved her because she was an enlightened absolute monarch d. She gives the Russian people more freedom 1. In **1767**, she allowed the Russian people to form a convention to write **a new constitution** 2. She gave religious freedom to everyone, including Protestants and Jews 3. She increased trade with Europe 4. Annexed the Crimea Peninsula near the Black Sea 5. In **1772**, she annexed part of Poland, along with Prussia and Austria 6. **She built schools and hospitals** e. **Voltaire** became one of her **advisors** f. Because she was not moving fast enough, the nobles rebelled against her with Catherine killing them and revoking her reforms Austria ======= 4. **Maria Theresa (Catholic)** 1. It was ruled by absolute monarchs in the **Hapsburg** dynasty which ruled from **1215-1970** 2. Maria Theresa was an **enlightened benevolent monarch** a. She and her husband had 16 children including her **daughter Marie Antoinette** b. Her son and husband held the title of Holy Roman Emperor, but as Empress, she ruled Austria c. She made Austria a powerful country by copying the government and military of Prussia d. She forced the nobles to pay taxes, which were used to help the people e. In **1772**, she **split Poland** between **Russia and Prussia** f. She lost a war with Prussia and lost the region Silesia (rich in iron ore and coal) g. When she died, the Austrian people mourned her death 3. Her son **Joseph 2** became emperor upon her death a. He also was an **enlightened benevolent monarch** b. He gave religious freedom and equal rights to everyone c. He freed all the serfs and peasants d. He made the nobles pay taxes to build schools and hospitals e. He ended the death penalties for certain crimes f. He made **German** the official language of Austria g. He loses a war with Prussia, and the nobles and the church takes over the government 4. All the reforms he and his mother made were undone by the nobles Prussia ======= 1. Hohenzollern dynasty (1450- ) **Kaisers** A. Prussia became a country when **Willhelm** united the Southern German states B. His son **Frederick 1** will make the Prussian military stronger and more powerful C. Frederick 1 will make their army the best and strongest in all of Europe 1. He will take power away from the nobles 2. He invites the **Huguenots** to live in Prussia after they were forced out of France 3. This will strengthen Prussian agriculture and industry 2. **Frederick 2 (Frederick the Great)** becomes **Kaiser** when he dies A. When he was young, Frederick 2 and his friends **ran away to France** 1. His father forces them back to Prussia where all of them were executed except Frederick 2. This was a turning point in his life B. Frederick 2 will become an **enlightened benevolent ruler**, whose accomplishments improve Russian lives 1. He opens elementary schools, trade schools, craft schools 2. He was influenced by the French enlightened philosophe **Voltaire** 3. He will allow freedom of the press 4. He gave religious freedom to everyone except Jews and Polish people (Catholic) 5. He started the **Berlin Academy of Science** 6. He built roads, canals, and started new industries 7. He funded research in **agriculture** C. **In 1748, he took Silesia away from Austria**, **because it was rich in iron ore and coal** D. **In 1772, he, Austria, and Russia split and annexed Poland** E. After Frederick 2 dies, the **Kaisers become absolute**, and this will hurt Prussia 1. This gave the people little experience in self- government 2. Because of this, the German people will respect authority, authoritarian rulers, and the military 3. The German people will not accept democracy until after WW2 Spain ===== 1. Until 1710, Louis 14 ruled both France and Spain 2. His grandson became king and began the Bourbon dynasty in Spain Netherlands =========== 1. The **Netherlands became independent from Spain** in **1689** 2. The Netherlands becomes the **second strongest Protestant nation** in Europe A. They had the **second strongest navy** in Europe B. Shipbuilding was also one of their main industries 3. They had **two big industrial cities, Amsterdam and Rotterdam** 4. Their **legislative body controlled the government** 5. Their monarchs were only figureheads and belonged to the **House of Orange (William 3 of England)**