History Midterms PDF

Key points: Old Stone Age - 2 million to 10,000 BC: Old stone age/Paleolithic period - 10,000 BC until the end of prehistory: New stone age/Neolithic Period - Early modern humans lived toward the end of the old stone age - Early modern humans are called Nomads. Nomads are people who...

Key points: Old Stone Age - 2 million to 10,000 BC: Old stone age/Paleolithic period - 10,000 BC until the end of prehistory: New stone age/Neolithic Period - Early modern humans lived toward the end of the old stone age - Early modern humans are called Nomads. Nomads are people who move from place to place to find food - 20-30 people lived in small groups - Men hunted and fished. Women/Children gather berries, fruits, nuts, grains, roots, or shellfish - Made tools out of stone, bone, or wood - Fire for cooking, and animal skin for clothing - Old stone age people figured out how to sail across water - About 100,000 years ago, old stone age people began to leave evidence of their belief in afterlife - They buried goods with the dead person for the afterlife - They thought that the world was full of spirits and forces that resided in animals, objects, or dreams, which is called animism - The paintings on the side of caves could represent their animist religious rituals New Stone Age - The new stone age started around 12,000 years ago (10,000 BC) - The Neolithic Revolution started farming, which allowed for a permanent village, stay in one spot, and create new technologies - The Neolithic Period (or new stone age) was the first people and generation to domesticate animals - The dog was the first domesticated animals, around 15,000 years ago - From about 8000 to 6000 BC, people in Western Asia and Northern Africa domesticated goats, sheep, pigs, and cattle, while people in South America domesticated Llamas and Alpacas - The main domestication time was 10,000 BC to 6,000 BC - Some of the first villages were Catalhuyuk, which is modern Turkey, and Jericho, which is in modern Israeli city. - Jericho was built between 10,000 to 9,000 BC. It had a big wall, and had a government - Catalhuyuk was built around 7,000 BC, was about three times bigger in size, and had hundreds of mud-brick houses, all connected to eachother. - When food was scarce, warfare increased, so they needed warriors (army) - The people in the New stone age (or Neolithic Period) invented the calendar, and used animals, such as oxen or water buffalo to plow the fields (domestication) - Some Neolithic people used animal hair or vegetable fibers to weave cloth - They used clay to create pottery for cooking and storage - They found a body, called "The iceman", which is a Neolithic man found in snow in the European Alps, carrying various tools and belongings Paleolithic Cave Art - The first art from humans was at the end of the Paleolithic Period, from 30,000 to 12,000 BC - They have found art in 250 caves In southern France and Northern Spain Summary: The first period was the Paleolithic Period, or the Old stone age, which was from 2 million to 10,000 BC. The Neolithic Period, or the New stone age, is from 10,000 BC to the end of prehistory. Early human, or Nomads, lived till the end of the old stone age. The men hunted animals, while the woman and children gathered plants and fruits. Tools were made of stone, wood, and bone. They used animal skin for clothing. The old stone age people left clues on their belief in the afterlife, which is to bury goods with the dead person, and thought the world was full of spirits in animals, objects, and more, which is called animism. The New stone age started around 10,000 BC, and started farming, domestication of animals, new tech, and more. The time of domestication was from 10,000 BE to 6,000 BC. Catalhuyuk (Modern Turkey), and Jericho (modern Israeli city), were the first villages. They both had government, but the Cataluyuk was a lot bigger. Jericho was from 10,000 to 9,000 BC, and Cataluyuk was from 7,000 BC. The New stone age people invented the calendar and the use of animals, for plowing. Order of Hominids: 1. Ardipithecus ramidus 2. Atralopithecus Africanuus 3. Homo Habilis 4. Homo Erectus 5. Homo Sapiens Neandertalensis (Neanderthals) 6. Homo sapiens sapiens 1. Ardipithecus ramidus: Date when lived: 4.4 MIllion years ago Country: Ethiopia Continent: Africa Characteristics: 110 pounds, walked upright, live in trees and ground 2. Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy) Date when lived: 3.5 million years ago Country: Ethiopia Continent: Africa Characteristics: 3.5 feel tall, walked upright/on arms, groups of 5-10 3. Homo Habilis Date when lived: 2.3-1.5 million years ago Country: Olduvai Gorge region of Tanzania Continent: Africa Characteristics: Bigger brain, arms/legs, and first tools (Stone) 4. Homo Erectus Date when lived: 1.8-100,000 years ago Country: Nice, France Continent: Africa, Asia, and Europe Characteristics: Always upright, good hunter, and first to make fire 5. Homo Neanderthalensis (Neanderthals) Date when lived: 200,000 years ago Country: Iraq Continent: Asia Characteristics: Culture of caring for dead (Burial, filling with goods), 20-30 people 6. Homo Sapiens Date When lived: 5,300 Years ago Country: Italy Continent: Europe Characteristics: Make clothes from animal skin, a fur hat, grass cape, leather shoes. Tools such as bows and arrows, copper axe from metal, and most advanced Beginnings Of Civilization: - The earliest civilizations were built around Rivers, which provided water supply, and transportation - They used the animals that went to the river to drink as a food source - When the river flooded, it provided rich silt and soil, which made the land along the river fertile - With the river, they could have a surplus of food - As the villages became cities, people can have more jobs than farming - Sumer is a civilization, between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in the middle east/Egypt along the Nile River - Indus Civilization was along the Indus river in India - Shang Civilization along the Huang River, or Yellow river in China - Civilization in the Americas was emerged in Peru, Mexico, and Central America, where people learned to farm - Civilizations were still formed out of major cities, and still hunted, or lived in farming villages. - On less fertile land or on sparse, dry grass lands called Steppes, is where Nomadic herders gathered animals. The Seven features of more early civilizations: 1. Organized Governments 2. Complex religions 3. Job Specialization 4. Social Classes 5. Arts and Architecture 6. Public Works 7. Writing - With a bigger civilization and population, the government expanded, and had people build dikes, build canals, and carve out irrigation ditches around the river - Priests in early civilizations had the most power, and others warrior kings became the main political leader - The power came from "The gods", which chose the first pharaoh or king, and the pharaoh or king passed the power from father to son, and daughters were always last to be chosen. - Most were polytheistic (Many gods) - Priests and worshipers honored the gods by ceremonies, dances, prayers, and hymns (Songs for worshiping) - Sacrifices, such as animals, were made for the gods - Jobs became a thing, such as artisans (People who make pottery), Metalworkers, Bricklayers, soldiers, merchants, singers, dancers, and storytellers - TRIANGLE OF SOCIAL CLASSES Priests and Nobles Wealthy Merchants/artisans Farmers/Slaves - The first step of writing was pictographs - Scribes were the ones that can read and write, and kept records for the priests, rulers, and merchants - They had cultural diffusion, which was to spread ideas and tech - City-State was a political unit that had a city, and surrounded by lands/villages - Rulers, nobles, and priests controlled the land outside the city, and forced peasants to give some crops for the people in the city-state Summarizer of Human Development: Old stone age: - Creation of stone, bone, and wood tools and weapons - Use of fire - Spoken language - Ability to travel across water in boats - Belief in a spiritual world - Creation of cave paintings - Burial of the dead New stone age: - Farming and domestication of plants and animals - Settling of permanent villages - Dominance of family, economic, and political life by men - Gaining of prestige by warriors - Appearance of differences in wealth - Creation of first calendars - More elaborate tools and new technologies Rise of Civilizations: - Production of surpluses of food - Expansion of populations - Development of cities, civilizations, and governments - Government oversight of large-scale projects - Belief in polytheistic religions - Job specialization - Development of social classes - Development of arts and architecture - Invention of writing systems - Expansion of some cities into city-states and empires - Cultural diffusion - The difference between Americas and Asia/Africa is that Americas didn't settle near rivers City States of Ancient Sumer - The fertile crescent curves from the Persian gulf to the eastern coast of the Medditerranean sea - Mesopotamia means "Between two rivers", which it was (Tigris and Euphrates) - Tigris and Euphrates flow from modern-day turkey through Iraq into the Persian Gulf - Around 3300 BC, Sumer was the first civilization formed in Southeastern Mesopotamia - "The Epic Of Gilgamesh" is a story that describes a great flood that destroys the world - The Sumerians used clay to make bricks, which were dried, and made the builiding blocks for cities, such as Ur and Uruk - Sumer had 12 separate city-states - Hierarchy is a system of ranking groups - Sumerians were Polytheistic - A Ziggurat was a big building which was dedicated to the city's chief god or goddess - They believed that after death, everyone went to a grim underworld, with no release - Around 8,000 BC, Sumerians began using shaped clay tokens to represent items of exchange, such as sheep, bread, or oil. To record economic transactions, they placed the tokens inside clay envelopes, shape like balls. - In 3500 BC, Sumerians began to press the tokens into clay tablets to make signs, and marked the clay using a sharp tool (Stylus), and in 3200 BC, they created a true writing system that had symbols that represented words or syllables. - Cuneiform was the type of writing that Sumerians created - Around 2500-1900 BC, armies of conqueting peoples swept across mesopotamia, and overtook the sumerian city-states. - Akkadians, Babylonians, and Assysrians used Cuneiform - Sumerian Scholars based a number system by 6, dividing the hour into 60 minutes, and the circle into 360 degrees. - Babylonians built on this knowledge and developed basic algebra, and geometry, to create calendars, and predict eclipses of the sun and moon - The Epic of Gilgamesh was converted into Cuneiform by the Babylonians and Akkadians - Gilgamesh was a story about a hero, who may have been a real-life king of the sumerian city of Uruk, along with the flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. - Dynasty is the series of rulers descending from a single family line - Cultural diffusion is the spead of one cultures ideas, products, traditions, beliefs, and more - Have 3 classes of society: Priests and Royalty (Kings) Wealthy Merchants Ordinary Workers Rivers - Sumerian Civilization - Tigris & Euphrates Rivers (Mesopotamia) - Egyptian Civilization - Nile River - Harappan Civilization - Indus River - Ancient China - Huang He (Yellow) River 5 Empires 1. Sumerian empire King:Gilgamesh Lasted: 2,500 years 2. Akkadians King: Sargon Lasted 200 years Uses from Sumerians, and expanded from Sumerians: Writings (Cuneiform), Pictograph, Wheel, Ziggurat, King, Hierachy, Statues, Agricultre, Irrigation, and Sailboat 3. Babylonians King:Hammurabi Lasted 200 years Inventions: Code of laws, (282 Laws) which were harsh, Hanging Gardens, palace, and had a government 4. Assyrians King: Not specific Type and Inventions: Warlike, New Weapon Tech, Most warlike, Lasted 300 years (Was too big to control) 5. Neo Bayolonia (New) King: Nebuchedezzar Lasted 75 years (Was too big to control) Types of culture: Ruthless Ruler, Followed Old Babylon \*All city states were surrounded by walls \*Went into city states with a battering ram, or a siege tower - Barter Economy: System where people exchange one set of goods or services for another Egyptian Civilization - Had the Nile River as the main River that flowed South To north - W=Sahara Desert E=Red Sea - Polytheistic - The chief (Main) god was the sun god, or Re (Ray) - They worshiped Re during the Old kingdom - In the middle kingdom, they associated Re with Amon-Re, but are the same god, just a different name - The Egyptians related to the gods Osiris and Isis, which represented love and jealousy - According to Mythology, Osiris ruled Egypt until his brother, Set, killed him, but Osiris' wife Isis saved him by reassembling his body, and bringing him back to life - Osiris became the god of the dead, and ruled the underworld, and he was the god of the Nile (Controlled the flood) - In 1380 BC, a younger pharaoh named Amenhotep IV, and had the people worship to Akhenaton, or (He who serves Aton). From this change, people were very upset, so after Amenhotep died, they went back to worship the sun god (Re) - After death, they ferried the persons body across a lake of fire to the hall of Osiris, then have the heart be weighed against the feather of truth. - If the person was a sinner, they were fed to the Crocidile shaped eater of the dead, and if worthy, they entered happy field of food - The Book of the Dead contained spells, charms, and formulas for the dead to use in the afterlife Mummification - Once the pharaoh died, they did mummification, or the process of preserving the body in cloth, and was used on rulers and nobles, but later normal people got the right of mummification - Skilled embalmers extracted the brain through the nostrils, and removed most of the internal organs, and placed them in canopic jars. They then filled the body with linen and drying powder, sprinkled spices on the body, and rubbbed mixture that kept out moisture on the skin, and then wrapped the body in strips of linen. 1. Extract the brain 2. Remove organs and place in Canopic Jars 3. Fill body with linen and drying powder 4. Sprinkle spices on body 5. Rub mixture to keep out moisture 6. Wrap body in strips of linen - The Pharaoh would be buried with goods from the real world to be "passed on to" the afterlife with him. This can include personal things, such as jewelry, pets, and even his servants (To serve him in the afterlife) - In the new kingdom, the pharaohs were buried in the "Valley Of The Kings" - King Tutankhamen was the son-in-law of Akkenaton (Tut was 18 Years old) - The tomb of King Tut was almost untouched for more than 3,000 years - King Tut was an Egyptian Pharaoh of the 18^th^ dynasty, during the New kingdom - Men did lots of slave work, such as farming, and women worked in the fields, raised children, collect water, and prepare food. In the off season, peasant men served the Pharaoh, with building palaces, temples, and tombs. - Skilled Craftworkers made fine jewelry, furniture, and fabrics for the palaces and tombs of Pharaohs and nobles - Women under egyptian law had more rights, such as inherit property, enter business deals, buy and sell goods, go to court, and obtain a divorce - Very few women still knew how to read and write - Still had scribes - Inherited much of the society life from Mesopotamian empires - They used Papyrus, a plant, and would be used as paper - The Rosetta stone was a stone that had 3 different types of writing (Hieroglyphics, demotic script, and Greek, and the stone had one passage in all these different languages - French Scholar Jean Champollion figured out how to read all these languages by comparing all these languages, and deciphering what symbol means what letter, and such - They had knowledge of medicine, astrology, and mathematics. - The doctors believed in magic, but learned a lot of the human body from mummification - The doctors wrote down info on cures and illnesses on Papyrus scrolls - They used things such as anise, castor beans, and saffron for various purposes in medication - Egyptian priest astronomers studied the heavens, mapping the constellations, and watching the movements of the plants, and used this knowledge to develop the calendar of 12 months of 30 days, and 5 days added at the end of each year - Hatshepsut was the first female Pharaoh - Cataract: A waterfall - Delta: area of marshland formed by silt deposited at the mouth of a river such as the Nile; Lower Egypt - Vizier: Chief Minister who supervised the business of government in Ancient Egypt (Like vice president) - Thutmose III- Hatshepsut's step-son; pharaoh who expanded Egypt's empire to its largest extent - Rames II- Best known pharaoh, who ruled for 66 years and expanded Egypt northward into Syria - Upper Egypt stretched from the the Nile's first cataract to 100 miles north of the Mediterranean Sea. - About 3100 B.C., Menes, the King of Upper Egypt, united the two regions Three Kingdoms in Egyptian History: Old Kingdom 2686 B.C.--2181 B.C. Middle Kingdom 2055 B.C.--1630 B.C. New Kingdom 1570 B.C.--1075 B.C. - The Old Kingdom collapsed due to crop failures, power struggles, and the cost of pyramid building. - In 1700 B.C., the Hyksos invaded the delta after awing Egyptians with horse-drawn chariots (The Hyksos invaded Ancient Egypt, but after 100 years, new Egyptian Leader rose) - The new Pharaohs grew the New Kingdom more powerful, reaching as far north as Syria and the Euphrates River in 1450 BC - Thutmose III was a great military leader, expanding Egypts borders to the Euphrates River - Rames II battles the Hittites before signing the oldest known peace treaty - He used gold from Nubia to pay his army, which included many Nubian charioteers. - After 1100 B.C. Egypt declined and was invaded. Anthropology Study of humans, our societies, cultures, and development Arts and Architecture Arts and Architecture is the expression of talents, beliefs, and values of the people who created them. Artifact Objects made by humans. Babylonians An ancient civilization that thrived in Mesopotamia Cities A group of smaller civilizations that made up empires civil Law A set of laws that is for civilians, government, and other people. Complex Religion A structured belief system Criminal law A branch of law that deals with offenses against others, such as robbery, assault, or murder, and decides punishment for those who commit crimes. cuneiform A system of writing created by Sumerians. Cultural diffusion The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one person to another. culture Refers to the way of life as a society which includes its beliefs, values, and practices. delta Delta is a triangular area of marshland formed by deposits of silt at the mouth of some rivers. diaspora Diaspora is the spread of people around the world, in this case Jews. domesticate Domestication is the process of making animals do things for human work. dynasty Dynasty is when a ruling family passes down the power to the other people in the family. egyptians Egyptians are the people who lived in Egypt. empire A group of city-states that are all in one area, which make up an empire. Fertile crescent The land shaped like a crescent that has rivers, such as Nile, Tigris, and Euphrates, and ancient civilizations lived here because of the rivers. hatchepsut The first female pharaoh Hammurabi The king of Babylon. Hebrews Hebrews were a group of people that lived in the end of the bronze age, of beginning of iron age. Hieroglypjhics A system of writing that the Ancient Egyptians used to use for communication. Historian A person who studies the far past. Hitties The Hitties were an ancient people who established an empire in Asia Minor and Syria around 1650 BC. homo -sapiens Homo sapiens is the species name for modern humans. Ramesses I was the founding pharaoh of ancient Egypt\'s 19th dynasty