US History Midterm Review PDF

US History Midterm – Important Identifications/Terms Civil War/Reconstruction Post-Civil War conditions in the South ​ Sharecropping ​ Destruction across the south ​ Farming ​ New Freedmen Plans for Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln and Congressional/Ra...

US History Midterm – Important Identifications/Terms Civil War/Reconstruction Post-Civil War conditions in the South ​ Sharecropping ​ Destruction across the south ​ Farming ​ New Freedmen Plans for Reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln and Congressional/Radical Reconstruction Johnson) Radical (extreme) Republicans Lincoln: ​ 13,14,15 amendments ​ 13,14,15 Amendments ​ Freedmen's bureau ​ Freedmen's Bureau ​ South was divided into 5 military districts ​ 10% loyalty oath ​ New state constitutions Johnson: ​ 13th amendment only ​ New State Constitutions ​ Nullify secession 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments 13th Amendment: Abolishes slavery except for punishment of a crime 14th Amendment: Black people have citizenship 15th Amendment: Black men can vote Sharecropping: Plantation owners let freedmen live on their pieces of land. Instead of freedmen paying the Plantation owners rent they would give them a return of crops and sometimes money from selling these crops. Due to farmers raising or lowering prices for crops or the amount of crops planted these freedmen would be left with not enough money or crops each time they were asked to “pay”. This put them in a cycle of crippling debt they could not escape. Lincoln’s Ten Percent Plan/Johnson’s Reconstruction Plan Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan: The South has to ratify the 13th 14th and 15th amendments, establish the Freedmen's Bureau, and 10% of men must swear loyalty via oath to the United states. Johnson’s Recon Plan: New state constitution, elected a new state government, and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Black codes and examples The Black Codes served three purposes which were to limit rights of freemen,to help plantation owners find workers to replace the labor they lost with the abolishment of slavery, and to keep freemends at the bottom of the social hierarchy. Some black codes consisted of not being able to own firearms,sell liquor, serve on southern juries, buy and own certain properties and even to get married. Vagrancy laws were created to pressure freedmen to sign labor contracts. The code provided that vagrants - people who wander about idly and have no permanent home or employment - could be arrested and imprisoned at hard labor. Instead of being imprisoned, the local law enforcement (usually the sheriff) could “hire out” black vagrants to a white employer to work off their punishment. Southern Redeemers: White supremacists who wanted to get the republicans out of the south. Jim Crow laws and examples The laws affected almost every aspect of daily life. There was segregation of schools, parks, libraries, water fountains, restrooms, buses, trains, and restaurants. "Whites Only" and "Colored" signs were used to enforce segregation as well as the police. Poll taxes and literacy tests ​ Poll tax - voters must pay a tax to vote and show proof of payments 8 months prior to the election ​ Grandfather Clause - only people who had voted or had relatives who voted in the 1867 election could vote ​ Literacy test - language test to check for voter reliability ​ Understanding Test - requirement to read a section of one’s birth state constitution and explain it Freedmen’s Bureau: The freedmen's bureau issued food and clothing, operated hospitals and temporary camps, helped locate family members, promoted education, helped freedmen legalize marriages, provided employment, supervised labor contracts, provided legal representation, investigated racial confrontations, settled freedmen on abandoned or confiscated lands, and worked with Black American soldiers and sailors and their heirs to secure back pay, bounty payments, and pensions. Radical Republicans: They called themselves "Radicals" because of their goal of permanent eradication of slavery in the United States. The Radicals also had very strong currents opinions on Nativism, anti-Catholicism, and in favor of the Prohibition of alcohol. Compromise of 1877: In the 1876 election both sides said the other committed voter fraud and both sides did commit voter fraud. The compromise gave the Republican candidate Hayes the presidency but gave the democrats a democratic member in the cabinet and removed all soldiers from the south with no one in the South montironing the people of the Jim Crow era. Impacts of Reconstruction: ​ New Southern Governments ​ Jim Crow Era ​ Sharecropping ​ 13th,14th, and 15th amendments Transformation John D. Rockefeller: Involved in a scandal about his Oil Company,donated to Charities and institutions he believed would benefit Humanity, founded the University of Chicago, and the Rockefeller Foundation giving Aid to people in the fields of Public Health Arts social research Etc. Andrew Carnegie: One of the first and biggest billionaires in the US in the early 1800s.He owned a steel company and created the concept called The Gospel of wealth. Cornelius Vanderbilt: Biggest billionaire in 1800s America owned a railroad company. Captains of Industry: The term captains of the industry was a positive term towards the people in big business they were described as leaders, educators, increasers of the supply of goods, and market expanders. Robber Barons: The term robber barons put these business owners in a negative light. They were described as people who were getting their money from stealing from the public, paying workers low wages, and putting them in dangerous situations. Horizontal integration: When one firm acquires another firm operating in the same industry or producing the same line of products. Laissez-faire: The goverment shouldn’t interfere with business issues. Monopoly-Complete control of a product or service companies who have monopolies bought out as competition and drove others out of business the consumers had no other place to turn to for certain products or services so they went to the same business. Social Darwinism-Society should do as little as possible to intervene with people's pursuit of success leaving the unsuccessful people unsuccessful and the successful people successful. Social Gospel movement-This movement was created by Andrew Carnegie. The concept was that people should be free to make as much money as they can. However they should give some of it away as people can have too much money. “New Immigrants” The new immigrants mostly didn't speak English, most were not white and most were much harder to assimilate. Some push factors included forced marriage, poverty, religious freedom, and war. Some pull factors included opportunities, freedom, and a better life. Characteristics/problems cities: Many big business cities had slum and poverty issues like New York Chicago Baltimore Etc. There was disease throughout the tenements. Causes of industrialization: ​ Copyrights ​ Inventions/Discoveries ​ Production of Petroleum ​ Production Of Steel ​ Production booming Transcontinental Railroad Pros Cons ​ Grew the steel industry ​ Led to the end of Native American settlement ​ Faster travel ​ Monopolies created ​ Created life in business in the West ​ Reduced farmer share of their profits ​ Technological advancements ​ Fatal trainwrecks ​ Founded mail order (traveling products) ​ Abusive workers ​ Expanded US economy ​ Chinese death ​ Racism Manifest Destiny: The idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. Homestead Act (1862): The Homestead Act, enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to live on and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land. Nativists: These were people who were against the assimilation of Native Americans happening across the country. Many Native Americans were sent to boarding schools where they were forced to cut their hair and become more like white Americans by converting to Christianity and learning to speak English. Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese Exclusion Act banned new Chinese immigrants from coming into the US, separated husbands and wives, removed their citizenship, and it wasn't repealed until 1943. Dawes Severalty Act (1887): The law authorized the President to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parceled out to individuals. Thus, Native Americans registering on a tribal "roll" were granted allotments of reservation land. “To each head of a family, one-quarter of a section; To each single person over eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; To each orphan child under eighteen years of age, one-eighth of a section; and To each other single person under eighteen years now living, or who may be born prior to the date of the order of the President directing an allotment of the lands embraced in any reservation, one-sixteenth of a section.” Exodusters: African Americans who migrated from states along the Mississippi River to Kansas in the late nineteenth century, as part of the Exoduster Movement or Exodus of 1879. It was the first general migration of black people following the Civil War. Rise of Labor – Age of Reform Knights of Labor:The Knights of Labor's goals were to dismantle trusts, abolish child labor, Fairer wages, 8-hour work days, and social and economic reform. Their members consisted of every single type of worker and race except for Chinese. The downfall of the labor union was their wide social platform and unskilled workers who were easily fired when they went on strike. Tools of business: Boycotting business//shutting down stores Tools of labor: Worker wages,worker hours, and treatment Collective bargaining: The negotiating of employment terms between an employer and a group of workers. Political machines: A party organization, headed by a single boss or small autocratic group, that commands enough votes to maintain political and administrative control of a city, county, or state". Problems of the farmers ​ In the Minority ​ lower wages ​ income tax ​ debt Populist Party: Farmers felt like they were being treated unfairly and knew they were at the very bottom of the population. They wanted the legal system to stop putting so much emphasis on property; they thought monopolies were evil; they said social Darwinism and Lazaire faire are both stupid ideas, and that wealth is unevenly distributed. They ran in a few elections and ended better than any third party in American history by winning 10% of the popular vote winning five Western States, three governors, and 15 members of Congress. Progressive Party: The progressives were a group of people who wanted change in the industrial industry across America. They were Urban middle class citizens who were highly educated. There were many progressive reformers and presidents who made Significant changes. They made the great social and economic change specifically. They thought monopolies were evil, child labor is bad, higher wages for workers, political machines are bad, we need to protect the environment, and women's suffrage. Some of their successes include giving women the right to vote the Food and Drug Act 8-hour work days women can vote in primaries conservation of 17 million acres national parks and trust busting. Progressive Presidents Roosevelt: Elated business with a Hepburn and Elkins act calling out on truthful business transactions past the Food and Drug Act preserved 170 Mi of Land and Water Reclamation. Taft: Created the Department of Labor protected consumers from price gouging with the Mann act gave citizens the right to vote for senators lower tariffs but only a little promoted 16th Amendment creating a proportional income tax. Wilson: Help small businesses with the FTC pass The Clayton Act legalizing strikes and labor unions Adamson Act creating Less hours and better pay for railroad workers ban child labor gave women the right to vote created the National Park Service and expanded tr's conservation lower tariffs by 20% created 12 District Banks. Trust Busting- Government tool to break up monopolies when they control too much of the market share and prevent competition. The Age of Industrialization inspired many companies to form trusts because of the many new inventions and wealth being generated during this time. W.E.B. Du Bois: First African-American to get a PhD from Harvard. The boys hated Washington's approach as he didn't head on fight civil and political rights for black people. Helped found the NAACP and helped overturn the grandfather clause in Oklahoma. Road 69 fiction books five novels and two autobiographies. Booker T. Washington: Believed if black people became shop owners or Farmers they would become well respected by white people. First black man to be an attorney general. inspired colleges to create labor majors and Fields and colleges for black people. Didn't support women's suffrage. Muckrakers- Journalists and novelists in the Progressive Era who called out big business and government issues. Upton Sinclair, The Jungle- Upton Sinclair intended his novel The Jungle to be an exposé of industrial labor, but the book had the unexpected result of moving Congress for the first time to regulate food production. Jacob Riis/Jane Addams – urban poor Jacob riss was a photographer of tenements on cities Jane Addmas owned the hull house Characteristics of reformers: Middle Class, Highly Educated, White or Immigrants Imperialism Imperialism definition- The practice of expanding a country's Authority by having colonies Motives- Both a desire for new markets for its industrial products and a belief in the racial and cultural superiority of Americans motivated the United States' imperial mission. Open Door Policy (purpose) – The Open door policy created fair trade across China. Boxer Rebellion (reason the Boxers rebelled) – The main causes of the Boxer Rebellion was the presence of Western religions, mostly Christianity. Boxers believed that only native Chinese and Asian religions should be allowed to exist in China. Spanish-American War (causes) – ​ Spanish actions against cuban citizens ​ U.S. wanted power over trade ​ U.S. felt they were behind other imperialism countries with no colony Dupuy de Lome Letter (description) – Spanish Prime Minister called american prescient a coward Yellow Journalism (description) – Yellow journalism was a style of newspaper reporting that emphasized emotions and attention grabbing over facts. It was one of many factors that helped push the United States and Spain into war in Cuba. Teller Amendment (description) – The U.S. promised they would never annex Cuba. Spanish-American War (role of the navy) – The new navy ships defeated the Spanish with ease and many battles fought on the water. Spanish-American War (treaty results) – Spain gave up Cuba Guam and Puerto Rico Spain gave us Philippines for 10 million dollars Platt Amendment (description) – ​ Cubans couldn’t have foreign affairs ​ U.S. involvement with a lot of Cubans economic business Emilio Aguinaldo (response to US annexation) – ​ Started the Philippine revolution Panama Canal (benefits)- ​ connects the two oceans ​ two ocean navy ​ lowered the cost of shipping ​ faster travel ​ u.s. economy boost Roosevelt Corollary (description and purpose) – We can intervene if Eruope is attacking us. Dollar Diplomacy (description) – Use of economic power to influence other countries: U.S. made a deal with cuba to pay off their debts if we had their resources World War I (long term causes) – ​ Imperialism ​ Alinaces ​ Militarism ​ Nationalism World War I (immediate cause) – Murder of the Austro Hungarian Prince by a Serbian anarchist World War I (reasons for US neutrality) – ​ Trade ​ Focus on own reform World War I (impact of submarine warfare) – ​ Got us to join the war due to Germany sinking our ships World War I (American contributions) – The U.S. made contributions with supplies and money. They supplied their allies and took and gave loans to and from other countries for the war effort waiting to get all the money back and they pay off their war debt. World War I (conserving resources) – Many groups promoted longer worker hours to make ships, days without electricity, food shortages, etc. Great Migration (description) – White men who worked in factories in the north went to war and no one could replace their jobs. Except black sharecroppers from the south. Once black sharecroppers were doing the working factories there was no one to take over their jobs. So immigrants from Mexico took over sharecropping. Selective Services Act (description) – Draft for WW1 War Industries Board (purpose/powers) – U.S. version of the united nations supposed to create no issues to cause any further wars. In the treaty of Versailles but didn't get passed in the U.S. Espionage- Congress passed the Espionage Act shortly after the U.S. entered the war. The Act made it a crime to convey information intended to interfere with the war effort. Sedition Acts- Later, the Sedition Act imposed harsh penalties for a wide range of dissenting speech, including speech abusing the U.S. government, the flag, the Constitution, and the military. (impacts on rights) – Infringed on free speech Big Four (leaders/countries) – Lloyd George of Britain, Georges Clemenceau of France, Woodrow Wilson of the U.S., and the least important member Vittorio Emanuele Orlando of Italy. Self-determination (description/ties to Fourteen Points) – Wilson's Fourteen Points were based on self-determination. Where nationalities would have their own states often associated with the place of the cultural heritage's birth. League of Nations (Article X) – One of the countries the others would have to back them up which is what the snake disagreed on Treaty of Versailles (debate between Wilson/Senate - ​ Senate didn’t want to have no voice in the U.S. goes to wat ​ Senate didn’t pass the treaty of Versailles 1920’s Social Changes- The most obvious change was the rise of the consumer economy, the use of commercial advertisement, and entertainment. Women felt more free to be less subservient to their husbands by wearing more revealing clothing,having jobs, and smoking cigarettes. Palmer Raids- Raids by the U.S. Department of Justice to arrest foreign anarchists, communists, and radical leftists.Many of them ended up being deported. Red Scare cause- WW1 ending, unemployment rates, Russian Communist revolution, and bombs sent to american government members mailboxes. event- Steel workers went on strike for a communist America in Pittsburgh. Though the senate was supposed to deal with the strikes, the Treaty of Versailles issue has kept them from coming. Leaving the national guard on their own. Red Summer cause- The post World War I period was marked by a spike in racial violence, much of it directed toward African American veterans returning from Europe, where they were often treated much better there than by white Americans despite their service to the country. event- Many riots happened, the worst happened in Elaine, Arkansas, where it is estimated that over 100 African Americans were killed. The racial violence of the Red Summer erupted in many other Southern locations as well as in the North, most in Chicago. Advertising- Commercial advertising we see today was created in this time period. Specifically using celebrities, discounts, buy 1 get 1’s, and the concept “sex sells” making advertisements more attractive to a certain gender. Scopes Trial (description; social conflict) Scopes Trial, high-school teacher, John T. Scopes, charged with violating state law by teaching Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution. This created a conflict between religion and science. Harlem Renaissance (description/significance) African Americans across the country had a new spirit of self-determination and pride and a new commitment to political activism. This would end up providing a foundation for the Civil Rights Movement. Marcus Garvey- Garvey was known as the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). Formed in Jamaica in July 1914, the UNIA aimed to achieve Black nationalism through the celebration of African history and culture. Prohibition(description/impacts/why it failed)- Prohibition was enacted to protect individuals and families from alcohol related death and drunk family issues. It had some positive impacts like lowering the death rate of liver failure and getting people to save their money for something other than alcohol. However it had many negative consequences including a rise in organized crime associated with the illegal production and sale of alcohol, an increase in smuggling, and a decline in tax revenue for the goverment. Volstead Act- The Volstead Act prohibited the production, sale, transportation, and possession of beverages that contained 0.5% or greater alcohol Immigration restrictions, 1921/1924 (descriptions/impacts)- Compared to the temporary 1921 law, the 1924 act had permanent impacts on U.S. immigration. Setting a yearly cap of about 165,000 immigrants overall and annual per-country caps at 2 percent of the U.S. population born in each country. Rise of the new KKK (characteristics/impacts) The Klan was revived after WW1’s passing. It was revived as their ideals of Christianity being superior was becoming common ground gaining them a surplus of members. Therefore many politicians sided with the Klan to keep their safety and secure voters. They not only hated black people they also hated jews and catholics. Sacco Vanzetti Trials- - Murder trial in Massachusetts (1920–27). After the robbery and murder of a paymaster and a guard at a shoe factory (1920), police arrested the Italian immigrant anarchists Nicola Sacco (1891–1927), A shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti (1888–1927), a fish peddler. They were tried and found guilty. Booming economy why?- American manufacturing exporting goods to Europe,Car industry,Women and men working, Etc. Causes of the Great Depression (multiple causation/interconnections)- The stock market crash on October 24th 1929 triggered the start of the Great Depression but a combination of poor economic management, overproduction, and underconsumption led to overconfidence spending and investments. Making American businesses and citizens unable to recover from debt when stock values, consumer spending and employment rates plummeted. Federal reserve banks were also doing very poorly along with farmers and their pricing. **This is a guide intended to help you focus your studies as you prepare. Available Resources: ​ Textbook ​ Notes ​ Historical sources ​ Class work assignments ​ Homework assignments