Civil War and Reconstruction PPT PDF

"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other....

"A house divided against itself cannot stand." I believe this government cannot endure, permanently half slave and half free. I do not expect the Union to be dissolved -- I do not expect the house to fall -- but I do expect it will cease to be divided. It will become all one thing or all the other. Source: opening speech of the 1858 US Senate campaign against Stephen A. Douglas; originated from an earlier debate 3 THE CIVIL WAR BEGINS (1861) ▪ Lincoln won election of 1860 → My paramount object in this South Carolina seceded struggle is to save the Union, and ▪ First engagement of the war was is not either to save or destroy at Fort Sumter Slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave, I would □ Lincoln sent provisions not do it, and if I could save it by reinforcements, but the South freeing all the slaves, I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing saw it as an act of aggression some and leaving others alone, I □ Union garrison surrendered would also do that. What I do □ Electrified both North & about Slavery and the colored race, I do because I believe it South in support of their helps to save this Union causes 4 STRENGTHS & WEAKNESSES UNION CONFEDERACY 5 6  UNION STRATEGIES Winfield Scott’s “Great Snake” & William T. Sherman’s “Total War” & March to the Sea 7 THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION (Jan 1, 1863) Declared "that all persons held as slaves"...within the rebellious states... "are, and henceforward shall be free." applied only to states that had seceded, leaving slavery untouched in the loyal border states & exempted parts of the Confederacy that had already come under Northern control. Although the Emancipation Proclamation did not end slavery in the nation, it captured the hearts and imagination of millions of Americans and fundamentally transformed the character of the war. After January 1, 1863, every advance of federal troops expanded the domain of freedom. The Proclamation announced the acceptance of black men into the Union Army and Navy. By the end of the war, almost 200,000 black soldiers and sailors had fought for the Union and freedom. The Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their insistence that the war for the Union must become a war for freedom. It added moral force to the Union cause and strengthened the Union both militarily and politically. 8 9 10 BATTLES 1861 - Bull Run - Union forced to retreat → shocked Northerners out of their complacency and prompted them to prepare for the struggle ahead; morale boost for South 1862 - Antietam - Lee made an aggressive push into the Border States to try to defeat the Union on its own turf; bloodiest single day → Confederates retreat; McClellan fails to pursue Lee & is replaced by Grant 1863 - Vicksburg - gave the Union control of the Mississippi River 1863 - Gettysburg - Lee marched into Pennsylvania. At the end of a bloody three-day struggle, more than 50,000 died 1864 - Atlanta - Sherman defeated Confederate troops, burned the city and then marched on to Savannah. Along the way, he destroyed railroads, burned homes & crops, and looted/pillaged. Helped Lincoln secure re-election 11  GETTYSBURG ADDRESS (Nov 1863) Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate -- we can not consecrate -- we can not hallow -- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us -- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion -- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain -- that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom -- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 12 Copperheads wanted to make peace with the South 13 14  EFFECTS OF THE WAR UNION CONFEDERACY ▪ tariffs benefited manufacturing ▪ dramatic inflation ▪ More opportunities for women: clerks ▪ Union blockade for gov, employment in factories, ▪ War destroyed Southern land → nurses (ex. Clara Barton) Total War/Sherman’s “Hard ▪ Fluctuating & inflating greenback Hand” ▪ w/o Democrats, passed laws: □ Civilians felt the effect of □ Morrill Act (land grants for war more directly colleges) ▪ Women wore homespun □ Pacific Railroad Act dresses--cut off from northern □ Homestead Act provided settlers manufacturing 160 acres to move West ▪ Already weak transportation □ Taxes raised & National Banking system collapsed Act passed ▪ $2b in slaves emancipated 15 THE END OF THE WAR ▪ The Union out-supplied the Confederacy ▪ General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Courthouse ▪ Lincoln was assassinated 5 days after surrender by John Wilkes Booth □ Actually hurts the South as Johnson was more antagonistic to the southern elite he resented 16 Lee’s Surrender to Grant - April 9, 1865 17  LET’S REFLECT: Evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the Union and Confederacy and analyze how they shaped the outcome of the Civil War RECONSTRUCTION 19  BIG QUESTION: Analyze the extent to which Reconstruction achieved its goals and the reasons for its successes and shortcomings. THE DILEMMAS OF RECONSTRUCTION ▪ How to rebuild the South? ▪ What to do with freed slaves? ▪ How would the South be reintegrated into the Union? ▪ Who would control the process: Southern states, president or Congress? ▪ Should “rebel” leaders be punished? 21 COMPETING PLANS: LINCOLN - reintegrate states into the Union when only 10% of its voters took an oath to the Union & acknowledged the emancipation of the slaves RADICAL REPUBLICANS - JOHNSON - certain leading felt South needed to be punished Confederates were → pushed the Wade-Davis Bill disenfranchised, the Confederate through Congress which required 50% of the states’ voters to take debt was repudiated, and states oaths of allegiance and demanded had to ratify the 13th stronger safeguards for Amendment emancipation 22 LEGISLATING RECONSTRUCTION ▪ Freedmen’s Bureau - to support former slaves; education was biggest success ▪ The Reconstruction Act (1867) divided South into 5 military zones & laid down new guidelines for readmission: approve 14th Amendment & guarantee full suffrage for all male former slaves. ▪ 13th Amendment (1865) - slavery is unconstitutional ▪ 14th Amendment (1868) - protects blacks’ rights of citizenship ▪ 15th Amendment (1870) - black male suffrage 23 24 OPPORTUNITIES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS DURING THE WAR: served in segregated regiments like the Massachusetts 54th where they faced discrimination but were able to prove their bravery and “earn” citizenship (ex.Ft. Wagner) DURING RECONSTRUCTION: ▪ Union League - network of political clubs that educated members, campaigned for Republican candidates, and built Black churches/schools, etc. ▪ Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce served as Senators of Mississippi ▪ 25,000 “Exodusters” to Kansas 25 26  ANDREW JOHNSON ULYSSES S. GRANT ▪ No desire for racial equality ▪ Took on the KKK to defend ▪ Clashed with radicals Charles freed blacks Sumner & Thaddeus Stevens ▪ Supported rights of blacks ▪ repeatedly vetoed bills: extending through support of the 15th life of Freedmen's Bureau & Civil Rights Bill → Congress used 2/3 Amendment & Civil Rights vote to override veto Acts of 1870 & 1875 which ▪ Congress passed the Tenure of “guaranteed” equal rights for Office Act African Americans. ▪ Impeached but acquitted ▪ Unsuccessfully dealt with the ▪ Secretary of State Seward bought Panic of 1873 Alaska 27 THE END OF RECONSTRUCTION Compromise of 1877—the two presidential candidates were at a stalemate and the only way to break the stalemate was with a deal: ○ the North got their president (Rutherford B. Hayes) ○ the South got the military to leave the South (and abandon the former slaves) All-white “redeemer” gov. resembled antebellum period 28  SHORTCOMINGS OF RECONSTRUCTION Radical Republicans’ desire to protect political equality of blacks defeated: ▪ Rise of the KKK ▪ Sharecropping → essentially debt slavery ▪ Black Codes - severe limits on blacks resembling slave codes ▪ Women didn’t gain the right to vote Animosity: □ “scalawags” - Southerners accused of plundering Southern treasuries and selling out the South □ “carpetbaggers,” Northerners accused of parasitically gaining power and profit at the expense of the South 29