JSS 2 History Notes - 3rd Term - PDF

THIRD TERM NOTES ON HISTORY CLASS: JSS 2 (JSS 3 WORK) WEEK 1: TRANS SAHARAN TRADE Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: Explain the origin of trans-Saharan trade Highlight the commodities that were traded upon during the trade Discuss the trans-Sa...

THIRD TERM NOTES ON HISTORY CLASS: JSS 2 (JSS 3 WORK) WEEK 1: TRANS SAHARAN TRADE Lesson Objectives At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: Explain the origin of trans-Saharan trade Highlight the commodities that were traded upon during the trade Discuss the trans-Saharan trade routes Origin and Nature of Trans-Saharan Trade Trans-Saharan trade is the trade that existed and flourished across the Saharan between the north African Arabs and west African traders like the Mali, Songhai etc. It was believed to have started from pre-historic times with its peak around the 8th century till its fall in early 17th century. The trans-Saharan trade was majorly between the North, West Africans and the Europeans and was believed to have been introduced by the provincial ‘colony of carthage’ who were the strong powers controlling North Africa and some parts of Middle East. The Berbers were serving as intermediaries and the trade was done with the use of two-wheeled horse drawn vehicles and pack-oxen until the introduction of camels which are more resistant with the desert conditions and carry a huge number of goods for a longer period. However, in the organization of trans Saharan trade, one of the major element was its geo-graphical location that is the desert. The trade was organized and controlled by the Berber merchants of North Africa; thus they provide the capital, security and organization of various caravans to and fro the desert. The Tuaregs also provided security, provision for various trade points was made available too and merchants from North Africa also had agents who were helping them get goods. Finally, the trade led to a lot of cities becoming commercial centers, like Timbuktu, Goa, Kano, etc and the trade was done by barter system and metal currency including gold coins. Thus salt was given in exchange slaves, camel and horses, weapons and gold. Commodities Traded Upon The commodities traded upon during the trans-Saharan trade include: 1. Gold and salt were the main commodities 2. Slave trade too 3. Others include: copper for making tools and ornaments, brass vessel, glass beads, cloths, dried fig, dates, cowry shell, etc. Note: Gold and cowries were also used as the official legal tender or money. Trade Routes The different trade routes include the following: 1. North-south routes: traders from morocco traveled the Audoghast routes through Sijilmasa and Wadan to obtain gold, or Khumbi Saleh to Tarkur. 2. West-east routes: this comprised of two routes from Timbuktu or Goa to Egypt; the first ran through Tekedda, Agades, Bilma and Tibesti while the second one from Tekedda, Ghat, Fezzan and Aujila to Cairo. 3. Southern routes: the route went from Diara down the Senegal River to Bambuk goldfield and the second was from Kumbi-Saleh to Kangaba. 4. Central routes: this started from Tunisia through Ghadames, Ghat and air (Agades) to Katsina and Kano. Note: read more from your textbook Factors that Promoted the Development of Trade 1. The introduction of camels to North Africa 2. The increase in demand for gold in Muslim countries and Europe 3. The emergence of centralized state system in West Africa 4. The role of Islam 5. Annual pilgrimage by African rulers and subsequent diplomatic ties  Factors that led to the fall of the Trade 1. Abolition of slave trade in Africa by European nations 2. Drying up of the oasis 3. Introduction of European salt to the market 4. The Moroccan invasion of west Africa in the 16th century which created anarchy and insecurity in the region 5. Gradual colonization of west Africa by the Europeans which reduced regional links and encouraged exploitation Note: read more from the textbook Evaluation Explain the origin of trans-Saharan trade Highlight the commodities that were traded upon during the trade Discuss the trans-Saharan trade routes Assignment Put down five importance of trans-Saharan trade in your notebook Next topic: trans-Saharan trade II WEEK 2: Topic: EARLY EUROPEAN CONTACT TO NIGERIA Lesson objectives: By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Describe the early European contacts with Nigeria 2. State five reasons for European penetration to Nigeria 3. Outline the early Europeans that came to Nigeria with their activities Early European Contact with Nigeria The first Europeans to visit Nigeria are the Portuguese through their visit to Benin by a man called Joao Alfonso d’Aviro in 1485-86; and the visit of the Europeans brought great change in Nigeria’s history because it affected their political and economic life. The Europeans in other to expand, explore, discover their trade and Christianity decided to visit Nigeria and prince henry whom is the navigator of the Portuguese came with a Christian motive having noticed that Islamic religion has taken a large part of the region. Prince Henry died and the motive became less important but was revived by King John II; he did this by sending some explorers and missionaries to Benin in 1553 with a special attempt to convert the Oba of Benin (Oba 0zulua) to Christianity but the attempt was fruitless but allowed the son to get converted. The Oba of Benin was an intelligent king and allowed the Europeans solely for trade which made him to have a good relationship with them. Meanwhile, Benin was admired by many for their conversion to Christianity, place for trade (beads, pepper and ivory) and so on. However, the Benin people frustrated the Portuguese and that made them to exit. Reasons for European penetration to Nigeria 1. Industrial revolutions 2. Trans-Atlantic trade 3. Competition with other colonial powers for resources and new territories to control 4. Trading activities 5. Territorial expansion Early explorers and their activities Explorers are people who traveled to areas unknown to the outside world. on the quest to explore, the following visited Nigeria: 1. Mungo park 2. Hugh Clapperton  3. Richard and John lander European merchants to Nigeria: 1. Taubman Goldie 2. John Holt Note: Please read up their activities from your textbook on page 12-19. Evaluation 1. Describe the early European contacts with Nigeria 2. State five reasons for European penetration to Nigeria 3. Outline the early Europeans that came to Nigeria with their activities Assignment Fill the first chapter of your workbook. WEEK 3 TOPIC: EARLY EUROPEAN MERCHNATS AND MISSIONARIES Lesson objectives: 1. Examine early European merchants and their activities 2. Examine the Christian missionaries and their activities 3. Discuss the contributions of Christianity to Nigeria 4. Look into the problems faced by Christian missionaries in Nigeria Early European merchant and their activities Merchants are simply traders; they were sent by the Europeans to further open up Africa for better business opportunities. The merchants include the following: 1. Taubman Goldie 2. John Holt Taubman Goldie: He was born on the 20th of May 1846 from an old Scottish family at Numery Doghlas in the Isle of Man and was the youngest son of Lieutenant Colonel John Taubman Goldie. He died on August 20, 1925. Note: (Read his activities from page 21-22 of your textbook) John Holt: John Holt was born on the 31st of October 1841 and died on the 22nd of June 1915. He was a British merchant who founded a shipping line known as John Holt Plc. and was born in Garthorpe. Note: read more his activities from page 22-23. Early Christian missionaries Missionaries are people who travel to a foreign country to perform charitable work and most commonly, to try to convert people to their faith. Below are missionaries that travelled from Europe to Nigeria: 1. Mary Slessor 2. Birch Freeman 3. Samuel Bill 4. Henry Townsend 5. Ajayi Crowther Note: The above missionaries are your project topics for the term. Read their activities in your textbook from page27-41) Contributions of Christianity to Nigeria Below are some of the contributions of the Christianity to Nigeria: 1. It brought about the belief in God 2. It brought about the termination of bad traditional practices like killing of twins. 3. It helped the people to have vocational skills 4. It led to having vernacular literature 5. It improved our health services 6. It suppress slave trade 7. It borough about education Problems faced by the Christian missionaries The problems faced by the Christian missionaries include the following: 1. Unsuitable climatic conditions 2. The challenge of language barrier 3. Misconceptions by the early Christians 4. Despised African culture 5. They also faced health challenges due to the climate and whether 6. Financial problems 7. Insufficient Christian literature 8. Transport problems Evaluation: Examine early European merchants and their activities 2. Examine the Christian missionaries and their activities 3. Discuss the contributions of Christianity to Nigeria 4. Look into the problems faced by Christian missionaries in Nigeria Assignment: Fill your workbook on page 7-12. Next topic: Slave trade WEEK FOUR Topic: SLAVE TRADE Lesson objectives By the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the origin and organization of trans-Saharan slave trade 2. Discuss the impacts of trans-Atlantic slave trade 3. Examine factors that led to the abolition of slave trade Origin and organization of trans-Saharan slave trade Slave trade means the business or practice of capturing, transporting, selling, and buying enslaved African people for profit prior to the American civil war. The slave trade involved mostly Africans mainly to the Europeans. The trans-Saharan slave trade originated after trans-Saharan trade was on it lowest point which resulted to tribal and cultural wars among the African and thus led to slavery; ruling classes also punished their subjects for various criminal activities by selling them as slaves and even cast out their members as slaves. The slaves were exchanged for items like iron, guns, gunpowder, mirrors, knives, cloth and beads brought by boat from Europe. The organization of slave trade: the slave trade was organized by both Africans and the Europeans. The Europeans organized means of transportation by building huge ocean linens large enough to carry humans from West Africa. The slaves were packed in ships with no ventilation that led to excessive perspiration and dehydration, sickness, vomiting and so on which led to the death of many of them from fever, measles, scurvy etc. before reaching their destination. The female slaves were also raped, some were amputated because they tried to run, companies were created to organize them and the European monarchs were using them as servants and gardeners. The Africans on the other hand; took part by providing slaves to the whites, the Aros, Ekpe in Efik, and Koronogbo in Calabar became top traders of slaves. Europeans made away with palm oil, pepper and cotton cloth too from Africa and Nigeria too. Effects of trans-saharan slave trade The effects of the slavery on both Africans and Europeans include the following: 1. Depopulation 2. Inter-communal rivalries 3. Wars 4. Ethnic fractionalization 5. State fragmentation  6. Weakening of the state 7. Cultural changes 8. Predatory behavior 9. Exportation of African culture to the new world Evaluation: 1. Explain the origin and organization of trans-Saharan slave trade 2. Discuss the impacts of trans-Atlantic slave trade 3. Examine factors that led to the abolition of slave trade Assignment: Put down five factors that led to the abolishment of slave trade. WEEK FIVE AND SIX: CAT AND MID TERM BREAK WEEK SEVEN Topic: LEGITIMATE TRADE Lesson objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the nature of the legitimate trade 2. Examine the different commodities used Nature of legitimate trade Legitimate trade is the economic relation between Europeans and Africans soon after the abolition of slave trade during the 19th century. It is called legitimate or legal because it replaced the illegal slave trade or human captives. The abolitionist saw the need to shift to a new paradigm or program to an alternate source of economy and this shift started at early 1800 because the slave trade had a destructive effects on Africans; thus the need for legitimate trade. To expand the legitimate trade, the abolitionist developed agricultural plantations in West Africa in which Sierra Leone and Liberia were the agricultural experimentation centers due to its nearness to the Atlantic. Also, Gold coast, Nigeria were tried to and some missionaries tried to establish coffee and cotton plantations. Thus the French in 1818 planned for the development of production in Senegal too which failed due to some factors. (Read page 63-64 to understand better). However, palm oil and kolanut were the two major legitimate trade after the abolition of slave trade and Manila was the major currency used in trade transaction. MANILLA: this is a horse-shoe shaped, made of open circle of brass with flattened ends at opening. It was used in West Africa from the 15th to the 20th century as money for transaction. Commodities Traded Upon The two major commodities used during the legitimate trade were: 1. palm oil 2. kola nut Palm oil: most of the palm oil and kernels came from Igbo land where palm trees formed a canopy over the densely inhabited areas of Ngwa, Nri, Awka and other Igbo states. Delta and Calabar were not left out too. The palm kernels were used in Europe for making soap and as a lubricant for machinery. However, between 1865 and 1910, the export of palm produce doubled from West Africa with Nigeria taking the lead. By 1900, palm produce constituted 89% of Nigeria's total export. Kola nut: kola nut which was highly valued in Africa and used in different occasions and was seen as a sign of hospitality and affluence. It was grown in the forest, and it can come in different colours like red, white and so on. It was valued because it does not only cleanse the mouth but gives energy too. The Hausas and the middle Volta basin people specialized on the trade. (Read more from page 69-70) Evaluation: 1. Explain the nature of the legitimate trade 2. Examine the different commodities used Assignment: Read up these last two topics for a test by next week Next Topic: Colonization of Nigerian Territories by the British WEEK EIGHT TOPIC: COLONIZATION OF NIGERIAN TERRITORIES BY THE BRITISH Lesson objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Describe British contact with the Nigerian people 2. Examine how the British conquered Nigerian territories 3. Explain the British system of colonization in Nigeria British contact with the Nigerian people Summary: 1. The Portuguese were the first to visit Nigeria around 15th century. 2. The British had contact with Nigeria in the following ways: merchants, explorers and missionaries. 3. It was initiated by Joao Alfonso d’Aviro in 1486. 4. They had Christian motive too led by Prince Henry due to the spread of Islam. 5. Prince Henry died and left the work for King John II. The English (British) made their visit in 1553 Colonization of Nigeria The colonial influence started in Nigeria through the following ways: 1. Slave trade abolition 2. Missionaries 3. Exploration Lagos colony: the British established their first colony in Lagos in 1861 with Africans being involved in the legislative council but the ultimate governance lied with British with their office at London. Positive effects of Nigeria  It gave Nigeria its name Political effect Industrialized and agricultural boom Education was introduced by them and also medicine. Negative effects of colonialism Negative effects: 1. Economic impact 2. Stealing of Nigeria's vast resources 3. Dependence of Nigeria on Britain 4. It led Nigerians to being part of slave trade 5. The traditions of Nigeria was murdered due to colonialism. Evaluation: 1. Explain the nature of the legitimate trade 2. Examine the different commodities used Assignment 1. What is the main function of the oil river protectorate? 2. Put down three functions of the Royal Niger Company and the person that founded. 3. Summarize the transition to colonial rule Next Topic: Evolution of Nigerian State WEEK NINE TOPIC: EVOLUTION OF NIGERIAN STATE Lesson Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Explain the Berlin treaty that awarded Nigerian territories to Great Britain 2. Examine the roles of royal Niger Company in Nigerian territories 3. Examine the colonial conquest of Nigeria 4. Describe the administration of Nigerian territories Evolution of Nigeria Nigeria is indeed a creation of British colonial administration and the history can be traced to pre-historic settlement ranging from the different ancient civilization like Bornu Empire, the Nok culture etc. and the different kingdoms like Igbo, Yoruba and the Hausas. How the British conquered Nigeria The British conquered Nigeria through:  Waging war: The Europeans came to Nigeria through exploration, trading and Christianity but to achieve their aims in which the locals were not interested in their plans and thus led to wars like-Anglo Aro war (1901-1902), Ekumeku war, British Ijebu war of 1892, Lagos/Yoruba war, , British- Northern war, Benin war of 1897, Opobo war and so on  Signing of treaty; (read the reasons for the treaty in pg 111) Role of Royal Niger Company It was formed in 1879 and was chartered by the British as UAC (United African Company) and later National African Company (NAC) in 1881 and finally Royal Niger Company in 1887. It enabled the British to: a. Control the lower Niger against the German competition b. It also controlled territories which later became southern and northern Nigeria. Administration of Nigerian Territories by the British. The administration was carried out through: 1. Indirect rule: this is where few Europeans are available for supervisory including the natives. 2. Direct rule: here, the territory is run by colonial officials. NOTE: Lagos colony became the first part of Nigeria to become a British colony in 1961 Evaluation 1. Explain the Berlin treaty that awarded Nigerian territories to Great Britain 2. Examine the roles of royal Niger Company in Nigerian territories 3. Examine the colonial conquest of Nigeria 4. Describe the administration of Nigerian territories Assignment: Prepare for our Presentations Next Topic: Revision and examination