Roseville Secondary School History JSS 1 Notes PDF

Roseville Secondary School Enugu A project of Ikota Educational Foundation. Second Term 2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION SUBJECT : HISTORY CLASS: JSS 3 (JSS 1 WORK, REVISION) EXPECTATIONS...

Roseville Secondary School Enugu A project of Ikota Educational Foundation. Second Term 2024/2025 ACADEMIC SESSION SUBJECT : HISTORY CLASS: JSS 3 (JSS 1 WORK, REVISION) EXPECTATIONS 1. Copy your note or print and spiral bind 2. Three graded assessment of 20 marks before cat = 60% 3. CAT : 40% 4. Non-graded assessment 5. Project to be submitted in week 6 6. Three graded assessment of 20 marks before exam= 60% 7. Examination 40% 8. Note: printing or copying this note is not compulsory thus it is optional. NAME OF TEACHER: Omeje, Njideka Ethel FOR ENQUIRIES: [email protected] /08031995980 SCHEME OF WORK WEEKS TOPICS 1 Introduction to history 2 Sources of history 3 How to access sources of history 4 Method of accessing sources of history 5 Importance of history 6 and 7 CAT/MOCK/PROJECT 8 MID-TERM BREAK 9 Historical sites: Nok 10 Ile-Ife 11 Benin 12 Revision 13 Exams/mock 2 14 closure  WEEK 1A: TOPIC : INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the meaning of History - Discuss the scope of History - Analyze the areas of History - Discuss the nature of History Meaning of History History is derived from a Greek word known as “historia” which means inquiry or research. Thus; History can be defined as a specific branch of learning, which uses narrated story to examine and analyze series of past events in order to determine the patterns, causes and effects of those events. Points to notes:  The father of history is called Herodotus and was assisted by Thucydides.  St. Augustine was an influential Christian that introduced the study of history through sacred and religious perspective.  A person who studies history is called a Historian.  Major points of history are man, society and past.  Mary Slessor stopped the killing of twins in Africa THE GREAT HISTORIANS Thucydides was second after Herodotus. Herodotus is the father of History  The scope of history History is the study of man in relation to totality of his behavior. The scope means the breadth, comprehensiveness, variety and extent of learning experiences provided by the study. History has become a universal history of mankind, depicts man’s achievement in every field of life-political, economic, social, cultural, scientific, religious and etc. it is a comprehensive subject and includes-history of art, culture, geography, education and so on. Thus, history starts with the past; makes present its sheet-anchor and points to the future. Branches of history i. Ancient history: studies the human history from beginning to middle ages. ii. Cultural history: studies culture in the past. iii. Military history: study of wars and warfare in history. iv. Political history: the study of political events. v. Social history: studies the process of social change in history, NATURE OF HISTORY As food is important to us for survival; so is history also important to us. History is “what it was” and not “what shall be” or what “is”. Thus the nature of history:  The study of the present in the limelight of the past.  History is the study of man  History is a dialogue between events of the past and progressive emerging future.  History is not only a narration but comprehensive analysis.  Continuity and coherence are very important. Assignment: read up on the difference between history and storytelling. Next topic: meaning of history ii WEEK 1B TOPIC : MEANING OF HISTORY CONTD. LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the related terms in history. - Justify the importance of studying history.  - Discuss the difference between history and storytelling. Related terms in history  Historian: a person that studies history.  Artifact: an object associated with a culture.  Century: a period of hundred years.  Historiography: the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as a field of study.  Historical sites: a place or location where artifacts are kept due to its cultural heritage and value. Etc. Why we study history  It help us to understand who we are.  It help us to transfer skills to the next generation.  It helps to produce future historians.  It help us to avoid repeating past mistakes.  It help us to know the past, understand the present.  It helps us prepare for the future. Differences between history and storytelling  It is the study of past events  It is an account of people or event to  It is based on real fact. entertain the audience.  It is studied for educational  can be based on fiction or real facts. purposes.  Not everybody can be a historian  Mostly for entertainment  Everybody can be a storyteller Similarities of history and storytelling  Both of them can be documented  They are same when they are shown as historical movies.  They both have same biography traces Summary  History is a branch of knowledge that records and explain the past.  A person that study’s history is called a historian.  History helps one to know the past, understand the present and prepare for the future.  Social history, Political history, cultural history, world history, etc are areas in the study of histories. Next topic: sources of history WEEK 2: TOPIC : SOURCES OF HISTORY LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the meaning of sources of history - Examine the sources of history - Discuss how to access historical sources Meaning of Sources of History Sources of history are those ways or means through which facts of the past are acquired. That is; a way of collecting data (information) in history to prove that an event really happened. Sources of History i. Primary source. ii. Secondary source. iii. Tertiary source. Primary source of history Primary sources of history are those things that provide first hand or direct information about the past. It can also be called original source. Examples include: 1. Oral tradition 3. Song lyrics 2. Artifacts 4. photographs 5. Painted images 7. Legends 6. Folklore 8. Letters An eye witness telling a story Secondary sources of history They are those sources of history created by someone who did not participate in the events or who is not an eye witness of the past events. Examples include: 1. Textbooks 6. Dictionaries 2. Journals 7.Government publications. 3. Newspapers 8. Political commentary 4. Biography 5. Maps Reading to get information from textbooks or newspapers Tertiary source of history Tertiary sources are sources that are used to organize and locate primary and secondary sources. Examples include:  Almanacs  Students projects  Abstracts  Indexes  Database  Handbook  Textbooks SUMMARY i. We have come to understand the meaning of sources of history as the evidence which backs up information about a particular event which is significant in history. ii. We also examine the sources which include primary source, secondary source and tertiary source of history and its examples. Next Topic: HOW TO ACCESS SOURCES OF HISTORY WEEK 3A TOPIC : HOW TO ACCESS SOURCES OF HISTORY LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the meaning of sources of history - Identify the sources of history - Explain how to access these historical sources HOW TO ACCESS HISTORICAL SOURCES- Sources are our way of looking into the past and they include:  Excursion to historical sites  Exhibitions  Libraries  Cultural festivals  Museums (fine art, historical, science and technology and archeological museums)  Government offices  Archives HISTORICAL SOURCES TO NOTE.  Historical sites: Are places whereby human remains of the past can be found and are shown to the public. example: Nok, Ile-Ife, Benin, Kano-city walls, Oban hills etc.  Archaeological sites: the study of human history through the excavation of sites, analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.  Museums: this is where historical, scientific, artistic, cultural interest are stored and exhibited Examples of museums: historical museums, fine art museums, science and technological museums,etc.  Historical sites: Are places whereby human remains of the past can be found and are shown to the public. example: Nok, Ile-Ife, Benin, Kano-city walls, Oban hills etc.  Archaeological sites: the study of human history through the excavation of sites, analysis of artifacts and other physical remains.  Museums: this is where historical, scientific, artistic, cultural interest are stored and exhibited Examples of museums: historical museums, fine art museums, science and technological museums,etc.  Cultural festivals: This is a celebration of the traditions of a particular people or place. example: the Igbo traditional attire, the Yoruba traditional dance, and Hausa traditional marriage etc. OGBUNIKE CAVE IN ANAMBARA STATE OLUMO ROCK IN ABEOKUTA OGUN SUMMARY  Source of history is evidence which backs up information about a particular event which is significant in history.  We have 3 major sources of history namely, Primary source, Secondary source and Tertiary source.  The benefit of exhibitions to a historian is, it encourages love of history and to avoid making mistakes of the past. Next topic: METHODS OF ACCESSING SOURCES OF HISTORY WEEK 3B: TOPIC : METHOD OF ACCESSING SOURCES OF HISTORY CONTD. LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the meaning of accessing sources of history - Analyze how to access sources of history Accessing sources of History Accessing sources of history can be seen as the ability to identify or to get and make use of those sources to satisfy the main aim of accessing them. Means of accessing sources of history : there are different ways on how to access sources of history and they include the following:  Excursion to historical sites  Archives  Exhibition  Online electronic sources  Cultural festivals  Museums  Libraries THE RELEVANCE OF ACCESSING SOURCES OF HISTORY - Excursion to historical sites: it provide us with firsthand information, it also help the students to memorize the past etc. some historical sites include: Alok Ikom Monoliths, Ogbunike Cave, Enugu state, the ancient Nok settlement, Abuja arts and crafts village, Osun-Oshogbo sacred groove, Auhum waterfall, Enugu - Archives: they are collection of documents and records that contain historical information; they are important because they provide evidence of activities, they also increase our sense of identity and understanding culture. - Exhibition: exhibition can be in the form of art exhibition, clothes or war costumes. Exhibitions encourages love of history, and it also encourages more questions because it opens the door to your curiosity in the form of questions. - Online electronic sources: these are information we can access online; it gives us quick access to information in this 21st century, it also help in gaining extra information about an event(s), etc. - Cultural festivals: it help us to get connected to our origin and roots and also help us to pass our customs, traditions, moral values, belief and ideas from one generation to another, this can also be called socialization. Examples of cultural festival in Nigeria include: eyo festival, new yam festival, ofala festival, sango festival, ojude oba festival etc. - Museums: they are building which contain many artistic, cultural, historical, traditional and objects of scientific interest. It makes us get familiar with our history and also understand how people of the past lived their lives. - Libraries: it give students and the public quick access to published materials (newspapers, textbooks, etc), the libraries also aid in critical research work. SUMMARY - Accessing sources of history can be seen as the ability to identify or to get and make use of those sources to satisfy the main aim of accessing them. - We different means of accessing sources of history example: Excursion to historical sites, Archives, Exhibition, Online electronic sources etc. NEXT TOPIC: IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TO INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY AND NATION. WEEK 4: TOPIC : IMPORTANCE OF HISTORY TO INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY AND NATION. LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain the meaning of some basic terms: society, nation, nationalism and patriotism - Propose the importance of history to : individuals, society and nation MEANING OF SOME BASIC TERMS  Society: this is a group of human beings who are linked together by means of particular systems and customs, rites and laws and also live together and interact in common.  Nation: a nation refers to a group of people who have a sense of belonging as a result of a common culture, origin and attitude which they share.  Nationalism: this refers to a body of idea that gives a nation a sense of unity and support by making them to accept certain identities such as language, historical events and culture etc.  Patriotism: this can simply means an individual’s loyalty to his or her own nation or the leaders of the nation. It is one’s love and strong affection for nation he belongs.  Mythology: is the collection of myths of a group of people. E.g Greek mythology, Roman mythology etc. Importance of history to individuals Roles of individuals to history: the roles of individuals to history answer the following questions:  When? When history has to do with time or date of the event that created a particular history.  Where? One of the vital questions asked to establish the fact of any history is where.  Who? Historical event creates its uniqueness with a person or persons that either participated in or have evidence.  How ? For any event to serve historical fact there must be either recorded information oh now such thing came about. Some individuals that contributed in history of the world These are men and women who made positive contributions in different fields of history, religion, art, academics, politics, etc., they include the following:  Socrates : a philosopher that showed the importance of personal courage and independent thought.  Jesus Christ: spiritual teacher and the inspiration of Christianity. He taught the message of love, forgiveness and faith.  Nelson Mandela (1918-2013): A south African who was committed to ending apartheid in his native country.  Martin Luther King (1929-1968): he was the leader of civil right protest of the 1950s and 1960s.  Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948): he followed the idea that things cannot be achieved without fighting, he struggled to achieve India’s independence.  Mary Slessor ( 1848-1915) stopped the killing of infanticide of twins in Cross River, Nigeria. SOCRATES MAHATMA GANDHI NELSON MANDELA MARTIN LUTHER KING NELSON MANDELA MARTIN LUTHER KING However, individuals in Nigeria include:  Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe (1904-1996): the first president of Nigeria, 1st Oct. 1963-16th Jan. 1966  Sir Ahmadu Bello (1910-1966): he was the Sardauna of Sokoto and a leader of the Northern People’s Congress.  Chief Obafemi Awolowo (1909-1987); he played a key role in Nigeria’s independence movement.  Herbert Macualay (1864-1964): was the grandson of Samuel Ajayi Crowther, he was a nationalist, politician, engineer, architect, journalist, etc. Importance of history to individuals i. History serves as a store of knowledge. ii. Helps individuals to understand themselves and their environment. iii. Take us closer to happenings and events in the past. iv. Give individuals sense of moral understanding. v. It preserves important memories of the past. Importance of history to the society The following are some important events that influence the society:  Evolution: this narrates the over-extended process of change by which human beings originated from ape-like ancestors staring nearly five million years ago. There are different stories, myths and ideas on how human beings came to be.  Stone age (paleolithic age): or prehistory age marks the period when humans used ancient stone tools; people survived as hunters where they gathered wild berries, nuts, animals etc.  Industrial revolution: this period brought change in agriculture, textile and metal manufacturing and industries too.  Religion: this is an organized system of belief and practice revolving around or leading to super-natural spiritual experience. Example: the time of Abraham, Moses, Jesus Christ, Mohammed and etc.  Slavery and freedom: the period of capturing and selling of human beings which existed throughout the world since ancient times and had bad effects in Africa.  Iron Age: began with the collapse of the bronze age, civilization, literacy declined with the invasion of the nomadic tribe in the Mediterranean region. , the importance of history to the society include the following: i. It help us to understand the people and societies. ii. Help us to understand change in the society. iii. It promotes cultural awareness. iv. It transmits values and beliefs to people. Facts about Nigeria:  Nigeria came into existence through the amalgamation of Northern and Southern protectorates by Fredrick Lord Lugard in 1914.  “Nigeria” as a name was given by Flora Shaw in 1914.  Nigeria got it independence on 1st Oct. 1960 and became a republic in 1963 with Nnamdi Azikiwe as the first president.  The Nigerian flag was designed by Michael Taiwo Akinkunmi in 1959. Importance of history to the nation i. History promotes patriotism and nationalism. ii. It helps realize cultural consciousness and cross-cultural appreciation iii. History creates harmony awareness. iv. History makes us better citizens v. It help us to understand the past and the present personalities vi. It enhances nation’s education. SUMMARY - Roles of individuals to history: the roles of individuals to history answer the following questions: when?, Where?, who?, how?. - We have importance of history to individual, society and nation. Assignment: Write short note on the following periods in history  The stone age (paleolithic age) 3.3 million to 5000 years ago  The bronze age 5000 to 1,400 years ago (1,200 BC)  The iron age 1200 BC to 500 BC  Classical era 500 BC to 500 AD  Medieval age 500 AD to 1500 AD  Early modern era: 1500AD to 1800 AD  Modern era: 1800 AD to present NEXT TOPIC: Historical sites in Nigeria-the nok culture WEEK 7: TOPIC : HISTORICAL SITES IN NIGERIA-THE NOK CULTURE LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain what a historical site is. - The brief origin of Nok culture. - Examine their occupational activities. Brief origin of Nok Meaning of historical sites Historical sites are places that are recognized for their importance in history through their association with an event , a person, place or building; one important aspect of a historical site is that it provides a tangible link with the past. Historical site can be a building, a monument like Zuma rock in Abuja, Ogbunike cave in Anambra, ancient Kano walls etc. Other examples of historical sites include the cradle of civilization in Nigeria : Nok, Ife, Benin and Igbo-ukwu. Points to note down in the origin of NOK  Nok is a village in Jaba local government of Kaduna state  The Nok culture is an early iron age population whose materials remains is named after the village of Nok in the ham district of Jaba LGA. the famous Nok terrocotta sculptures were first discovered in taruga, kaduna in 1928 by col. dent young.  Artifacts were first discovered in 1928 in a small tin mining village of Nok.Bernard Fagg an archeologist later discovered more sculpture in 1940 and named them nok because of the location where the sculptures were found.  Those artifact were mostly made of clay inform of animals, stylized human beings, especially the head, horse riders, weapons, farming implement and baking furnace. They also had iron tools, stone axes and ornaments. Characteristics of Nok Arts  They have cylindrical heads  Pierced eyes, nose, mouth and ears  Semi-circular /triangular eyes and lids  Their ears are set back and often small and low Occupational activities of Nok people  They were famous in iron works by smelting by which they made tools of various types  They were also good in sculpturing in which they carved images out of baked clay.  They were also farmers , cultivating mainly grains like millet and cowpeas  They also planted useful trees and plants SUMMARY  Nok is a village in Jaba local government of Kaduna state  The Nok culture is an early iron age population whose materials remains is named after the village of Nok in the ham district of Jaba LGA. the famous Nok terrocotta sculptures were first discovered in taruga, kaduna in 1928 by col. dent young.  NEXT TOPIC: HISTORICAL SITES; ILE-IFE WEEK 8: TOPIC : HISTORICAL SITES IN NIGERIA:ILE-IFE LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain brief origin of Ile Ife, its culture and art. - Recognize the characteristics of Ile Ife culture. - Justify its significance to Nigerian history. Brief origin of Ile Ife: location, culture and art Ile Ife is located in Osun state and is highly known as the cradle of the Yoruba ethnic group, also is regarded as the spiritual heartland of the Yoruba people living in Nigeria and many descendants around the world. The origin of Ile Ife can be summarized under four (4) theories, thus:  The creation of the world in Ile Ife by obatala, he was sent by God (oludumare) to perform a task but got drunk along the way, after which his younger brother Oduduwa got the creation material and fulfilled the job creation.  The second theory was termed the chronology of “Ife OodayeIleOwuro”-that is the land of most ancient days where the dawn of the day was first experienced. They were believed to be powerful giants with mystical powers but tradition claims that the lives of these people came to an end as a result of flood.  The third was called “Ife Ooyelogbo’’ which was seen as city of the survivors. They lasted for a while, after which a group led by Oduduwa fought them and seized power. Oduduwa eventually over powered them and ruled over them.  The final theory was basically on the fact that Oduduwa descended in Ile Ife with a chain and two hundred deities and landed on an ark at orafe. Characteristics of Ife Art  They are very naturalistic which means Ife art describes a true life style which involves the representation of nature and people.  There is a cap on the head of the male figures and they always wear a smiling face.  They also have facial marks which is peculiar to the Yoruba people.  They have bulging eyes with protruding lips and a very large stomach indicating wealth. Significance of IFE art to Nigerian history  Ile-Ife is known worldwide for its ancients and naturalistic bronze, stone and terracotta sculptures.  It brought about international trading due to their cocoa production, one of the cash crops Nigeria export to other countries.  The concept and quality of Ife art demonstrate the richness and sophistication of Ife cultural traditions.  The National museum located in Ile-Ife is well known for its archeological exhibits of the Yoruba's and as a well a tourist Centre to learn about Ife culture, their art works and the people. SUMMARY In summary, it can be seen from the above theories that Oduduwa is the clear protagonist and featured as the founding father of the Ife political dynasty. Ife became the capital kingdom of Yoruba land between the 10th and 16th century, till today Ife is the home of most respected Yoruba kings and most festival take place at Ife and the current Ooni of Ife is Adeyeye Ogunwusi since 2015. NEXT TOPIC: HISTORICAL SITES; BENIN CULTURE WEEK 9: TOPIC : HISTORICAL SITES: BENIN CULTURE LESSON OBJECTIVES At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: - Explain brief origin of Benin, its culture and art. - Recognize the characteristics of Benin culture. - Justify its significance to Nigerian history. ORIGIN OF BENIN CULTURE In the history of Benin culture (people), some believed they came from Egypt, others say from the east, Nupe and Sudan respectively but we shall focus on the origin of Benin according to the most popular oral tradition. Points to note down: - The Benin people were ruled by the Ogisos (kings of the sky) and about thirty-one of them ruled between 900-1200 AD. - It was believed there was no land, only water everywhere, inside the water, there stood a tree, on top of which lived Osanobua (the creator) - The first ogiso was called Igodo and the last was called Owodo, Owodo had lot of domestic problems, his wives could only give him one son and he decided to banish the mother and son believing that the son was the cause of barrenness among other wives. but it was later discovered that the king was the cause of his problems, he was sterile, he was banished too because of the way he treated pregnant women and later died in a place called Uhinwinrin, and the name of his only son was Ekhaladerhan. - The son settled in a place and called it Ilefe (meaning successful escape), and changed his name to izoduwa (i have chosen the path of prosperity), his new home was the heart of yoruba and because of his magic powers, he was treated like a god, and his name was change to oduduwa, also the ilefe to ile-ife. - The people of igodomigodo later went back and pleaded with izoduwa to come back home and rule them, but he sent his son oranmiyan and called the land ileibinu(land of annoyance and frustration). afterwards his son oba eweka ruled and was succeeded by oba ewuahem, oba ehenmihen and the oba ewedo, it was the Portuguese traders and merchants that changed the name to bini or binin. - The political system of benin was based on checks and balances. - The oba ruled with other palace officials and women also had their forum in all communities. - The chief priests and priestess (ohen) were used to settle dispute. - The Benin people were good in bead making, brass/coper making, farming and hunting. they also had artifacts but the Portuguese made away with lots of them. Characteristics of Benin culture/art: Refer to your textbooks on page 92 and write it down SIGNIFICANCE OF BENIN CULTURE TO NIGERIAN HISTORY Refer to your textbooks on page 92 as well.