History Grade 11 Unit 3 (2) (3) PDF

GRADE 11 UNIT THREE Peoples, States And Historical Processes In Ethiopia And The Horn To The End Of The 13th Century  Contents of the unit 3.1. Languages, Religions and Peoples of Ethiopia and the Horn 3.2. Pre-Aksumite States and their Geographical Set...

GRADE 11 UNIT THREE Peoples, States And Historical Processes In Ethiopia And The Horn To The End Of The 13th Century  Contents of the unit 3.1. Languages, Religions and Peoples of Ethiopia and the Horn 3.2. Pre-Aksumite States and their Geographical Setting 3.3. The Aksumite Kingdom 3.4. The Sultanate of Shewa 3.5. Zagwe Dynasty 3.6. The Kingdom of Damot 3.7. The Bete-Israel (Ethiopian Jews) Learning outcomes: at the end of this unit, you will be able to:  Differentiate the main language supper families of Ethiopia;  Examine the nature of interaction among different peoples of ethiopia to  The end of the thirteenth century;  Analyze the major achievements of the pre aksumite and aksumite kingdoms  Evaluate the main political, economic, social, and cultural features of the peoples and  States of ethiopia to the end of the thirteenth century;  Evaluate the success and failure of zagwe dynasty;  List down the major religions of ethiopia  UNIT THREE PART 1 Peoples, States And Historical Processes In Ethiopia And The Horn To The End Of The 13th Century Part 1  INTRODUCTION  Ethiopia: The Cradle of Humanity  Geographic Overview Where is Ethiopia?  Ethiopia is in the Horn of Africa.  It is one of four countries in this region:  Eritrea, Somalia, Djibouti  This area is important because it has a rich history  The Cradle of Humanity  Why is Ethiopia Important?  Northeastern Africa is known as the cradle of humanity.  Archaeologists have found many ancient artifacts in the Awash and Omo basins.  In 1974, scientists discovered a famous fossil called "Lucy" (or Dinqnesh in Amharic).  Lucy is a partial skeleton of a woman who lived 3.18 million years ago.  This discovery shows that early humans lived in this area.  Cultural Flourishing  Ethiopia's Ancient Civilization  Ethiopia is one of the oldest places in the world where culture and civilization developed.  Many different ethnic groups live in Ethiopia.  Each group has its own language, religion, and traditions.  This diversity has existed for a long time and is an important part of Ethiopian identity.  Cultural Diversity  A Mosaic of People  Ethiopia is often described as a mosaic because of its many cultures.  The diversity comes from different historical events and social changes.  Even though there are many differences, Ethiopians share some important things in common.  Unity in Diversity  Common Bonds Among Ethiopians  Christians and Muslims in Ethiopia often work together.  They unite over national interests, especially to protect their country from outside threats.  Shared values include: - Patriotism (love for the country) - Respect for the elderly - Helping each other in hard times - Hospitality (welcoming guests)  Ethiopia's Rich Heritage  Understanding Ethiopia's cultural diversity helps us appreciate its history.  The shared values among different groups show how unity is important for the country. 3.1. Languages, Religions and Peoples of Ethiopia and the Horn 3.1.1. Languages Families  Diversity of Languages  Ethiopia is home to a wide variety of languages.  It has its own written alphabet called the Ethiopic script.  Approximately 85 languages are spoken in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.  Language Families  What are Language Families?  Languages that share a common origin are grouped into families.  This shared origin is called a proto-language or ancestral language.  In Africa, there are four main language families:  Afro-Asiatic  Nilo-Saharan  Niger-Congo  Khoisan  Afro-Asiatic Languages  Importance of Afro-Asiatic  The Afro-Asiatic family is the most widely spoken in Ethiopia and the Horn.  It includes six sub-families: Cushitic Omotic Semitic Berber Chadic Ancient Egyptian  Cushitic Language Family  The largest group in Ethiopia.  Divided into four branches:  North Cushitic  Beja  Hamtang  Central Cushitic  Qimant Awign  Bilen Agaw  East Cushitic Afan Oromo Dassanach Afar Erbore Somali Saho Konso Gidole  Southern Cushitic  Spoken outside the Horn, mainly in Tanzania  East Cushitic Branch  Highland East Cushitic: Spoken in the southern highlands. Hadiya Halaba Kambata Burji Sidama Libido Gedeo  Lowland east cushitic: includes Afan Oromo Gidole Afar Erbore Somali Dassanach Konso Saho   Omotic Language Family Mainly spoken in the Omo Valley of southern Ethiopia include: Wolaita Konta Gamo Dizi Gofa Kafa Dauwro Maji Sheko Ari Dorze Yem  Semitic Languages  Ethio-Semitic Languages - A special group of Semitic languages in Ethiopia. Divided into:  North Ethio-Semitic  South Ethio-Semitic  Tigre (spoken in Eritrea) Gafat (extinct)  Tigrigna (spoken in Tigray and Eritrea) Argoba  Ge’ez (literary language) Gurage Amharic Harari Silti  Nilo-Saharan Language Family  Spoken mainly in the Beni-Shangul Gumuz and Gambella regions include: Anuak Gumuz Nuer Komo Majang Ma’o Berta Mien  Kunama (spoken in Western Tigray and Southwestern Eritrea)  Cultural Significance of Languages  The diversity of languages in Ethiopia reflects its rich cultural heritage.  Understanding these languages helps us appreciate the different peoples and traditions in the region.  3.1.2. Major Religions of Ethiopia  Diversity of Beliefs  Ethiopia is home to a variety of religious practices.  Most religions are monotheistic, based on the belief in one supreme God.  Religious practices can be divided into two categories:  Indigenous Religions  Religions Introduced from Other Regions  Indigenous Religions Characteristics of Indigenous Religions  Preceded monotheistic religions and have unclear origins.  Numerous due to cultural and linguistic diversity. Common features include:  Belief in a supreme being associated with the sky.  Addressing this being through various spirits.  Each ethnic group has unique rituals, ceremonies, and religious specialists.  Waqefanna Religion  An Indigenous Religion,  Practiced primarily by the Oromo people.  Community-focused with no element of conversion; one must be born into the religion.  Religious traditions are passed down through generations.  Key religious figures include: Qallu (male priest) , Qalliti (female priest) , Abba Muda (spiritual leader)  Core Beliefs in Waqefanna  Worship of one God known as Waqa.  Waqa is the source of all life and the Creator.  Waqa is infinite and omnipresent, responsible for the order of the universe.  Ayyana: Numerous divinities that are manifestations of Waqa’s spirit, not separate gods.  The Qallu/Qalliti maintain communication between Ayyana and the Oromo community.  Oromo Identity and Pilgrimage  Significance of Religion in Oromo Identity Shared worship of Waqa strengthens Oromo identity. Recognition of Qallu/Qalliti and the spiritual dwelling of Abba Muda fosters unity.  Pilgrimage to Abba Muda Pilgrims represent Oromo confederacies, seeking blessings and anointments. Jila: A ceremonial practice linking the spiritual leader to the community. Abba Muda’s commands promote righteousness and discourage absolute power.  Hadiya Religion  Hadiya Beliefs  is known as Waa.  Waa is seen as the first Hadiya Beliefs  Equivalent to Oromo Waqa being and creator of the universe.  The sun and moon are viewed as the eyes of Waa.  Worqimene: A spirit believed to bring rain during droughts.  Fandanano: A practice introduced by spiritual leaders, significant in Hadiya culture  Similar Indigenous Religions  Other ethnic groups with similar beliefs include: Kambata Guraghe Walayta Kafa Nuer Konso  These groups share attributes with the Oromo and Hadiya religious practices.  Summary  Cultural Significance of Religions  The variety of religious practices in Ethiopia reflects its rich cultural tapestry.  Understanding these indigenous religions is crucial for appreciating the diverse identities of Ethiopian peoples.  Judaism in Ethiopia  Ethiopia has a rich religious legacy, including Jewish beliefs and practices.  Traditions suggest that Judaism entered Ethiopia as early as the 8th century B.C..  The Legend of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba  Cultural Significance  The story of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba is central to Ethiopian Jewish tradition.  The Queen traveled to Jerusalem to witness Solomon's wisdom.  Their union resulted in the birth of King Menelik I. Pilgrimage and Encounter  The Queen's pilgrimage symbolizes the connection between Ethiopia and ancient Israel. Menelik I’s Return to Ethiopia  Journey to Israel  Menelik I visited his father, King Solomon, in Israel.  Upon returning to Ethiopia, he was accompanied by Jewish priests and soldiers.  Cultural Exchange  This journey facilitated the introduction of Jewish culture and practices in Ethiopia. Judaized People of Ethiopia Identity and Heritage  The Judaized people of Ethiopia claim descent from:  Companions of Menelik I.  Jews who fled to Egypt during the Babylonian Captivity (6th century B.C.).  Cultural Continuity  These claims reflect a deep historical connection to Jewish traditions. Legacy of Judaism in Ethiopia  Religious Practices Jewish traditions have influenced Ethiopian culture and religious practices. Elements of Judaism can be seen in the early churches and religious customs.  Cultural Integration The integration of Jewish beliefs contributed to Ethiopia's diverse religious landscape.  Summary  Significance of Judaism in Ethiopian History  Judaism has played a crucial role in shaping Ethiopia's religious identity.  Understanding this legacy enriches our appreciation of Ethiopia's cultural diversity.  Christianity in Ethiopia  Historical Context  Christianity was introduced in Ethiopia in the 4th century A.D. from the Eastern Mediterranean.  Christian tradition claims its introduction dates back to the 1st century A.D..  The Role of Kings in Christianity’s Growth  State Religion  Christianity became the state religion due to the desire of Ethiopian kings rather than organized evangelical efforts.  The conversion of the Aksumite king Ezana (also known as Abreha) was pivotal.  Frumentius and the Conversion of King Ezana  Key Figure: Frumentius  Church historian Rufinus (d. 410 A.D.) credits Frumentius with converting King Ezana.  An inscription from Ezana confirms his conversion: “in the faith of God and the power of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost.”  Significance of Coins  Coins from Ezana's reign bear the sign of the cross, symbolizing his Christian faith. Pre and post Christian coins of Aksum Establishment of the Ethiopian Church  Bishopric Appointment  Frumentius traveled to Alexandria to request a bishop for Ethiopia from Patriarch Athanasius.  He was consecrated as the first bishop of Ethiopia.  Alexandrian Jurisdiction  The Egyptian church maintained jurisdiction over the Ethiopian Church until 1959. Unique Introduction of Christianity  Contrast with Roman Empire  Unlike the Roman Empire, where apostles actively evangelized, Christianity in Ethiopia was adopted voluntarily, starting in the royal court and spreading to the common people.  The Nine Saints and Their Contributions Spread of Christianity  The Nine Saints were instrumental in spreading Christianity among the population: Abba Aregawi, Abba Aftse Abba Guba Abba Penelewon, Abba Alef Abba Yem’ata Abba Gerima Abba Liqanos, and Abba Sehma.  They came from various parts of the Eastern Roman Empire, learned the Geez language, and adapted to local customs.  Achievements of the Nine Saints Cultural Impact  Contributed to the development of Ge’ez liturgy and literature.  Major achievement: Translation of the Holy Bible into Ge’ez.  Saint Yared attributed with creating Ethiopian church liturgy and hymns.  Architectural Influence Christian Architecture  The Nine Saints influenced art and architecture, evident in the ruins of basilicas in Aksum, Adulis, and Hawlti.  Debre Damo is noted as the oldest existing example of Christian architecture in Ethiopia.  Challenges in Church Administration  Political and Religious Issues  Periods of disconnection occurred, such as during the 10th and 11th centuries when no bishops were sent from Egypt.  The Coptic Abuna managed ordinations and theological matters.  The abbot of Debra Libanos, known as Echege, oversaw church property administration  Summary Significance of Christianity in Ethiopia  Christianity has deeply influenced Ethiopian culture, governance, and identity, shaping the nation’s historical narrative.  The Introduction and Spread of Islam in Ethiopia  Islam is the third monotheistic religion, following Judaism and Christianity.  Founded by Prophet Mohammed in the 7th century A.D.. Core Beliefs  Based on the worship of Allah and the teachings of Mohammed, His messenger. Conflict with Quraysh Arabs  Mohammed and his followers faced severe opposition and persecution from the Quraysh clan.  Emigration to Aksum  In 615 A.D., to escape persecution, Mohammed sent followers, including his daughter Fatuma, to the kingdom of Aksum.  The emigration was led by Jafar, Mohammed's cousin Aksum's Reception of Muslim Refugees  Welcoming Asylum  The Aksumite king warmly welcomed the Muslim refugees, providing them with protection. Quraysh's Reaction  The Quraysh were angered by this and traveled to Ethiopia to confront the Muslims, accusing them of troublemaking  The Debate and Its Outcome Debate with the Quraysh  A debate took place in front of the Aksumite king, where Jafar represented the Muslims.  The Quraysh were defeated in this debate, leading to their humiliating return to Arabia.  Peaceful Coexistence in Aksum Life in Ethiopia  Jafar and his followers remained in Ethiopia peacefully under the king's protection until Mohammed's triumph in Mecca in 634 A.D.. Prophet’s Directive  Following his success, Mohammed instructed his followers not to attack or convert Ethiopians by force, marking a peaceful entry of Islam into Ethiopia. Expansion of Islam in Ethiopia Peaceful Introduction  Unlike many other regions, Islam entered Ethiopia peacefully. Larger Scale Spread  Islam began to enter Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa through two main routes:  Dahalak Islands on the Red Sea.  Port of Zeila on the Gulf of Aden Establishment of Muslim Communities  Dahalak Islands  By the beginning of the 8th century A.D., Islam was firmly established in the Dahalak Islands.  Two centuries later, a prosperous Muslim community developed into a sultanate.  Coastal Settlements  Other areas along the Red Sea coast also saw the settlement of Muslims, facilitating the spread of Islam.  Spread into the Interior Gradual Expansion  Islam spread among predominantly pastoral communities in the interior, primarily through preachers and traders. Minor Role of Trade Routes  The Dahalak trade route played a minor role in introducing Islam to the interior due to the strong presence of Christianity in northern Ethiopia. Impact of Port of Zeila  The introduction of Islam through the port of Zeila was significant for the spread into Ethiopia's interior regions. Cultural Interactions  The interaction between Muslim traders and local communities facilitated the gradual acceptance of Islam.  Summary Legacy of Islam in Ethiopia  The peaceful introduction and subsequent spread of Islam contributed to Ethiopia's rich cultural and religious diversity.  3.1.3. Settlement of Peoples of the Region Understanding Settlement Patterns Definition  Settlement patterns refer to the distribution of peoples across landscapes. Influencing Factors  Shaped by long historical processes, including environmental, socio-economic, and political factors. Density of Settlements Variability  Some areas exhibit dense settlement patterns, while others are sparse. Geographical Influence  Settlement density is influenced by the geography of highlands versus lowlands Cushitic and Semitic Peoples Geographical Area  Settled between the Red Sea in the east and the Blue Nile in the west. Expansion  These groups expanded into various directions, occupying:  Northern, North-Central, North-Eastern, South-Central, and Eastern parts of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.  Omotic Peoples Distribution  Majority of the Omotic people inhabit south-western Ethiopia, particularly along the Omo River basin. Notable Exceptions  The Shinasha live in Benishangul-Gumuz.  The South Mao are located in Wallagaa.  Nilotic Peoples Settlement Areas  Primarily settled along the Ethio-Sudanese border.  Chari-Nile Family  Some members inhabit areas as far south as the Southern Omo region. Environmental Influences on Settlement Highlands vs. Lowlands  The geographical features of the region significantly influenced where different peoples settled. Resource Availability  Access to water, fertile land, and climate conditions affected settlement choices.  Socio-Economic Factors Economic Activities  Agriculture, trade, and pastoralism influenced settlement patterns. Cultural Interactions  Interactions among different ethnic groups facilitated changes in settlement. Political Processes  Historical Context  Political dynamics, including conflicts and alliances, shaped settlement distributions.  Migration and Resettlement  Historical migrations influenced by political changes led to new settlement patterns. Summary  The settlement patterns of peoples in the region are a result of a complex interplay of historical, environmental, socio-economic, and political factors. Cultural Diversity  This diversity contributes to the rich cultural tapestry of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.  3.2. Pre-Aksumite States and their Geographical Setting Definition  Pre-Aksumite states refer to the early civilizations that existed in the Horn of Africa before the rise of the Aksumite Empire. Importance These states laid the foundation for cultural, economic, and political developments in the region. The Land of Punt  Historical Significance Punt is recognized as the earliest historically known state in the Horn of Africa.  Egyptian Records Information about Punt comes from Egyptian sources detailing naval expeditions to this land. Trade Relations with Egypt  Punt was a significant trading partner of ancient Egypt. Pharaoh Expeditions  Pharaoh Sahure (r. 2743-2731 B.C.) sent expeditions to collect valuable goods like myrrh, ebony, and electrum. Queen Hatshepsut's Expedition Notable Expedition  The most documented expedition was under Queen Hatshepsut (1490-1468 B.C.).  Goods Collected  The expedition returned with:  Frankincense, cinnamon, sandalwood, spices, ivory, rhinoceros horn, leopard skins, ostrich feathers, live monkeys, and giraffes. Exports and Imports  Exports from Punt  Included iron, bronze, cattle, and medicinal plants.  Imports from Egypt  Included axes, daggers, swords, clothes, jewelry, and beads. Geographical Location of Punt  Uncertain Boundaries  The exact territorial limits of Punt are unknown.  Scholarly Theories  Some scholars suggest northern or northeastern Somalia, while others lean towards northern Ethiopia due to references of gold and ebony.  Da’amat: The First State in Ethiopia  Da’amat existed from 980 B.C. to 400 B.C. Location Situated south of Aksum, with its capital at Yeha, 30 kilometers northeast of Aksum. Economic and Cultural Center Yeha likely emerged around 1,000 B.C. as a commercial center. Trade Hub South Arabian merchants traded ivory, rhinoceros horn, and other commodities here. Prosperity of Da’amat Peak Period Da’amat thrived from about 750 to 500 B.C. Cultural Legacy Ruins of buildings, stone masonry, and inscriptions reflect Yeha’s historical significance Economic Activities  Resources and Trade  The Kingdom produced iron tools and weapons and traded gold, silver, slaves, and tortoise shells with South Arabian merchants.  Strategic Location  Yeha’s location provided good access to the Red Sea and Yemen. Other Important Cities  Qohaito and Matara  These cities were vital trade stops on the route between Adulis and Aksum during the Aksumite Empire (100 B.C. - 940 A.D.). Summary  The advancements from Da’amat set the stage for the rise of the Aksumite Empire, marking a significant period in Ethiopian history.  3.3. The Aksumite Kingdom Formation of the Aksumite Kingdom  The Aksumite Kingdom began to form around 200-100 B.C..  Initially, Aksum's influence was limited to a small area around the town of Aksum and its immediate surroundings.  Over time, the kingdom expanded significantly, encompassing vast territories in all directions, establishing itself as a major power in the region. Geographic Extent  At its height, Aksum's territory stretched from the Red Sea coast in the east to the Ethiopian plateau in the west, covering areas that included northern Eritrea and possibly extending to northern Shewa. Strategic Location  This geographical positioning allowed Aksum to control important trade routes and access valuable resources. Major Trade Port - Adulis  Adulis was the primary port city of Aksum, located on the western coast of the Red Sea. It served as the kingdom's gateway to international trade. Trade Routes  Long-distance trade networks radiated from Adulis, connecting to inland centers like Kaskasse, Coloe, and Matara, and extending west across the Tekeze River. International Connections  The kingdom was linked to other important ports such as Aden (in modern Yemen), Avalites (Zeila), and Malao (Berbera), facilitating trade with regions across the Indian Ocean. Trade Goods  Exports from Aksum a variety of natural products, including:  Ivory: Highly valued for its beauty and rarity.  Myrrh and Frankincense: Essential for religious rituals and medicinal uses.  Emeralds and Gold: Precious stones and metals that were in high demand.  Spices: Such as ginger, cassia, and cinnamon, which were sought after in international markets. Imports to Aksum  The kingdom imported various manufactured goods, including:  Textiles from Egypt, India, and the Roman Empire  Glassware and Jewelry from Egypt and other regions.  Oil and Wine from the Roman Empire and Syria, enriching Aksum's cultural life. Cultural and Linguistic Influence  King Zoscales (c. 76-89 A.D.) was known for his proficiency in the Greek language, which was prevalent in the Greco-Roman world, showcasing Aksum's cultural connections. Trade Relations  Aksum maintained trade relations with distant lands, including Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) and regions of Asia Minor (modern Turkey), demonstrating its extensive trading network. Silent Trade  Aksum engaged in a unique form of trade known as silent trade with regions like Sasu (likely in modern Beni Shangul).  Merchants exchanged goods such as cattle and salt for gold without direct interaction, relying on gestures and signs due to language barriers. Conflicts and Interactions  Aksum and South Arabia  Aksum had extensive interactions with the South Arabian region, which sometimes led to conflicts.  One notable conflict occurred around 200 A.D., when the Aksumite king Gadarat faced challenges from tribes in present-day Yemen.  Cultural Exchange  These interactions facilitated a rich exchange of ideas, technologies, and cultures between Aksum and its neighbors. Coinage and Economic Power Minting Coins  From the 3rd to 7th centuries, Aksum minted various coins made of gold, silver, and bronze, which were used for both local and international trade. Global Standing  Aksum was recognized as one of the four great powers of the world at the time, alongside Rome, Persia, and China, highlighting its significance in global trade and politics. Maritime Power  Shipbuilding Technology  Aksum developed advanced shipbuilding technologies at Adulis, enabling it to maintain a large fleet for trade and military purposes. King Kaleb’s Expansion  Under King Kaleb (r. 500-535 A.D.), Aksum expanded its territories, particularly in Himyar and Saba, showcasing its naval prowess. One of the stele of Aksum Decline of the Aksumite Kingdom Factors of Decline  The decline began in the late 7th century due to:  Environmental Challenges: Deterioration of agricultural productivity.  External Pressures: The destruction of the port of Adulis by Arab forces around 702 A.D., cutting off vital trade routes.  Isolation  The kingdom became isolated from its traditional trade partners, leading to economic decline and loss of political power. Cultural Contributions  Architectural Achievements  Aksum is known for its remarkable architectural feats, including the construction of steles. The longest stele measures 33 meters and is intricately decorated, symbolizing Aksum's grandeur.  Writing System  The development of the Ge’ez script evolved from earlier Sabean inscriptions, significantly contributing to Ethiopia's literary and historical record. Calendar System  Ethiopic Calendar  Aksumites developed a unique calendar system with 12 months of 30 days plus an additional 5 or 6 days every four years.  The Ethiopic solar calendar is still in use today, marking its lasting influence. Summary  Legacy of Aksum  Despite its decline, the Aksumite Kingdom left a profound legacy in trade, culture, and technology, influencing the Horn of Africa and beyond.  Its contributions to architecture, writing, and trade practices have shaped the region's historical narrative. Summary  Legacy of Aksum  Despite its decline, the Aksumite Kingdom left a profound legacy in trade, culture, and technology, influencing the Horn of Africa and beyond.  Its contributions to architecture, writing, and trade practices have shaped the region's historical narrative.  3.4.The Sultanate of Shewa Foundation and Location  Established: Around 896 AD  Location: Northeastern Shewa to Northern Hararghe Ruling Dynasty  Dynasty: Makhzumite  Claim: Descent from South Arabia's Makhzumi clan  Capital: Walele, Northern Hararghe Challenges and Decline  Conflict with Damot: Frequent wars weakened the Sultanate.  Threat from Ifat: Constant invasions by the Sultanate of Ifat. The End of an Era  Overthrow: Makhzumite dynasty overthrown by the Walasma dynasty of Ifat in 1285 AD.  Legacy: The Sultanate of Shewa ceased to exist.  The relationship between the Sultanate of Shewa and the Zagwe Kingdom remains unclear.  3.5.The Zagwe Dynasty Foundation and Power Base  Founder: Mera Tekle Haymanot  Power Base: Lasta Province  Overthrow: Overthrew the last Aksumite king, Dil Na'od Territory and Culture  Territory: Highland provinces of ancient Aksumite Kingdom  Culture: Preserved Aksumite traditions  Trade: Ivory, spices, slaves, cotton, linen, silver, copper, and coins Architectural Legacy  Rock-Hewn Churches: Lalibela Churches, a UNESCO World Heritage Site  Architectural Style: Unique and intricate designs  Purpose: To create a "Second Jerusalem" in Ethiopia Decline and End  Internal Problems: Succession struggles and opposition from Solomonic claimants  Overthrow: Yekuno Amlak, a Solomonic claimant, defeated the last Zagwe king, Yetbarek  Restoration of the Solomonic Dynasty: Yekuno Amlak established the Solomonic Dynasty in 1270  3.6.The Kingdom of Damot Location and Power  Location: South of the Abay (Blue Nile) River  Power: Powerful state that forced tribute from the Sultanate of Shewa and defeated Zagwe armies Territorial Expansion  Conquests: Conquered several Muslim and Christian territories  Alliance Against Damot: The Sultanate of Shewa and the Solomonic Dynasty formed an alliance Decline and Integration  Subjugation: King Amda Tsiyon subdued Damot in the 14th century  Integration: Damot remained under the influence of the Solomonic Dynasty Dispersal and Migration  Oromo Pressure: Forced some Damot people to migrate north of the Abay  Settlement: Migrants settled in southern Gojjam during the 16th and 17th centuries  3.7.The Beta Israel (Ethiopian Jews) Marginalization and Occupation  Occupational Caste: Marginalized due to occupations like pottery, blacksmithing, and leatherworking  Geographic Locations: Wogera, Quara, Tegede, Welqayt, and Simen Conflict with the Christian Kingdom  Religious, Economic, and Political Pressure: Led to revolts  Forced Conversion: King Yishaq forced conversion to Christianity in 1413  Deprivation of Land Rights: Refusal to convert led to loss of land Adaptation and Survival  Economic Adaptation: Developed handicrafts, including blacksmithing and building  Religious Integrity: Maintained religious practices, including the Sabbath and dietary laws  Influence on Ethiopian Orthodoxy: Contributed to Sabbath observance, circumcision, and dietary rules Decline and Subjugation  Repeated Revolts: Supported rebellions and pretenders to the throne  Gradual Crushing: King Suseneyos suppressed their independence  Loss of Independence: The Beta Israel lost their autonomy and were integrated into the Ethiopian Empire  Unit Summary The Horn of Africa: A Cradle of Civilization A Diverse and Historic Region  Geographic Location: Comprises Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and Eritrea.  Archaeological Significance: Recognized as the cradle of humankind.  Diverse Landscape: Ranges from the lowest point in Africa to towering mountains.  Cultural Mosaic: Home to people practicing various economic activities and speaking numerous languages.  Religious Heritage: A region where Christianity, Islam, and Judaism have deep roots. A Rich History  Ancient Civilizations: Pre-Aksumite states like Punt and Damot flourished.  Aksumite Empire: A powerful kingdom that engaged in maritime trade and cultural exchange.  Post-Aksumite Era: Various sultanates and states emerged, contributing to regional and global history.  Enduring Legacy: The region's historical significance is evident in its religious, literary, artistic, and architectural heritage. Thank you!!!