History 207B Study Guide #2 PDF

History 207B Study Guide #2 Socialist Party of America (SPA): A political party founded in 1901 that aimed to promote socialism in the United States, advocating for workers' rights, social justice, and the redistribution of wealth. Time Period Established: 1901 Peak Influence: 1910s...

History 207B Study Guide #2 Socialist Party of America (SPA): A political party founded in 1901 that aimed to promote socialism in the United States, advocating for workers' rights, social justice, and the redistribution of wealth. Time Period Established: 1901 Peak Influence: 1910s and 1920s, particularly during the Progressive Era. Significance to U.S. History 1. Labor Rights: The SPA played a crucial role in advocating for labor reforms, including better working conditions, the eight-hour workday, and the right to unionize. 2. Political Influence: It introduced socialist ideas into American politics, influencing various reforms and leading to the eventual establishment of social safety nets. 3. Response to Inequality: The party emerged as a response to growing economic inequality during the Gilded Age, highlighting issues of class struggle and social justice. 4. Impact on Other Movements: It influenced various social movements, including civil rights and feminist movements, by integrating ideas of equality and justice. 5. Decline and Legacy: The party faced decline after the 1920s due to various factors, including the Red Scare and internal divisions, but its ideas persisted in later political movements and discussions. Anti-Suffrage Movement Definition: A movement opposing women’s suffrage, asserting that women should not have the right to vote based on societal norms and roles. Time Period: ○ Established: Late 19th century ○ Peak Influence: Early 20th century, particularly in the 1910s. Significance to U.S. History: ○ Social Norms: Reflected prevailing attitudes about gender roles and the belief that women were unsuited for political participation. ○ Resistance to Change: Highlighted the pushback against the progressive changes of the suffrage movement, revealing deep societal divides. ○ Legislative Impact: The movement contributed to the delay of women's voting rights by influencing political discourse and lobbying against suffrage measures. ○ Legacy of Feminism: Ultimately, its defeat helped pave the way for the Nineteenth Amendment, marking a critical turning point in women's rights. “Negro Nationalism” & Marcus Garvey Definition: A cultural and political movement advocating for Black pride and self-identity, prominently led by Marcus Garvey in the early 20th century.  Time Period: ○ Established: Early 20th century ○ Peak Influence: 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: ○ Cultural Identity: Encouraged African Americans to embrace their heritage and develop a strong sense of community and identity. ○ Pan-Africanism: Promoted the idea of a united African diaspora and sought to establish an independent nation in Africa for Black Americans. ○ Economic Empowerment: Advocated for economic self-sufficiency and entrepreneurship within the Black community, influencing later economic movements. ○ Civil Rights Foundation: Laid groundwork for future civil rights activism by fostering a sense of solidarity and political awareness. The Sussex Pledge Definition: A promise made by Germany in 1916 to restrict its submarine warfare practices and ensure the safety of non-combatant ships. Time Period: ○ Established: 1916 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Diplomatic Efforts: Attempted to appease the U.S. and avoid further diplomatic tensions following the sinking of the Lusitania and other ships. ○ Precursor to U.S. Entry: Although it temporarily calmed tensions, unrestricted submarine warfare resumed in early 1917, leading to U.S. involvement in World War I. ○ Public Sentiment: Influenced American public opinion and political discourse regarding neutrality and involvement in foreign conflicts. ○ International Law: Highlighted issues related to naval warfare and the rights of neutral nations, impacting future international maritime law. Muckrakers Definition: Investigative journalists in the early 20th century who exposed corruption, social injustices, and corporate malfeasance through their writings. Time Period: ○ Established: Late 19th century ○ Peak Influence: 1900s to 1920s, during the Progressive Era. Significance to U.S. History: ○ Social Awareness: Raised public awareness about issues such as poverty, labor exploitation, and corruption in politics and business. ○ Reform Movement: Their work helped galvanize support for the Progressive Movement, leading to significant reforms in labor laws, antitrust legislation, and consumer protections. ○ Impact on Journalism: Pioneered investigative journalism as a critical tool for social change and accountability in government and business. ○ Cultural Legacy: Inspired future generations of journalists and activists to confront social issues through research and reporting. Committee on Public Information (CPI) Definition: A U.S. government agency created in 1917 to promote pro-war propaganda during World War I. Time Period: ○ Established: 1917 ○ Dissolved: 1919 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Public Mobilization: Played a crucial role in mobilizing public support for the war effort, using various media to promote patriotism and unity. ○ Propaganda Techniques: Introduced modern propaganda techniques, shaping public perception and sentiment regarding the war. ○ Civil Liberties Concerns: The CPI's activities raised concerns about free speech and government censorship, foreshadowing debates about civil liberties during wartime. ○ Post-War Impact: Influenced subsequent government communication strategies during The Fourteen Points Definition: A statement of principles for peace proposed by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918 aimed at preventing future wars. Time Period: ○ Presented: January 8, 1918 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Foundation for Peace Negotiations: Served as a blueprint for the negotiations at the Treaty of Versailles, promoting ideals of self-determination and international cooperation. ○ Global Diplomacy: Represented a shift in U.S. foreign policy towards more active involvement in global affairs and the establishment of the League of Nations. ○ Domestic Debate: Sparked debates in the U.S. about internationalism versus isolationism, influencing post-war foreign policy. ○ Legacy of Idealism: Embodied Wilson's vision of a new world order based on democratic principles and collective security, impacting future U.S. diplomatic approaches. ○ future conflicts. Treaty of Versailles Definition: The peace treaty that officially ended World War I, imposing heavy reparations and territorial losses on Germany. Time Period: ○ Signed: June 28, 1919 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Post-War Order: Redrew national boundaries in Europe and the Middle East, influencing geopolitical relations for decades. ○ Punitive Measures: The treaty's harsh terms contributed to economic hardship in Germany and resentment, laying groundwork for World War II. ○ League of Nations: Established the League of Nations, though the U.S. ultimately did not join, highlighting tensions between internationalism and isolationism.  ○ Domestic Controversy: Faced opposition in the U.S. Senate, leading to debates over national sovereignty and the future of American foreign policy. Schenck v. United States Definition: A landmark Supreme Court case in 1919 that upheld the conviction of Charles Schenck for distributing anti-draft leaflets during World War I. Time Period: ○ Decided: March 3, 1919 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Free Speech Limits: Established the "clear and present danger" test, setting a precedent for limiting free speech in times of war or national emergency. ○ Civil Liberties Debate: Highlighted the tension between national security and civil liberties, influencing future legal interpretations of free speech. ○ Impact on War Policies: Reflected the government's efforts to suppress dissent during wartime, influencing policies like the Espionage Act. ○ Legal Legacy: Served as a foundation for later Supreme Court rulings on free speech and civil rights. The Zimmermann Telegram Definition: A secret diplomatic communication from Germany to Mexico in 1917 proposing a military alliance against the United States. Time Period: ○ Sent: January 16, 1917 Significance to U.S. History: ○ Catalyst for War: Its interception and publication by British intelligence Reconstruction Finance Corporation Definition: A government agency created to provide financial support to banks, railroads, and other businesses during economic downturns. Time Period: Established in 1932 during the Great Depression. Significance to U.S. History: Marked a shift towards federal intervention in the economy to stabilize financial institutions and promote recovery. Key Points: ○ Established by President Herbert Hoover. ○ Aimed to prevent bank failures and stimulate the economy. ○ Funded loans to struggling industries. ○ Served as a precursor to later New Deal programs. ○ Criticized for favoring large businesses over small farmers.  Connection to Other Terms: Related to the New Deal policies that followed, illustrating the government's evolving role in economic management. Wisconsin Idea Definition: A progressive reform initiative aimed at using academic research to inform public policy in Wisconsin. Time Period: Early 20th century (1900s). Significance to U.S. History: Influenced national progressive movements and promoted the idea of government as a tool for social improvement. Key Points: ○ Developed under Governor Robert La Follette. ○ Emphasized public involvement and expert guidance in governance. ○ Led to reforms in education, labor, and social welfare. ○ Inspired similar reforms in other states. ○ Advocated for the rights of workers and consumers. Connection to Other Terms: Connected to the Progressive Era reforms and the broader context of labor rights movements. “Red Summer” Definition: A term referring to the violent race riots that erupted in the U.S. during the summer and fall of 1919. Time Period: 1919. Significance to U.S. History: Illustrated the racial tensions exacerbated by World War I and the Great Migration, highlighting the need for civil rights reforms. Key Points: ○ Major riots occurred in cities like Chicago and Washington, D.C. ○ Fueled by competition for jobs and housing between black and white residents. ○ Resulted in numerous deaths and injuries, as well as property damage. ○ Sparked greater activism in the civil rights movement. ○ Led to the formation of organizations like the NAACP to combat racial injustice. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the Harlem Renaissance, which emerged as a cultural response to racial oppression. Henry Ford Definition: Founder of the Ford Motor Company and innovator of mass production techniques, particularly the assembly line. Time Period: Early 20th century (1910s onward). Significance to U.S. History: Revolutionized manufacturing processes, making automobiles affordable and contributing to the growth of the American middle class. Key Points:  ○ Introduced the Model T in 1908, making cars accessible. ○ Implemented the assembly line in 1913, reducing production time. ○ Paid workers higher wages, promoting consumerism. ○ Influenced labor practices and industrial standards. ○ Expanded the automobile industry and urban infrastructure. Connection to Other Terms: Tied to the rise of consumer culture and economic changes during the 1920s. Sacco and Vanzetti Definition: Two Italian immigrants and anarchists controversially convicted of murder in a trial viewed as unfair due to their political beliefs and ethnicity. Time Period: Trial in 1921; execution in 1927. Significance to U.S. History: Highlighted issues of xenophobia, social justice, and the flaws in the American legal system. Key Points: ○ Their trial was marked by anti-immigrant sentiment. ○ Public protests and international outcry over the verdict. ○ Raised awareness of civil liberties and political persecution. ○ Became symbols of the struggles for justice in the 1920s. ○ Illustrates the intersection of immigration and justice issues. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the broader theme of civil rights and social justice movements. Teapot Dome Scandal Definition: A bribery scandal involving the leasing of federal oil reserves in Wyoming to private interests without competitive bidding. Time Period: 1922-1923. Significance to U.S. History: Exposed corruption in the Harding administration and led to increased calls for government accountability. Key Points: ○ Involved Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall, who was convicted of bribery. ○ Highlighted issues of corruption and the need for regulatory oversight. ○ Undermined public trust in government officials. ○ Resulted in reforms in federal land leasing practices. ○ Signaled a growing awareness of governmental ethics. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the Progressive Era's focus on combating corruption. Nineteenth Amendment Definition: Constitutional amendment that granted women the right to vote. Time Period: Ratified in 1920. Significance to U.S. History: Marked a significant victory for the women's suffrage movement, expanding democratic rights. Key Points: ○ Resulted from decades of activism by suffragists. ○ Allowed women to participate in elections at all levels. ○ Influenced future social movements and gender equality efforts. ○ Led to the formation of new political organizations for women. ○ Changed the political landscape in the U.S. Connection to Other Terms: Connected to the broader civil rights movements and social reform efforts. Harlem Renaissance Definition: A cultural and artistic movement centered in Harlem during the 1920s, celebrating African American culture. Time Period: 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: Fostered a new sense of identity and pride among African Americans, influencing future civil rights activism. Key Points: ○ Featured notable figures like Langston Hughes and Zora Neale Hurston. ○ Produced significant literary, musical, and artistic works. ○ Challenged racial stereotypes and promoted black pride. ○ Encouraged the exploration of African American history and culture. ○ Influenced future generations of artists and activists. Connection to Other Terms: Related to "Red Summer," as both reflect the complexities of race relations in America. Florida Land Boom Definition: A rapid increase in real estate development and speculation in Florida during the 1920s. Time Period: 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: Illustrated the dangers of speculative investments, culminating in a market crash that contributed to the Great Depression. Key Points: ○ Fueled by promotional advertising and the allure of the Florida lifestyle. ○ Led to overdevelopment and unsustainable prices. ○ The subsequent bust resulted in significant financial losses for investors. ○ Highlighted issues of land use and economic volatility. ○ Contributed to changes in housing policy and real estate regulation.  Connection to Other Terms: Tied to "Black Tuesday" and the broader economic struggles of the Great Depression. “Black Tuesday” Definition: The day the stock market crashed, marking the beginning of the Great Depression. Time Period: October 29, 1929. Significance to U.S. History: Triggered widespread economic collapse and significant changes in government policy regarding economic intervention. Key Points: ○ Signaled the end of the Roaring Twenties. ○ Led to massive unemployment and bank failures. ○ Initiated the New Deal programs under Franklin D. Roosevelt. ○ Changed American perceptions of the economy and government’s role. ○ Highlighted vulnerabilities in financial systems and practices. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the Agricultural Adjustment Act and National Recovery Administration as responses to the economic crisis. Bonus Army Definition: A group of World War I veterans who marched to Washington, D.C., in 1932 demanding early payment of bonuses. Time Period: 1932. Significance to U.S. History: Highlighted the struggles of veterans during the Great Depression and the government's response to public protests. Key Points: ○ Protested against the economic hardships faced by veterans. ○ Met with violent eviction by the U.S. Army. ○ Sparked public outrage and discussions on veterans' benefits. ○ Illustrated the depth of the economic crisis affecting all Americans. ○ Influenced future policies regarding veteran assistance. Connection to Other Terms: Related to "Red Summer" and the ongoing struggles for civil rights and economic justice. The Scottsboro Boys Definition: Nine African American teenagers falsely accused of raping two white women in Alabama, leading to a highly publicized and controversial trial. Time Period: 1931-1937. Significance to U.S. History: Exposed racial injustice and the flaws in the American legal system, highlighting the struggles for civil rights and equality. Key Points: ○ Arrested on dubious charges, the boys faced an all-white jury. ○ The trials revealed deep-seated racism and systemic injustice in the South. ○ Legal battles drew national attention and support from civil rights activists. ○ Resulted in several retrials and a long legal struggle, ultimately leading to the release of some boys.  ○ Became symbols of the fight against racial discrimination and injustice. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the broader civil rights movement and the struggle against racial inequality. Smoot-Hawley Tariff Definition: A protectionist tariff enacted in 1930 that raised duties on numerous imports, intended to protect American industry. Time Period: Passed in 1930, during the Great Depression. Significance to U.S. History: Contributed to international trade conflicts and worsened the economic downturn by stifling global commerce. Key Points: ○ Named after Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis Hawley. ○ Increased tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods. ○ Prompted retaliatory tariffs from other nations, reducing global trade. ○ Criticized for deepening the Great Depression by limiting economic recovery. ○ Seen as a failure of protectionist policies during economic crises. Connection to Other Terms: Linked to the economic policies of the Great Depression and the need for reforms in international trade. Agricultural Adjustment Act Definition: A New Deal program enacted in 1933 aimed at boosting agricultural prices by reducing surpluses through crop reduction. Time Period: 1933 and onward, as part of the New Deal. Significance to U.S. History: Addressed the agricultural crisis of the Great Depression and aimed to stabilize farm incomes. Key Points: ○ Farmers were paid to reduce crop production and livestock. ○ Aimed to increase commodity prices and farm income. ○ Initially met with mixed results and criticism over its impact on tenant farmers and sharecroppers. ○ Part of a broader effort to revitalize the agricultural sector. ○ Established precedents for future agricultural policies and government intervention. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the National Recovery Administration as part of New Deal reforms addressing economic recovery. National Recovery Administration (NRA) Definition: A New Deal agency established in 1933 to stimulate economic recovery through fair competition codes and labor rights. Time Period: 1933-1935. Significance to U.S. History: Sought to revive industry and labor conditions during the Great Depression through cooperative codes. Key Points: ○ Encouraged businesses to set fair wages, hours, and working conditions. ○ Aimed to reduce unemployment and stimulate economic recovery. ○ Faced criticism for its implementation and effectiveness.  ○ Declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935. ○ Influenced labor rights and collective bargaining in subsequent years. Connection to Other Terms: Tied to the Agricultural Adjustment Act and the overall New Deal efforts to stabilize the economy. Huey “Kingfish” Long Definition: A charismatic and controversial Louisiana politician who served as governor and later as a U.S. senator, known for his populist policies. Time Period: 1893-1935; prominent in the 1930s. Significance to U.S. History: Advocated for wealth redistribution and challenged the established political order, influencing American populism. Key Points: ○ Promoted the “Share Our Wealth” program, calling for wealth redistribution. ○ Increased funding for education and public works in Louisiana. ○ Criticized for authoritarian tendencies and political corruption. ○ Attracted both passionate support and fierce opposition. ○ Assassinated in 1935, leaving a complex legacy. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the broader populist movements and critiques of the New Deal. Mary McLeod Bethune Definition: An African American educator, civil rights leader, and founder of the National Council of Negro Women. Time Period: 1875-1955; active in the early to mid-20th century. Significance to U.S. History: Advocated for educational and economic opportunities for African Americans and played a key role in the New Deal’s minority outreach. Key Points: ○ Founded a private school for African American students in Florida. ○ Served as an advisor to President Franklin D. Roosevelt on minority affairs. ○ Promoted racial equality and women’s rights through education. ○ Played a crucial role in mobilizing African American voters during the New Deal era. ○ Left a legacy of advocacy for civil rights and education. Connection to Other Terms: Linked to the civil rights movement and the broader efforts for racial and gender equality in the U.S. New Technologies in WWI Definition: Innovations developed and utilized during World War I that transformed warfare and military strategy. Time Period: 1914-1918. Significance to U.S. History: Marked a shift in military tactics and technology, influencing future conflicts and military developments. Key Points: ○ Introduction of tanks, airplanes, and machine guns changed battlefield dynamics. ○ Use of chemical warfare, such as mustard gas, raised ethical concerns.  ○ Advances in communication technology, including radio and telephones, improved coordination. ○ The war spurred growth in industries related to military production. ○ Laid the groundwork for modern warfare in subsequent conflicts. Connection to Other Terms: Connected to the broader themes of technological advancement and its impact on society and warfare. Banking Crisis 1930s Definition: A series of bank failures during the Great Depression that severely impacted the American economy. Time Period: Early 1930s, peaking in 1933. Significance to U.S. History: Contributed to the economic collapse and led to significant reforms in banking regulations. Key Points: ○ Over 9,000 banks failed between 1930 and 1933. ○ Loss of savings led to widespread public panic and distrust in the banking system. ○ Prompted the establishment of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) in 1933. ○ Highlighted the need for regulatory oversight and financial reform. ○ Catalyzed the implementation of New Deal banking reforms. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the Great Depression and the economic policies of the New Deal. Molly Dewson Definition: A prominent American suffragist and political activist who played a significant role in the women's suffrage movement and Democratic Party politics. Time Period: 1880-1962; active primarily in the 1910s and 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: Advocated for women's rights and representation within the Democratic Party. Key Points: ○ Served as the head of the Women's Division of the Democratic National Committee. ○ Worked to promote women's issues in the political arena. ○ Helped organize campaigns for the Nineteenth Amendment. ○ Influenced the inclusion of women in political processes and discussions. ○ Left a legacy of female political engagement and activism. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the suffrage movement and the broader fight for women’s rights. Prohibition Definition: A nationwide ban on the production, importation, and sale of alcoholic beverages in the United States from 1920 to 1933. Time Period: 1920-1933. Significance to U.S. History: Aimed to reduce crime and corruption, but instead led to an increase in illegal activities and organized crime. Key Points: ○ Enforced by the Volstead Act, which defined intoxicating liquors.  ○ Led to the rise of speakeasies and bootlegging operations. ○ Promoted the growth of organized crime, exemplified by figures like Al Capone. ○ Resulted in widespread social unrest and eventual repeal with the Twenty-first Amendment. ○ Sparked debates about morality, legality, and individual freedoms. Connection to Other Terms: Linked to the rise of organized crime and the cultural changes of the Roaring Twenties. Niagara Movement Definition: A civil rights organization founded in 1905 advocating for the rights of African Americans, focused on demanding political and social equality. Time Period: 1905-1910. Significance to U.S. History: Laid the groundwork for future civil rights movements and the establishment of the NAACP. Key Points: ○ Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois and other prominent African American leaders. ○ Opposed Booker T. Washington's accommodationist approach. ○ Called for full civil rights, including voting rights and education access. ○ Emphasized the importance of higher education for African Americans. ○ Preceded the founding of the NAACP in 1909. Connection to Other Terms: Tied to the early civil rights movements and the fight for racial equality. Wilson Administration and Mexico Definition: Refers to President Woodrow Wilson's foreign policy towards Mexico during the Mexican Revolution and related conflicts. Time Period: 1913-1921. Significance to U.S. History: Highlighted issues of U.S. interventionism and its implications for relations with Latin America. Key Points: ○ Wilson’s administration faced challenges with Mexican leaders, including Francisco Villa. ○ The Punitive Expedition (1916) aimed to capture Villa after attacks on U.S. soil. ○ Wilson advocated for moral diplomacy, promoting democracy abroad. ○ Strained U.S.-Mexico relations and influenced future foreign policy approaches. ○ Reflected broader themes of American imperialism and interventionism. Connection to Other Terms: Related to U.S. foreign policy and interventionism in the early 20th century. Harlem Hellfighters Definition: An African American infantry regiment that fought valiantly in World War I, known for their bravery and contributions to the war effort. Time Period: 1917-1919. Significance to U.S. History: Challenged racial stereotypes and highlighted the contributions of African Americans in the military. Key Points: ○ Officially known as the 369th Infantry Regiment.  ○ Spent more time in combat than any other American unit during WWI. ○ Awarded the Croix de Guerre by the French government for bravery. ○ Helped to pave the way for future civil rights advancements. ○ Inspired a sense of pride and recognition for African American soldiers. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the Harlem Renaissance, reflecting the cultural pride and contributions of African Americans. Influence of Radio Definition: The emergence and popularity of radio as a medium for communication and entertainment in the early 20th century. Time Period: Gained prominence in the 1920s and 1930s. Significance to U.S. History: Revolutionized mass communication, influencing public opinion and culture. Key Points: ○ Became a primary source of news, music, and entertainment. ○ Influenced political campaigns, including FDR's Fireside Chats. ○ Connected Americans during the Great Depression through shared experiences. ○ Helped shape national culture and consumer habits. ○ Paved the way for future media developments, including television. Connection to Other Terms: Linked to changes in media and communication during the 20th century. The Scopes Trial Definition: A 1925 legal case in Tennessee challenging the prohibition of teaching evolution in public schools. Time Period: 1925. Significance to U.S. History: Highlighted the conflict between science and religion in American society, influencing educational practices. Key Points: ○ John T. Scopes was accused of violating the Butler Act by teaching evolution. ○ The trial featured prominent figures like Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan. ○ Sparked national debate on academic freedom and religious beliefs. ○ Led to discussions about science education and its place in schools. ○ Symbolized the cultural clashes of the 1920s. Connection to Other Terms: Related to the broader cultural conflicts during the Roaring Twenties. The “Flapper” Definition: A young woman in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms of femininity and embraced a more liberated lifestyle. Time Period: 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: Symbolized the changing roles of women in society and the shift towards greater freedom and independence. Key Points: ○ Emphasized fashion, shorter skirts, and bobbed hair. ○ Engaged in activities like smoking, drinking, and dancing in jazz clubs.  ○ Represented a rejection of Victorian values and traditional gender roles. ○ Contributed to the emergence of the modern woman and increased visibility in public life. ○ Influenced literature, music, and popular culture of the era. Connection to Other Terms: Tied to the cultural shifts of the Roaring Twenties and the suffrage movement. Al Capone Definition: Infamous American gangster who rose to power during Prohibition, known for his involvement in organized crime and bootlegging. Time Period: 1920s-1930s. Significance to U.S. History: Exemplified the rise of organized crime and the unintended consequences of Prohibition. Key Points: ○ Led the Chicago Outfit and engaged in various criminal enterprises. ○ Gained notoriety for violence and public persona, including the St. Valentine's Day Massacre. ○ Captured public fascination and became a symbol of the Roaring Twenties. ○ Ultimately convicted of tax evasion in 1931, illustrating law enforcement challenges. ○ Influenced public perceptions of crime and corruption. Connection to Other Terms: Related to Prohibition and the rise of organized crime in the 1920s. The Lost Generation Definition: A group of American writers and artists who came of age during World War I and felt disillusioned by the values of mainstream American society and the consequences of the war. Time Period: Primarily the 1920s. Significance to U.S. History: Reflected the cultural and moral disorientation of the post-war era and influenced modernist literature and thought. Key Points: ○ Prominent figures included Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein. ○ The term was popularized by Stein and used by Hemingway in "The Sun Also Rises." ○ Expressed themes of alienation, disillusionment, and critique of American materialism. ○ Often expatriates who lived in Paris, seeking artistic freedom and community. ○ Their works influenced American literature, highlighting the complexities of modern life. Connection to Other Terms: Tied to the cultural movements of the 1920s, including the Harlem Renaissance, and the broader themes of disillusionment following WWI. 4o mini