Renaissance and Its Key Aspects

A period of significant cultural and intellectual revival in Europe, lasting from the 14th to the 16th centuries, marked by a renewed interest in classical learning, art, and human potential. It saw a shift from a focus on religious dogma to a more humanistic perspective.

The belief that humans have inherent worth and potential, emphasizing reason, observation, and individual achievement. Key to the Renaissance and its artistic, scholarly, and scientific advancements.

An artistic style prevalent during the Renaissance, characterized by a realistic portrayal of human figures and settings, with attention to detail, perspective, and naturalism in the depiction of nature.

The printing press was a revolutionary invention transforming knowledge dissemination. It allowed for the mass production of books and other printed material, making information more accessible to a wider audience and challenging the Church's monopoly on knowledge.

A German monk who challenged the Catholic Church's practices, particularly Indulgences, arguing for salvation through faith alone. His ideas sparked the Protestant Reformation, a movement that led to the division of Christianity.

A religious movement seeking to reform the Catholic Church from within, addressing issues like corruption and abuse of power. It emphasized moral reform, strengthened Church authority, and revitalized Catholic doctrine.

A major intellectual and scientific transformation that challenged traditional worldviews, leading to significant advances in astronomy, physics, and mathematics.

The time period following the Scientific Revolution, marked by a focus on reason, logic, and individual freedom. It promoted skepticism toward traditional authority and emphasized human reason and progress.

The idea that reason and logic should be used to understand the world, rather than relying on tradition or superstition.

The belief that the universe operates according to mathematical laws that can be discovered through observation and experimentation.

A philosophical idea that emphasizes the importance of observation and experience in gaining knowledge and understanding.

A set of laws explaining the motion of objects, including concepts like gravity, inertia, and force.

A political theory that promotes the belief that monarchs should rule with the consent of the governed and respect their rights and freedoms.

A series of events in England that led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary supremacy.

A document that outlined the rights and liberties of English citizens, and established a system of checks and balances on the power of the monarchy.

A period of intellectual and cultural flourishing in Europe, characterized by a focus on reason, science, and individual liberty.

Stalin's policy of forcefully collectivizing agriculture, aiming to control food production and fund industrialization, using methods like the Gulag to achieve its goals.

A period of intense political repression and violence in the Soviet Union under Stalin, targeting suspected enemies of the state, with the goal of "cleaning up" society and consolidating his power.

A student-led movement in China, sparked by protests against the Treaty of Versailles, which called for Chinese nationalism and the end of traditional society in favor of Western ideas, inspiring future communist leaders.

Mao Zedong's communist movement in China, inspired by the Soviet model and seeking to build a new society based on socialist principles, culminating in the communist victory in 1949.

A period of economic reform implemented by Lenin after the Russian Revolution, aiming to stabilize the economy and promote growth through limited free trade and capitalistic elements.

John Locke's idea that individuals voluntarily give up some of their rights and freedoms in exchange for the protection and benefits of living in a society.

A period of armed conflict between Britain and France, lasting from 1754 to 1763, that resulted in British control of much of North America.

A tax on all legal and official documents in the American colonies, levied by the British government to help pay for the British Army stationed in America after the Seven Years' War.

A violent confrontation between British soldiers and American colonists in Boston in 1770. Five colonists were killed, increasing tensions between the colonies and Britain.

A protest by American colonists in Boston in 1773 in which colonists disguised as Native Americans destroyed 340 chests of tea belonging to the British East India Company, in response to the Tea Act.

Four laws passed by the British Parliament in 1774 to punish the colony of Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party, including closing Boston Harbor and limiting self-governing powers.

A gathering of representatives from twelve colonies in Philadelphia in 1774, convened to discuss the growing tensions with Britain and to coordinate a response.

The foundational document of the United States, adopted in 1787, which established a system of government with three branches (legislative, executive, judicial) and a system of checks and balances to ensure no one branch becomes too powerful.

The Louverturian State was a period after the Haitian Revolution where Toussaint Louverture tried to rebuild the colony. It was a time of rebuilding the economy, building schools and courts, and a strong emphasis on order and control.

The "Toussaint’s Clause", a key element of the Louverturian State, aimed to ensure the prosperity and stability of the colony. It outlined specific conditions to maintain the new social order, including a focus on economic growth and a powerful central authority.

The Napoleonic Invasion of Haiti was a French military campaign aimed at regaining control of the colony. It involved 80,000 French troops and resulted in the death of thousands of French soldiers and many Haitian lives.

The Industrial Revolution was a period of significant technological advancements, starting in England, characterized by the development of new machines, factories, and transportation systems.

The rise of factories during the Industrial Revolution was a key feature of the era, leading to the growth of cities as people sought work and opportunities. It also led to changes in living conditions, including both benefits and challenges.

The Russian Revolution of 1905 was a massive uprising against Tsar Nicholas II, which forced him to consider reforms to appease the people. It marked a turning point in Russia, showcasing the dissatisfaction with the ruling regime.

A period of Chinese history marked by large-scale forced collectivization of land, resulting in widespread famine and economic disruption due to resistance and forced implementation.

A period of political reform in China where citizens were encouraged to criticize the government openly, resulting in harsh backlash and suppression as many intellectuals criticized the CCP for its policies and lack of freedom.

A period of political repression following the Hundred Flowers Movement, targeting anyone perceived as opposing the government or criticizing the Communist Party.

The process by which former colonies gained independence from colonial powers.

The French colonial war in Algeria, marked by fierce resistance from Algerian nationalists and brutal suppression by the French government.

A period of significant political and social change in Iran, led by Ayatollah Khomeini, resulting in the overthrow of the Shah's regime and the establishment of an Islamic Republic.

A set of discriminatory laws enacted in the United States that enforced racial segregation and disenfranchisement of Black Americans.

A landmark Supreme Court case that declared racial segregation in public schools unconstitutional, leading to the desegregation efforts of the 1950s and 1960s.