Historia Kolokwium PDF

HISTORY EXAM OMGGGGG STOOOOOP 1.​ Pre- historic sites on the British isles: -​ British megaliths (prehistoric public works) esp. In Dorset and Wiltshire (South England) - the earliest are dated 3500-1200 BC. ★​ A ‘Menhir’ (standing stone) ★​ An ‘Oldman’ ★​ A stone circle (hen...

HISTORY EXAM OMGGGGG STOOOOOP 1.​ Pre- historic sites on the British isles: -​ British megaliths (prehistoric public works) esp. In Dorset and Wiltshire (South England) - the earliest are dated 3500-1200 BC. ★​ A ‘Menhir’ (standing stone) ★​ An ‘Oldman’ ★​ A stone circle (henge) ★​ A hill figure ★​ A burial ground ★​ A passage tomb ★​ A broch (stone tower) ★​ A neolithic village -​ STONEHENGE: ★​ What is it??: The remains of a ring of standing stones set within earthworks, set in the middle of the densest complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments is England. ★​ Location!: 8 miles north of Salisbury, in the county of Wiltshire, England. Its isolated, open landscape contributes to the monument’s sense of mystery and grandeur. ★​ Size…: The longest stones weigh up to 45 tons! What remains mysterious is how these ancient people, without modern tools or machinery, were able to transport and arrange these enormous stones with such precision. The journey of some of the stones is particularly puzzling because some of them, called "sarsens," came from about 20 miles away, and others, called "bluestones," came from much farther — up to 140 miles away. ★​ Alignment: Stonehenge is precisely aligned with the movements of the sun, especially during the solstices. The way it’s oriented suggests that the builders had an advanced understanding of astronomy, but how and why they designed it in this way remains unclear. Was it a temple for sun worship? Was it a way to mark the passage of time? Or was it part of a larger, lost cultural or spiritual tradition? ★​ When?: Anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC. Its construction spanned several centuries, with different stages of development taking place over time, each contributing to the monument’s complexity.  ★​ Purpose?!: A burial ground? A temple? A meeting place? The exact purpose of Stonehenge remains unknown, though it is widely believed to have been used for ceremonial purposes. ★​ Historical memory: Memories of making of the stones (from Wales) survived, and recorded by Geoffrey the Monmouth. His writings from the 12th century connect the site to Arthurian legend, adding layers of cultural significance to the monument's already mysterious legacy. 2.​ The dramatic reign of King Henry VIII Tudor: -​ King Henry VII Tudor (1485-1509): ★​ Founded the Tudor Dynasty. ★​ Union of Lancaster and York. ★​ Achieved a ‘reconstruction’ of the country. ★​ Trade: A merchant fleet. ★​ Exploration: The search for the north-west passage ★​ John Cabot sailed from Bristol to Eastern Canada (1497), then, “Newfoundland”. ★​ 1485 - The Battle of Bosworth: King Richard III of York VS Henry VII Tudor of Wales = Henry wins!!! YAy!!1! A new king, a new royal dynasty, a new age: The English Renaissance! Tudor England = A golden age (??) -​ King Henry VIII Tudor “Defender of the faith”, (1509-1547) ★​ Crowned at 18, he became a truly towering figure in British history. ★​ October 31, 1517: The Monk Martin Luther nails his 95 theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenberg, lighting the flame of the protestant reformation. ★​ 1527: Henry asks for the annulment of his marriage with Catherine of Aragon. ★​ 1534: The act of Supremacy (of King Henry VIII over the English church), he takes goddam control that fucker ★​ 1535: First Catholic martyrs (people killed for refusing to accept the protestant religion). ★​ 1559: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement. You go girl!!!  -​ The dissolution of the Monasteries: ★​ 560 religious houses closed. ★​ “Possibly the greatest act of official destruction in the history of Britain” ★​ Residential Abbeys. 3.​ The Elizabethan reign (-1603): -​ 1588: The Spanish war, or the defeat of the ‘Invincible Armada’. -​ King Phillip II of Spain: Widowed husband of Queen Mary, English king, and later, Elizabeth's arch-enemy. Ohohoooo -​ Sir Francis Drake: A privateer turned explorer and admiral, the golden hide (his ship!). -​ August 8, 1588, The decisive battle of Gravelines: A pivotal naval conflict during the Anglo-Spanish War. It occurred off the coast of Gravelines in northern France, where the Spanish Armada, under the command of Duke of Medina Sidonia, faced off against the English fleet led by Sir Francis Drake. The battle was decisive in halting the Spanish Armada’s advance toward England, as the English navy, using superior tactics and faster ships, inflicted significant damage on the Spanish fleet. The defeat marked the beginning of the end for Spain’s attempted invasion of England and shifted the balance of naval power in favor of England. -​ The English Empire: Marked by a period of expansion and exploration. Under Queen Elizabeth I, England began to assert itself as a maritime power, with explorers like Sir Francis Drake and Sir Walter Raleigh leading expeditions to the Americas. Drake's successful circumnavigation of the globe (1577-1580) and the establishment of English colonies, such as the ill-fated Roanoke Colony, laid the groundwork for England's future imperial ambitions. ★​ 1585-90: Roanoke Colony (Virginia), the ‘lost’ colony. ★​ 1579: The Eastland company (russians). ★​ 1581: The Levant company. ★​ 1588: The Africa company. ★​ 31 December, 1600: The East India company  4.​ The age of William Shakespeare: William Shakespeare was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, England, in 1564. He was the third of eight children in his family. Little is known about his early life, but he married Anne Hathaway in 1582 and had three children. Shakespeare moved to London in the late 1580s, where he became a playwright, actor, and shareholder in the Globe Theatre. Over his career, he wrote 37 plays, 154 sonnets, and several other poems. Shakespeare’s plays explored universal themes like love, power, and human folly, and his influence on literature, theater, and the English language is unparalleled. He died in 1616, leaving behind a legacy that endures to this day. -​ The mermaid tavern: A famous London tavern in 1612-13, the venue for the monthly meetings of a club of gentlemen and wits. -​ Shakespeare’s plays were crucial during the Elizabethan era because they captured the complexity of human nature, reflecting both the political and social turbulence of the time. His work provided entertainment, but also served as a means of exploring themes like power, love, and identity, resonating with a wide audience. -​ Shakespeare’s ability to blend tragedy, comedy, and history made his plays incredibly popular, and his impact on English literature and drama during Queen Elizabeth I’s reign helped shape the cultural landscape, influencing both contemporary and future generations of playwrights and poets. 5.​ The industrial revolution: The British Industrial Revolution marked a period of rapid transformation in society, where agriculture and handcrafts gave way to factory-based production. Innovations in machinery, such as the steam engine, revolutionized manufacturing, making it faster and more efficient. This shift led to urbanization, as people moved from rural areas to cities in search of work. The economy grew, but it also brought harsh working conditions, child labor, and a stark divide between the wealthy and the poor. The revolution also spurred advancements in transportation, like railways and canals, which helped fuel further economic expansion. It was a time of great change, laying the foundation for the modern industrial world. -​ The birth of modern science in the 17th c.: ★​ 1687: Sir Isaac Newton published his Principia. ★​ The royal observatory in Greenwich. -​ The age of reason (The British enlightenment), 1688-1789: ★​ John Locke, Thomas Hobbes, George Berkley, David Hume. ★​ The birth of archeology, 1748: the discovery of Pompeii, and the beginnings of archeology. ★​ Dr Samuel Johnson’s “A dictionary of the English language”, 1755, the birth of lexicography. ★​ The foundation of the British Museum in 1759. -​ The age of curiosity: ★​ 1754-63, David Hume: “The History of England”. ★​ 1776-94, Edward Gibbon: “The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire”. ★​ 1776, Adam Smith: “The wealth of nations”, beginnings of political economics. (Britain, a nation of shopkeepers). ★​ 1798, Thomas Robert Malthus: “An Essay on the Principle of Population”, influential in the fields of political economy and demography. -​ Why Britain?: ★​ Coal reserves (a huge resource of power). ★​ The ascendancy of political liberalism, with engineers and industrialists able to meet and share ideas and inventions. The influence of geniuses. ★​ The impact of The British Empire. ★​ JAMES WATT - 1789, the creation of the first steam engine, the beginning of a technological revolution. -​ The age of inventions: ★​ 1791: The ordnance survey (mapping of Britain). ★​ 1792: Coal gas used for lighting, William Murdoch. ★​ 1796: Vaccination for smallpox. ★​ 1798: 10% income tax introduced. Motherfuckers ★​ 1801: First population census. ★​ 1801-08: Richard Trevithick’s first steam locomotive. ★​ 1811: ‘Luddite’ disturbances (rage against the machine). ★​ 1830: The British became aware of the revolution. ★​ The canal network: The first transport network. ★​ The steamship age: The royal navy Borders its first steamboat in 1822. ★​ Isambard Kingdom Brunel: “a captain of industry”. ★​ 1830: The Liverpool-Manchester railway. ★​ 1848, The Communist Manifesto: Karl Marx and Friedrich Eagles.