Health Information System Concepts and Technology PDF

HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM TOPIC: CONCEPT AND TECHNOLOGY Health Information System the intersection between healthcare’s business process and information systems. Become increasingly important as economic, social, political, and...

HEALTH INFORMATION SYSTEM TOPIC: CONCEPT AND TECHNOLOGY Health Information System the intersection between healthcare’s business process and information systems. Become increasingly important as economic, social, political, and technological factors have advanced. “Health information systems process data and provide information and knowledge in a healthcare environment.” (Haux, 2006) Interaction between: PEOPLE, PROCESS, and TECHNOLOGY GOAL: to improve the quality of healthcare services PURPOSE: to deliver better healthcare services. RELEVANCE: Utilize the Internet especially to provide better healthcare. HISTORY Industrial Age Medicine to Information Age Healthcare (Smith, 1997) Industry phase at the United States of America (Bourke,M.K.,1994) “Paradigm Shift” (Haux et.al, 2002) o Paper-based to computer-based processing and storage o Institution-centered department and HOSPITAL information system to REGIONAL and GLOBAL HIS o Inclusion of patients and health consumers o HIS data for healthcare planning, clinical and epidemiological research o From technical HIS problems to change management and strategic information management o Alphanumeric data to images and data on the molecular level o A steady increase of new technologies – ubiquitous computing environment and sensor-based technologies for monitoring Transforming the Healthcare-patient relationship (Ball, 2001) Advancement in Internet Technology (1990) - facilitated the processing, storing, retrieving, and disseminating of data and information remotely anytime and anywhere. access information on the products and services they are considering from other users, not only from producers customer demands changed The Web has become a popular channel to deliver information products or services, including those in the healthcare industry. (Kuhn and Giuse, 2001) COMPONENTS 1. Health Informatics o the field that concerns itself with the cognitive, information processing, and communication tasks of medical practice, education, and research. (Conrick, 2006) o include the information science and technology that support those tasks.  o TOOLS: Computers, clinical guidelines, formal medical technologies, and information and communication system 2. Health Information Technology o The application of information processing involves both computer hardware and software. (Goldschmidt, 2005) o It deals with the storage, retrieval, sharing, and use of healthcare information, data, and knowledge for communication and decision-making. 3. Electronic Medical Record (EMR) o Resides at the center of any health information system. (Protti et al., 2009) o EMR is a medical record in a digital format. 4. Electronic Health Record (EHR) o Refers to an individual patient’s health record in a digital format. (Protti et al., 2009) o EHR systems coordinate the storage and retrieval of individual records with the aid of computers (usually accessed on a computer, often through a computer network) 5. Electronic Patient Record (EPR) o An electronically stored health information about one individual is uniquely identified by an identifier. (Protti et al., 2009) o EPR technology entails capturing, storing, retrieving, transmitting, and manipulating patient-specific, healthcare-related data singly and comprehensively. o Includes clinical, administrative, and biographical data. ISSUES IN THE APPLICATION OF HIS o To manage the relationship between healthcare providers and patients: ▪ Delivery of speedy and quality healthcare services to patients entails that much patient data should be made available to the different members of a healthcare system ▪ The availability of these patient data may trample on the patient’s right to confidentiality CHARACTERISTICS OF EFFECTIVE HIS o Only a necessary portion of the patient information should be made available to someone from the system who performs a certain function o Fostering good relationships with customers (patients) will retain them attract them to become loyal customers, and create greater mutual understanding, trust, and satisfaction. (Richard and Ronald, 2008) A good relationship will encourage the patient’s involvement in decision-making. Good relations will foster effective communication which is often associated with improved physical health, more effective chronic disease management, and better health-related quality of life. (Arora, 2003) FUTURE TRENDS OF HIS o paperless hospital - will make it more reliable, effective, and efficient. EFFECTS OF THE TRENDS OF HIS o Builds on health telematics, networks, and services o Links: offers virtual healthcare center o Hospitals o Laboratories o Pharmacies o primary care o social centers CURRENT STATUS OF HIS (varies among countries) o 193 members of WHO (2009) o 114 participated in the global survey on e-health (2011) o Most developed countries have fully utilized HIS o They have the resources, expertise, and capital to implement o First countries that implemented HIS:  i. Canada o E-health (Ontario, March 2009) o 3 targeted strategies: ▪ Improve diabetes management ▪ Improve medication management Example: e-Prescribing o It authorizes and transmits prescriptions from physicians and other prescribers to pharmacists and other dispensers. o It prevents medication errors due to illegible prescribing and reduces fraudulent prescriptions. ▪ Improve wait times ii. Australia iii. Singapore HEALTHGRID: o allows the gathering and sharing of many medical, health, and clinical records/databanks of hospitals, health organizations, and drug companies o data of medical interest can be stored and made easily available to physicians, allied professionals, healthcare centers, administrators, patients, and citizens in general CURRENT AIMS OF HIS Extend the application from hospitals to smaller healthcare providers, and ultimately to the homes and families of the patients, and to the individual Connect not just hospitals, but the people as well to make medical information and access to medical care readily available Bring provision of health from the hospital level to an individual level  HEALTH INFORMATICS Also called healthcare informatics, healthcare informatics, medical informatics, nursing informatics, or biomedical informatics is a discipline at the intersection of information science, computer science, and health care. provides information to make decisions: Better information leads to better decisions Health care, management, planning and policy all need good information eHealth is a broad term for healthcare practice which is supported by electronic processes and communication. mHealth (Mobile Health) - Mobile technologies such as mobile phones to collect and access health information. Informatics is the collection, manipulation, and use of information. Information technology is hardware & software. KEY ELEMENTS OF INFORMATICS o Acquisition: Capture data o Storage: save data o Communication: data needs to be moved from the point of collection to storage o Manipulation: data may be combined with other data, aggregated, or compared o Display: analysis/interpretation of data for public use CDC's National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI) o provides leadership in the application of information and computer science and technology to public health practice, research, and learning. – Electronic health record support of public health functions – Use of health care, population and other public health data in supporting public health systems and analyses – Basic capabilities that support public health practice such as statistical and health surveillance – Public Health decision support HIS CONTEXT HEALTH INFORMATICS PRINCIPLE o Use drives data o Encourage open systems o Buy Software - May not be an exact fit to your needs o Build Software - Long expensive process not guaranteed to succeed. o Modify - Start with open source software that you can modify ▪ Modified software to meet your exact requirements ▪ Everyone benefits from your investment in the software o Interoperability using open standards 1. Incremental development and strengthening of systems o The goal should not be to implement a single system but to encourage the development of interoperable systems. o Much easier to make continuous small improvements than to re-design and re- implement the entire system o If it works, enhance it! 2. Enterprise Architecture approach 3. Collaborative Communities o Scalable sharing of resources o Successful collaboration requires leadership.