H&h Practice Questions Ch 8 PDF

Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 08: Epidemiological...

Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Chapter 08: Epidemiological Applications MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. Epidemiology would be a primary tool used by the nurse scientist for researching which topic? a. Experiences of cancer care services b. Contributing factors to childhood obesity c. Morbidity statistics d. Social characteristics and traits of healthy older persons ANS: B As the basic science of public health, epidemiology refers not only to epidemics of infections but also to other health-related events in a population. Analytical epidemiology looks at the etiology (origins or causes) of a disease—such as childhood obesity. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: Epidemiology: An Overview OBJ: 8.1 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. In which of the following activities does the community health nurse (CHN) act in the role of a nurse epidemiologist? a. Eliciting the health history of a client presenting with an illness b. Performing a physical assessment of an ill client c. Providing treatment and health education to a client with a disease d. Evaluating the number of clients presenting with similar diseases ANS: D Epidemiology differs from clinical medicine, which focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of disease in individuals. Epidemiology investigates the distribution, or the patterns, of health events in populations and the determinants or the factors that influence those patterns. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: Epidemiology: An Overview OBJ: 8.1 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 3. During the years 2015 to 2020, in a particular district, 1,000 of 10,000 girls aged 16 to 18 years tested positive for a sexually transmitted infection (STI). Of the 1,000 diagnosed STIs, 300 were gonorrhea and 500 were chlamydia. Which statement would the community health nurse (CHN) recognize as being true? a. The proportion of cases of gonorrhea to all STIs was 300:1,300. b. The proportion of cases of gonorrhea to chlamydia was 300:500. c. The proportion of STIs to the total population was 10 per 1,000. d. The proportion of cases of gonorrhea to all STIs was 50%. ANS: C In epidemiology, a proportion is a ratio in which the denominator includes the numerator. In public health statistics, if the proportion is small, we can express the number per 1,000. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 49 | P a g e Downloaded by: epeprah1809 | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis/Analyze REF: Measures of Morbidity and Mortality OBJ: 8.3 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Which model best explains the reasons why homeless individuals are at increased risk of disease as a result of multiple agent, host, and environmental factors? a. The web of causality b. The epidemiological triangle c. The levels of prevention d. The Health Promotion Model ANS: A The web of causality refers to the interrelationship of multiple factors that interact to influence health. The epidemiological triangle, by contrast, categorizes factors as agent, host, or environment but does not address the interactions of these factors. Levels of prevention are actions taken to improve health outcomes, whereas health promotion addresses health improvement, not risk of disease. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: The Web of Causation OBJ: 8.4 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 5. Which actions could be taken by the community health nurse (CHN) who wishes to provide secondary prevention to decrease the incidence of obesity in elementary school children? a. Giving a presentation on the importance of exercise and physical fitness b. Designing a game in which students need to make healthy food choices c. Weighing students to identify those who are overweight d. Putting students on a diet if they weigh more than 20% of their ideal weight ANS: C Secondary prevention refers to interventions that increase the probability of early diagnosis of a condition. Health screenings are the mainstay of secondary prevention. Weighing students and identifying higher-than-recommended weight will enable early intervention to prevent obesity. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis/Analyze REF: Secondary Prevention OBJ: 8.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. What is a community health nurse (CHN) implementing when advising a client with osteoporosis to have three servings of milk or dairy products daily? a. Primary prevention b. Secondary prevention c. Tertiary prevention d. Treatment, but not prevention ANS: C Interventions that prevent the worsening of a condition are tertiary prevention activities. In this instance, the client already has a health problem (osteoporosis). By advising adequate dairy intake, the CHN aims to ensure that the client gets enough calcium to prevent worsening of the osteoporosis. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 50 | P a g e Downloaded by: epeprah1809 | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: Tertiary Prevention OBJ: 8.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 7. What would be the best choice for the nurse researcher who wishes to identify the long-term benefits and risks of a treatment for hyperlipidemia? a. A cross-sectional study b. An ecological study c. A clinical trial d. A retrospective analysis ANS: C The goal of a clinical trial is to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. Clinical trials are generally the best way to show causality. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis/Analyze REF: Experimental or Intervention Studies OBJ: 8.7 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment 8. Which action proposed to prevent problems related to coronary artery disease (CAD) in a region with a high prevalence is most likely to have positive outcomes? a. Introducing heart health information in the curriculum as early as Grade 1, presentations on diet and exercise for the community at large, and special education sessions for high-risk populations b. Providing online activities related to the prevention of cardiac disease, smoking cessation programs, and blood pressure screenings c. Distributing handouts about age-appropriate games, self-assessments, and educational materials on heart-healthy lifestyles, availability of community screenings for hyperlipidemia in persons age 35 years and older, and walking programs for those affected by CAD d. Enrolling clients with CAD into cardiac rehabilitation programs, routinely evaluating the effectiveness of CAD treatment regimens, and participating in clinical trials that evaluate interventions for those diagnosed with CAD ANS: C Early introduction of health information focuses only on primary prevention activities. Provision of online activities focuses only on primary and secondary prevention. Enrollment of clients with CAD into cardiac rehabilitation programs focuses only on those already affected by CAD. The correct answer includes all three levels of prevention to target all members of the population. Targeting all members of the population and implementing all levels of prevention increases the likelihood of positive outcomes for the community as a whole. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Evaluation/Evaluate REF: Levels of Prevention OBJ: 8.5 | 8.8 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 51 | P a g e Downloaded by: epeprah1809 | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. People with immune deficiencies may have a negative tuberculosis (TB) skin test (Mantoux), even though they are infected. Which of the following measurements will the CHN conclude to be low when the TB skin test is given to persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)? a. Positive predictive value b. Reliability c. Sensitivity d. Specificity ANS: C Sensitivity is the extent to which a test identifies those individuals who have the condition. AIDS being an acquired immune deficiency, clients with the disease may have a false-negative response to TB skin tests; that is, they may have the disease, but the test is not sensitive enough to detect infection in these individuals. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: Validity OBJ: 8.3 TOP: Physiological Integrity 10. The CHN can enhance the sensitivity and specificity of a test by using its predictive value. Which one of the following best defines positive predictive value? a. The proportion of persons with a negative test who are actually disease-free b. The variation inherent in the trait being measured c. Any inconsistency in the testing instrument d. The proportion of persons with a positive test who actually have the disease ANS: D Positive predictive value (also called predictive value positive) is the proportion of persons with a positive test who actually have the disease, interpreted as the probability that an individual with a positive test has the disease. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember REF: Validity OBJ: 8.6 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 11. A community health nurse (CHN) determines that out of 8,000 women screened for breast cancer, 35 have previously been diagnosed with a cancer event and 20 are newly diagnosed with a cancer event. What is the prevalence rate in this group? a. 55 b. 0.7 c. 70% d. 55/8,000 ANS: D The prevalence rate identifies the number of persons in a population that have a disease or have experienced an event at a specific period (old and new cases included). The formula for calculating prevalence rate is number of population with the disease divided by the number of individuals at risk. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis/Analyze REF: Measures of Morbidity and Mortality OBJ: 8.6 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 52 | P a g e Downloaded by: epeprah1809 | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?  Stuvia.com - The Marketplace to Buy and Sell your Study Material Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancaster’s Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2022) ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 12. The community health nurse (CHN) knows that a regular-sized blood pressure (BP) cuff will provide readings that are falsely high if used to measure BP in an obese person and will provide readings that are falsely low if used to measure BP in a small or very thin person. Which of the following does a regular-sized BP cuff lack when used to measure BP in all individuals? a. Reliability b. Sensitivity c. Specificity d. Validity ANS: D Validity is the accuracy of a test or measurement or how closely it measures what it claims to measure. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Analysis/Analyze REF: Validity OBJ: 8.7 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance 13. Which of the following is an example of primary prevention? a. Papanicolaou (Pap) tests to detect cervical cancer b. Screening of pregnant women for gestational diabetes c. COVID-19 immunization clinics d. Mammography to detect breast cancer ANS: C Primary prevention refers to activities that seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the natural history of a disease) or an injury. Interventions at this level of prevention are aimed at individuals, groups, and populations who are susceptible to disease but have no discernible pathology (i.e., they are in a state of prepathogenesis). Immunizations are one example of this type of prevention. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension/Understand REF: Primary Prevention OBJ: 8.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance ______________________________________________________________________________________________ 53 | P a g e Downloaded by: epeprah1809 | [email protected] Want to earn $1.236 Distribution of this document is illegal extra per year?