Ch. 8: Epidemiological Applications (quiz 1)

The basic science of public health, epidemiology studies the patterns of health events in populations and the factors influencing those patterns.

Analytical epidemiology aims to discover the causes of diseases and health conditions.

The nurse epidemiologist's role involves analyzing health data, identifying trends, and recommending interventions to improve community health.

A proportion in epidemiology is a ratio where the denominator includes the numerator. It represents a part of a whole.

The web of causality illustrates the complex interactions of multiple factors that influence health, recognizing that disease is rarely caused by a single factor.

Primary prevention involves actions taken to prevent disease or injury before it occurs.

Secondary prevention aims to detect a disease or injury at an early and treatable stage.

Tertiary prevention focuses on preventing the worsening of a condition and improving the quality of life for individuals with chronic diseases.

A clinical trial is a research study designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention or treatment, often comparing it to a control group.

Sensitivity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those who have a disease, meaning it is less likely to miss a positive case.

Specificity refers to a test's ability to correctly identify those who do not have a disease, meaning it is less likely to give a false positive.

Positive predictive value measures the proportion of people with a positive test who truly have the disease.

Prevalence rate is a measure of the number of individuals in a population with a disease or condition at a specific point in time.

Validity of a test refers to its accuracy in measuring what it claims to measure.

Reliability of a test refers to its consistency in producing similar results when repeated under the same conditions.

The epidemiological triangle is a model that explains disease occurrence based on the interaction of an agent, host, and environment.

Levels of prevention are a framework for public health interventions aimed at preventing disease, promoting health, and optimizing outcomes.

Health promotion focuses on empowering individuals and communities to take control of their health and well-being.

A cross-sectional study observes a group of people at a single point in time to gather information about their health and exposures.

An ecological study analyzes health data collected from populations rather than individuals.

A retrospective analysis examines past data to identify patterns and trends related to health outcomes.

A case-control study compares a group of individuals with a certain condition (cases) to a group without that condition (controls) to identify risk factors associated with the condition.

A cohort study follows a group of individuals with similar characteristics over time to observe the occurrence of disease or other health outcomes.

The Health Belief Model suggests that individuals are more likely to take action to prevent a disease or health problem if they perceive it as a threat, feel susceptible to the threat, and believe taking action will be beneficial.

The Transtheoretical Model of Change (Stages of Change) describes a process individuals go through to change their behavior.

The Social Cognitive Theory emphasizes the importance of reciprocal interactions among personal factors, environmental influences, and behavioral factors in understanding health behaviors.

The Social-Ecological Model of Health Behavior focuses on the interconnectedness of multiple levels of influence on health, including individual, interpersonal, organizational, community, and policy levels.

A social determinant of health is a factor that influences an individual's health but is not directly related to healthcare, such as poverty, education, and access to healthy food.

A health disparity is a difference in health outcomes between groups of people, often stemming from social determinants of health.