HEMA LEC TRANSES ULTRA-SUMMARIZED PDF
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This document provides a summarized overview of blood cells, types, and classifications. It details descriptions of the morphology, characteristics, and function of various types of blood cells. The document also briefly explains techniques for blood cell measurement.
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LESSON 1 Hematocrit atio of volume of packed RBC to the...
LESSON 1 Hematocrit atio of volume of packed RBC to the R AND neutrophils- B Slightly less mature neutrophils THANASIUS KIRCHER A escribes the worm in the blood D volume of whole blood unsegmented ANTON VAN Describes Red Blood Cell RBC:Whole Blood Left shift Increase in bands that signals LEEUWENHOEK Hematocrit Also called as Packed Cell Volume bacterial infection Giulio Bizzozero latelets- petite plaque P (PCV) Eosinophil Round, Bright Orange-red James homer Wright Wright’s Romanowsky-type Buffy Coat WBC and Platelet Immune system response Stain of Blood Cells Wright or Wright-Giemsa stain The light-colored layer between the E osinophilia- indicates Increase in Eosinophil Morphology Physical or Cell Appearance RBC and plasma allergy or parasitic Joseph and Wallace Patented the 1st electronic counter ean Cell Volume M RBCDiameter-wright stain blood film Basophil ark purple, obscure nucleus D Coulter Discovered Coulter Principle (MCV) Contains histamines Mean Cell ass of hemoglobin/cell and parallels m asophilia- hematologic B Increase in Basophil LESSON 1 Hemoglobin the MCHC disease RBC- transports oxygen and carbon dioxide (MCH) Lymphocyte ound, larger than R SHAPE Biconcave, discoid cells filled with Mean Cell BCstaining intensity and amount of R RBC—antigens-antibody HEMOGLOBIN Hemoglobin central pallor L ymphocytosis Increase in Lymphocyte Concentration Lymphopenia Decrease inL NUCLEUS Anucleated or NO TRUE NUCLEUS (MCHC) Monocytes Identify and phagocyte Hemoglobin Reddish protein RBC distribution Degree of variation in RBC volume Monocyte Immature Macrophage Color Salmon Pink width (RDW) Size 7-8 micrometer with a zone of pallor Blue-gray Anisocytosis Variation in DIAMETER of RBC Zone of Pallor Blank spot in RBC, space ba espasyo acrophage M The most abundant cell type Anemia or Counted RBC in volume to detect Monocytosis Increase monocyte eticulocyte- indicates the ability of RBC production. R Polycythemia these Leukemia Blood Cancer Young RBC that contains RNA are called reticulocyte Anemia Loss of oxygen-carrying capacity Chronic Lymphocytic Older people Polychromatic Newly release RBC – from bone Decrease hemoglobin concentration Leukemia Erythrocyte marrow Hemocytometer Diluted blood was transfer to this Acute Lymphoblastic Childhood leukemia Polychromatic .5-2.5 percent nakikita sa stain Glass Counting Chamber Leukemia Erythrocyte Microscopist observe rbc here Stain slightly BLUE GRAY Polycythemia Increase RBC counts LATELETS-Thrombocytes, Major cell that controls P Uses methylene blue dyes to count Leads to hyperviscosity hemostasis, 2-4mm, Anucleate, and Round Vital or SuperVital Dyes absorbed by live cells Microliter Report RBC count, how we count RBC Thrombosis Clot formation, PT secrets Coulter Principle Used to count RBC in AUTOMATED thrombin to facilitate this WHITE BLOOD CELL- LEUKOCYTE of direct BLOOD CELL ANALYZER Hemostasis Series of cellular mechanism that - Protects host from infection impedance repairs wounds - Bone marrow or lymphoid tissue- source of wbc Visual RBC Developed before 1900 Mean Platelet Volume Elevated mpv- presence of larger - Colorless in unstained suspension counting (MPV) platelets WBC Counting dilution 1:20 – dilute acid solution Automated 1958 Thrombocytosis- Increase in platelet and diluent particle counters Became available in the lab indicates inflammation Leukopenia Decrease wbc Hemoglobin Relies on a solution of Drabkin Essential Malignant cancer of platelet Leukocytosis Increase wbc measurement Reagent Thrombocythemia Uncontrolled platelet production Neutrophils - segmented Engulfs microorganisms Hemoglobin is converted to stable Thrombocytopenia- Decrease in platelet Hemiglobincyanide Multilobed easy bruising Drabkin Reagent Potassium Cyanide + Potassium Pink- Lavender staining Ferricyanide Neutropenia- indicates Decrease in Neutrophil Complete Blood Count Automated Blood Uses formulation of Ionic surfactant viral infections Complete RBC, WBC and platelet measurement Cell analyzers (detergent) orSODIUM LAURYL Neutrophilia- indicates Increase in Neutrophil Blood Count measurement SULFATE bacterial infection Short draw Underfill in other term esult in poor ratio of anticoagulant and R NALYZE CELL POPULATIONSby A epatic Phase H egins 5-7 gestational weeks B blood measuring the cells on laser light Occurs Clusters of developing erythroblast, S pecimen The specimen must be registered in Cytogenetics Chromosome analysis in bone marrow Extravascularly granulocyte, monocyte Accession WORKLIST aspirates Flag Indication of abnormal blood cell analyzer olecular M Detects chromosomal translocation and roduction of P Decline in primitive hematopoiesis - Blood Film Examination should be Diagnostic gene mutations. Enhance and replace Megakaryocytes performed Techniques the advance hematologic methods; bf(fetal H Lymphoid cells begin to appear PCR-polymerase chain reaction hemoglobin)-predo Blood Film Examination Microarray analysis minant hemoglobin - Preparation of wedge-prep blood film FISH- Fluorescence in situ hybridization - Stain using wright or wright-giemsa stain DNA sequencing systems ajor site of blood cells production M WBC count 40x or 50x objective—400x or 500x G6PD assay Phenotypically detects RBC enzyme (second trimester of fetal life only) magnification deficiency T hymus Site of T-cell production PT count 100x OIO - 1000 magnification S ickle Cell Detect and diagnose sickle cell anemia Kidney and Spleen Produce B-cells Solubility Medullary Occurs in the inner bone cavity Endothelial Cells screening (Myeloid) Phase - Forms the INNER SURFACE OF BLOOD VESSEL- Erythrocyte etects inflammation and intensity of D Measures level of Begins between 4-5 month nasa loob ng ugat sedimentation RBC? measures how quickly red blood erythropoietin - Maintains normal blood flow rate (ESR) cells (erythrocytes) settle to the bottom of a test tube. SC and Mesenchymal cells migrate H Coagulation into the core of the bone - Platelets are the key components for coagulation Hematology Quality Assurance and Quality Control yeloid to M 3:1 to 4:1 (normal adult levels) Fibrinolysis Restore vessel patency Moving Average Internal standard methodology Erythroid ratio Enzyme-cofactor Clot formation Enzyme to enzyme HEMATOPOIESIS Adult Hematopoietic Tissue Prothrombin time/ Partial Assess deficiencies. Monitor HEMATOPOIETIC DEVELOPMENT Bone marrow Contains developing erythroid, Thromboplastin time anticoagulant therapy Hematopoiesis Renewal of blood cell myeloid, megakaryocytic, and Hematopoietic stem cell Capable of self renewal and lymphoid cells Advanced Hematology Procedure differentiate into different Primary lymph Bone marrow and thymus Bone Marrow Analyze nucleated cells that are blood cell nodes Where T and B lymphocytes derived Aspirates/Biopsy immature precursor to blood cells- Secondary Lymph Spleen, lymph nodes, malt (mucosa myeloid, erythroid Fetal Development- the cell will initiate in the nodes associated lymphoid tissue) Biopsy specimen Enhanced by HEMATOXYLIN AND EOSIN 1. Yolk Sac H/E 2. Aorta-gonad mesonephros region (Mesoblastic S pleen, Liver, Thymus- adult hematopoietic tissue May reveal bone marrow structure Phase) BONE MARROW Cytochemical Differentiate abnormal myeloid, 3. Fetal Liver (Hepatic Phase) Bone marrow Located inside the cortical bones stains erythroid, and lymphoid 4. Bone Marrow (Medullary Phase) Trabeculae Provide supports for developing blood cells The stains are: Red Marrow Developing blood cells and progenitors - Phosphatase, Alkaline Phosphatase, esoblastic Phase M egins around 19th day B (Active) Myeloperoxidase, Sudan Black B, Occurs Forms PRIMITIVE ERYTHROBLAST Yellow Adipocyte with undifferentiated Periodic Acid-Schiff INTRAVASCULARLY Marrow mesenchymal and MACROPHAGE This is replaced by Flow Cytometry and (Inactive) Immunophenotyping roduces hemoglobin needed for P oxygen delivery Retrogression Replace active marrow by adipocyte. Bale Immunostaining Identification of CELL LINES. Detects yung red marrow magiging yellow marrow Methods LINEAGE-SPECIFIC ANTIGENS Angioblast Surrounds the cavity of yolk sac- will form blood vessel Marrow The ratio of red marrow to yellow R:Y Flow Cytometer May be quanti or quali, Generate Cellularity perimeters of CBC orta Gonad A Give rise to Hematopoietic stem cells Region E ndothelial L ines the inside of blood vessels Cords of Billroth s rbc pass through here – A Erythropoiesis Cells Maintains the flow of particles leaving decrease in the flow of blood- Erythrocyte ed Blood Cell R hematopoietic spaces in vascular sinuses stagnations and depletion of rbc Erythroblast Nucleated RBC precursor Adipocyte Fat cells- large globules glucose supply Also called as normoblast Secretes cytokines (growth ethods for removing M progenitor sa 2 BURST FORMING UNIT-ERYTHROID factors)—stimulate HSC abnormal rbc erythroid cell line COLONY FORMING UNIT- ERYTHROID acrophages M Phagocytosis - Culling Cells are phagocytized BURST FORMING Give rise to large colonies- capable of Osteoblast Form bones UNIT-ERYTHROID multisubunit colonies Osteoclast Destroy and restore bones - Pitting S plenic macrophages remove Reticular Forms a supporting lattice for developing inclusions or damage surface OLONY FORMING C Gives rise to smaller colonies Adventitial blood cells member from the RBCS UNIT- ERYTHROID cells Pronormoblast F irst identifiable RBC Precursor Stromal Cells S ecretes semifluid extracellular fluids- Lymph Nodes Erythrokinetics Describes the dynamics of RBC anchor of blood cells - Bean shaped production and destruction Regulates hsc and progenitor cell survival Lymph F luid portion of blood that - Looking rbc in bm and the and differentiation escapes into connective tissue factors that affect their Low protein- high water- absence number E rythroblast Develop in small clusters of RBC Megakaryocy Facilitates the release of platelets in the L ymphatic vessel- carry Lymph node filter lymph and exit Erythron ollection of all stages of C te lumen of sinus lymph to lymph node via the efferent lymphatic vessels erythrocytes Immature Proceed along differentiation as they move myeloid closer to vascular sinuses Hypoxia Kulang sa oxygen content yung body Hematopoietic stem cells and cytokines Pag nagka hypopaxia ka- madedetect (granulocytic) cells Stem Cell theory Hematopoietic progenitor cells ni peritubular fibroblast tas Theory that describes the divided into: poproduce ng erythropoietin origin of hematopoietic - Noncommitted HSC eritubular P Primary oxygen sensing system of T HE MATURE BLOOD CELLS OF THE BONE MARROW progenitor - Committed progenitor cells Fibroblast (in body EVENTUALLY ENTER THE PERIPHERAL CIRCULATION MARROW CIRCULATION kidney) onophyletic theory- M ll blood cells derive from A Erythropoietin rowth factor that signals the G Nutrient artery Supplies blood to marrow PLURIPOTENT SINGLE PROGENITOR STEM development of erythroid cells Periosteal Artery Nutrients to osseous bone and CELLS—called pluripotent - Promotes release of marrow hematopoietic stem cells developing precursor Hematopoietic cells Located in an endosteal bed. Receive Polyphyletic theory Blood cells is derived from its nutrients from nutrient artery own unique stem cells easurement of M erformed on plasma P SC H Capable of self renewal erythropoietin Measured by chemiluminescence Liver Undifferentiated HSC` Can be differentiated to Liver S ite of blood cell production (4-5 weeks myeloid or lymphoid lineages MICROENVIRONMENT OF THE BONE MARROW gestation) L ineage- specific T- cell, B-cell, dendritic lineage, Macrophage Major cellular anchor Hepatocyte Functions in protein synthesis. Coagulation, progenitor cells natural killer iron recycling - Common lymphoid 18-21 days- to produce mature RBC from BFU-E Kupffer cells Maintain contact with the endothelial cell progenitor cells ranulocyte, Erythrocyte, G Normoblastic Proliferation Pagpaparami ng rbc from lining Monocytic, Megakaryocytic immature to mature - Common myeloid Features to identify RBC Nuclear Chromatin pattern- Spleen progenitor cells texture, density Storage site for Filters of circulating blood homogeneity HSC’s fate S elf Renewal, Differentiation platelets Nuclear Diameter Apoptosis 30% of total platelet Contains 350 Ml OF BLOOD Nucleus to Cytoplasm ratio counts Presence or absence of nucleoli ytoplasmic Color C ivision:No division- bc of D ucleus- completely N Pronormoblast RONORMOBLAST P Nucleus:Cytoplasm – 8:1 condensation of chromatin condensed or nearly so (RUBRIBLAST) Nucleus is- round to oval Location: Bone Marrow ivision: Mitosis - gives rise D 2 nucleoli ytoplasm: salmon pink- C ellular Activity: Hgb C to 2 daughter pronormoblast Purple Red Chromatin nearly complete hgb production continues production ̀ Location: Bone marrow Nucleus will ejected ytoplasm- dark blue coz of C - Residual asophilic B ellular Activity: globin C conc. Of ribosomes and rna L oss of VIMENTIN—protein ribosomes and Pronormoblast production begins that holds organelle in the rna makes the - Proteins necessary for iron cytoplasm stain slightly and protoporphyrin synthesis Nonmuscle myosin of the bluish hue- are produced membrane degraded in the Length: more than 24 hours Length: 48 hours end olychromatic P RETICULOCYTE There is NO NUCLEUS normoblast ASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST B :C – 6:1 N (PRORUBRICYTE) 1 nucleoli ivision: No division D Division: Mitosis- 2 daughter Location: Bone marrow (1-2 ytoplasm: color is that of C cell ucleus N days) – Peripheral Blood (1 hgb with a bluish tinge - Chromatin condense that day before reaching maturity) (residual ribosomes and ore than 1 division is M reveals clumps along - It is retained in spleen for rna) possible periphery pitting(pagtanggal ng mga - End of this stage- salmon L ocation: Bone Marrow pink ang kulay ng cytoplasm rthochromatic O inclusion bodies gamit ng Cellular activity: Hemoglobin hromatin – deep purple C Normoblast splenic macrophages)- can be detected, but the red biconcave discoid mature organelles mask the minute Cytoplasm- deeper, richer RBC amount of hbg pigmentation blue L ength of time: more than 24 ellular Activity: complete C hours production of hgb POLYCHROMATIC :C – 4:1(early stage) to 1:1 N E NDORIBONUCLEASE- digest NORMOBLAST (end of stage) ribosomes (POLYCHROMATOPHILIC RETICULOCYTE L ength: 3 days, 2 days in bm, RUBRICYTE) No nucleoli 1 day in pb ivision: Last stage where D Erythrocyte No nucleus mitosis occur ucleus- Variation in N Location: Bone Marrow chromatin pattern, show Division:Cannot divide some openness – condense Cytoplasm- biconcave Cellular Activity:Hgm L ocation and Length: - Measures 7-8mm synthesis increase, rna and in the end Peripheral blood for 120 - 1.5-2.5mm organelles are still present days-4 months max thickness Ribosomes contribute blue ytoplasm—pink (stain hgb C Erythrocyte can be seen- murky ellular activity:deliver C - Salmon pink color to cytoplasm oxygen gray-blue) - Condensation of nucleus Inside is hgb and disappearance of ytoplasm- refer to this C Deformed shape is helpful for nucleoli – decline in combination of multiple enter circulation transcription of DNA color-many color loving L ength of time: 30 hours ORTHOCHROMIC N:C – 1:2 NORMOBLAST (METARUBRICYTE)
