Hearing And Audition Process PDF

HEARING AND AUDITION PROCESS Presented By Group 6 BUT FIRST, GAME! GUESS THE SONG (POP EDITION)  INTRODUCTION THE EAR STRUCTURE THE AUDITORY PROCESS TABLE OF NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION CONTENTS COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEA...

HEARING AND AUDITION PROCESS Presented By Group 6 BUT FIRST, GAME! GUESS THE SONG (POP EDITION)  INTRODUCTION THE EAR STRUCTURE THE AUDITORY PROCESS TABLE OF NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION CONTENTS COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Recent Research Findings CONCLUSION INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Hearing is the ability of an organism to sense sound and to process and interpret the sensations to gain information about the source and nature of the sound. In humans, hearing refers to the perception of sound. Also called audition. It is the transduction of sound waves into a neural signal that is made possible by the structures of the ear. INTRODUCTION The ability to hear enables us to connect to the world for many very important reasons. It connects us to other people which enables us to communicate in a way that none of the other senses could achieve. Hearing for Communicating with People Hearing for Experiencing Sounds around us Hearing and Mental Health THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Outer Ear The medical term for the outer ear is the auricle or pinna. The outer ear is made up of cartilage and skin. There are three different parts to the outer ear; the tragus, helix and the lobule. Tragus - The tragus is a small pointed eminence of the external ear, situated in front of the concha. It aids in collecting sounds from behind. Helix - The outer rim of the ear that extends from the superior insertion of the ear on the scalp (root) to the termination of the cartilage at the earlobe. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Outer Ear Helix - The outer rim of the ear that extends from the superior insertion of the ear on the scalp (root) to the termination of the cartilage at the earlobe. Lobule - The fleshy lower part of the auricle, is the only area of the outer ear that contains no cartilage. The auricle also has several small rudimentary muscles, which fasten it to the skull and scalp. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Middle Ear The space inside the eardrum is called the middle ear. Three of the smallest bones of the body are found in the middle ear; they are called the malleus, the incus and the stapes. These bones are also known as the hammer, anvil and the stirrup. The medical term for all three bones together is the middle ear ossicles. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR MIDDLE EAR THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Middle Ear Tympanic Membrane - also known as the eardrum is a thin flap of skin that stretches tight like a drum and vibrates when sound hits it. These vibrations move the tiny bones of the middle ear, which send vibrations to the inner ear. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Middle Ear Malleus - The malleus is a hammer-shaped bone in the middle ear. It is also known as the “hammer” or “mallet" and is the largest of three small bones in this part of the ear. The malleus bone works with the other bones in your ear to transmit vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Middle Ear Incus - The incus, also known as the “anvil,” is the middle of three small bones in the middle ear. The incus transmits vibrations from the malleus to the stapes. The vibrations then move to the inner ear. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Inner Ear A small compartment which contains the hearing and balance apparatus. The inner ear has two main parts. The cochlea, which is the hearing portion, and the semicircular canals is the balance portion. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Inner Ear Cochlea - Shaped like a snail and is divided into two chambers by a membrane. The chambers are full of fluid which vibrates when sound comes in and causes the small hairs which line the membrane to vibrate and send electrical impulses to the brain. THE STRUCTURE OF THE EAR Inner Ear Semi-circular canals - Also known as the labyrinthine. These little canals are lined up at right angles (90°) to each other. This allows the brain to know in which direction the head is moving. This helps control balance and stability. THE AUDITORY PROCESS THE AUDITORY PROCESS  1. Sound waves enter the outer ear and travel through the ear canal, which leads to the eardrum. THE 2. The eardrum vibrates from the AUDITORY incoming sound waves and PROCESS sends these vibrations to the three tiny bones in the middle ear.  3. The bones in the middle ear amplify the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea. An elastic partition runs from the THE beginning to the end of the cochlea, AUDITORY splitting it into an upper and lower part. This partition is called the basilar PROCESS membrane because it serves as the base, or ground floor, on which key hearing structures sit.  4. Once the vibrations cause the THE fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a AUDITORY traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane. Hair cells— PROCESS sensory cells sitting on top of the basilar membrane—ride the wave.  5. As the hair cells move up and down, THE microscopic hair-like projections (known AUDITORY as stereocilia) that perch on top of the hair cells bump against an overlying PROCESS structure and bend.  6. The auditory nerve carries this THE electrical signal to the brain, which turns AUDITORY it into a sound that we recognize and PROCESS understand.  NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Noise refers to the unwanted sound that is disordered which lacks a structured pattern, therefore brings disturbance. EXAMPLE: Traffic noise, Construction noise, Machinery noise NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Music refers to a sound that produces a ‘pleasing’ sensation to the ears, in which there is consideration of: harmony, rhythm, and melody, typically using musical instruments. EXAMPLE: Classical compositions, popular music, folk music NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Subjective Perception The distinction between music and noise can be subjective, depending on the listener's perspective and context. For instance, a sound that delights one person may irritate another, highlighting the role of individual experience in categorizing sounds as music or noise. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Conditions Affecting the Perception Conditions such as volume and the presence of other competing sounds can be perceived as either music or noise. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Sound Processing in the Brain 1. Auditory Nerve: When sound waves are converted into electrical signals by the hair cells in the cochlea, these signals are transmitted to the brain via the auditory nerve. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Sound Processing in the Brain 2. Brainstem: The auditory nerve carries these signals to the brainstem, where they are initially processed. The brainstem helps to localize sound and separate it from background noise. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Sound Processing in the Brain 3. Thalamus: From the brainstem, the auditory signals are relayed to the thalamus, a relay station in the brain. The thalamus filters and processes these signals before sending them to the auditory cortex. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Sound Processing in the Brain 4. Auditory Cortex: The auditory cortex, located in the temporal lobe of the brain, is responsible for interpreting and understanding auditory information. It analyzes the frequency, intensity, and duration of sounds to create a mental representation of the auditory world. NOISE VERSUS MUSIC PERCEPTION Impact of Noise Pollution on Hearing Chronic exposure to loud noises can lead to hearing loss, which can have a profound effect on our quality of life.  COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Ear infections an infection of the middle ear, the air-filled space behind the eardrum that contains the tiny vibrating bones of the ear. Children are more likely than adults to get ear infections. COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Hearing loss This happens when something affects your hearing system. If you have hearing loss, you may have trouble understanding, following or participating in conversations. COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Hearing loss Conductive hearing loss Sensorineural hearing loss Mixed COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Tinnitus It is commonly described as a ringing sound, but some people hear other types of sounds, such as roaring or buzzing. COMMON EAR COMPLICATIONS AND DISEASES Vertigo Vertigo is a sensation of motion or spinning that is often described as dizziness. People with vertigo feel as though they are actually spinning or moving, or that the world is spinning around them. RECENT RESEARCH FINDINGS  Music as a unique source of noise- induced hearing loss Music as a unique source of noise- induced hearing loss Music is among the most important artistic, cultural, and entertainment modalities in any society. With the proliferation of music genres and the technological advances that allow people to consume music in any location and at any time, music over-exposure has become a significant public health issue. Music-induced hearing loss has a great deal in common with noise-induced hearing loss. Music as a unique source of noise- induced hearing loss Highlights Music and noise share several commonalities as insults to the auditory system. Music-induced hearing loss is a prevalent problem for musicians. Music has unique attributes that affect the auditory system in positive and negative ways. Music stimuli represent an intriguing option for use in sound conditioning paradigms. CONCLUSION THANK YOU!