Health Science Final Review PDF

Health Science Final Review Wellness wheel : environmental, social, cultural, economic ​ ​ community, nations, land, family ​ ​ respect, wisdom, relationships, responsibilities ​ ​ physical, emotional, mental spiritual ​ ​ human being F...

Health Science Final Review Wellness wheel : environmental, social, cultural, economic ​ ​ community, nations, land, family ​ ​ respect, wisdom, relationships, responsibilities ​ ​ physical, emotional, mental spiritual ​ ​ human being F.N Perspective (understanding the perspective notes) -> Centre circle - represents individual human beings Second circle - illustrates the importance of mental, emotional, spiritual and physical Third circle - represents the overarching values that support and uphold wellness, respect, wisdom, responsibility and relationships Fourth circle - represents land, community, family and nations Health perspectives -> Western medicine : medical professionals treat symptoms/disease using drugs, radiation and surgery ​ -rely on evidence based medicine to diagnose/treat symptoms/conditions ​ -western medicine uses scientifically proven methods to improve health Indigenous health practices : refers to beliefs, approaches and knowledge that incorporate First Nations healthing + wellness ​ -ceremonies ​ -plants + animals Complementary medicine : medical products and practices that aren’t apart of standard medical care ​ -massage ​ -acupuncture Traditional medicine : medical aspects of traditional knowledge that has developed over generations ​ -tobacco ​ -sage Alternative medicine : any practice that aims to achieve the healing effects of medicine despite lacking biological plausibility, testability, repeatability or evidence if effectiveness -homeopathy -herbalism Structure of the heart - ​ Semilunar valves - permit blood to flow into the arteries from the ventricles Pulmonary artery - carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs Aorta - delivers oxygen-rich blood to your body Pulmonary vein - transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart Atrium - receptacle for incoming blood Bicuspid valve - prevent blood from flowing backward Ventricle - collect and expel blood towards the peripheral beds within the body and lungs Septum - makes sure blood stays separated Tricuspid valve - prevent blood from flowing backward Vena cava - carrying oxygen-poor blood Responsibilities of vessels and blood Arteries - takes oxygenated blood away from the heart and delivers to other parts of body Veins - carry blood towards heart Capillaries - connect arteries/veins and bring nutrients/oxygen to cells and organs/body systems Red/white blood cells - carriage of oxygen; and defence against microbial attack Platelets - blood clotting Plasma - is found in blood and redistributes water where needed Measuring heart rate Your heart rate is the number of times your heart beats per minute. For every pulse, you count the number/minute (on wrist, throat or knee) Parts of digestive system Liver - main function is too filter blood before passing to rest of body Gallbladder - store bile and will release bile Large intestine - turns food waste into stool and passes it from your body when you poop Appendix - absorb fluids and salts that remain after the completion of intestinal digestion Esophagus - carry food and liquid from your mouth to your stomach Stomach - digests food Pancreas - helps digest food and regulates blood sugar Small intestine - breaks down food and absorbs nutrients/water Rectum - collect and hold feces until it's time to release Muscle types and major muscle groups Voluntary - throwing a ball (free will) Involuntary - stomach (works on own) another name -> skeletal muscle/striped Cardiac - walls of heart (non-stop without tiring) Slow twitch fibers - contract slowly and support everyday actions Fast twitch fibers - contract fast and help with power performance for short periods ex. sprinting Major muscle groups -> Quadriceps : outside thigh muscle Hamstrings : back of thigh muscles Triceps : long head muscle in arm Biceps : front of upper arm between shoulder and elbow Parts of long bone Types of bone Long bone : longer than they are wide Ex. radius Function : provide strength, structure and mobility Short bone : equal in width, length and thickness Ex. carpal Function : provide strength and stability with limited movement Flat bone : flat, thin and curved Ex. cranium Function : protection, muscle attachment, support Irregular : complex shaped bones and serve specialized in the human body ex. Sacrum Sections of vertebral column Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral Coccygeal Types of joints Ball and socket - most moveable joint in body ex. Hip joint Hinge - will open until it's straight but no further ex. Elbow joint Pivot - allows rotation ex. Between radius and ulna Saddle - movement from all around ex. thumb Condyloid - movement back, front, left , right ex. Ankles Gliding - little movement in all directions ex. Joints between vertebrae Parts of joints Capsule - holds bone together and protects joint Synovial membrane - lines the capsule and oozes slippery synovial fluid Cavity - lubricates joint so the bones move more easily Cartilage - stops bones from knocking together Ligaments - hold bones together and keep them in place Types of movement Flexion vs extension Dorsiflexion vs plantar flexion Abduction vs adduction Supination vs pronation Brain anatomy and responsibilities Frontal lobe - decision-making, problem-solving, thought, and attention Parietal lobe - managing taste, hearing, sight, touch, and smell Temporal lobe - helps you use your senses, store and retrieve memories, understand language and process emotions Occipital lobe - visual processing Thalamus - relay station of all incoming motor (movement) and sensory information Hypothalamus - controls body’s balance and hormones Midbrain - motor movement and sensory processing Pons - handles unconscious processes and jobs, such as your sleep-wake cycle and breathing Medulla oblongata - helps control vital processes like your heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure Cerebellum - coordinates voluntary movements, balance, and posture Macronutrients VS micronutrients Macronutrients - nutrients that people regularly require in large quantities to provide their body with energy to perform bodily functions and daily activities Micronutrients - vitamins and minerals your body needs. While macronutrients include fats, carbohydrates, and proteins, micronutrients (micros) refer to essential vitamins and minerals. The body needs both types to stay healthy and function correctly, but it requires more macronutrients than micronutrients. LDL VS HDL cholesterol Low density cholesterol - is carried from the liver to the cells. If there is too much LDL in the blood, it can build up on the walls of the arteries. This leads to plaque formation (atherosclerosis). High density cholesterol - carries away from arteries and back to liver, where it can be processed/eliminated from the body. Higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease because it helps ‘clean up’ the cholesterol that could otherwise cause problems. Vital signs 1.​ Pulse : rhythmic expansion + contraction of arteries as blood is pumped by the heart ​ Pulse rate - normal range -> 60-100 bpm at rest 2.​ Respiration : breathing (inhale/exhale) ​ Respiration - normal range -> 12-20 bpm at rest 3.​ Temperature : measure of body heat ​ Temperature - normal range -> 36 degrees - 37 degrees 4.​ Blood pressure : force of blood against walls of arteries ​ Blood pressure - normal range -> 120 systolic divided by 80 diastolic 5.​ Pain : uncomfortable sensation (1-10 scale) Treating for shock W-warmth A-airways, breathing, circulation R-reassurance T-reatment S-semi-prone position Medical ethics -Think of morals (what's right and what's wrong) -Catch me if you can documentary for refresher Medical Imaging X-rays - uses radiation to create images of the inside of the body ​ Detects bone fractures and diagnoses certain diseases Pros Cons non-invasive Radiation exposure quick Can’t see soft tissue Ultrasound - uses high frequency sound waves to create images of internal organs + tissues ​ Used during pregnancy, monitoring heart, monitoring kidney Pros Cons Safe for pregnant women Poor image quality Portable Can’t use for bones/brain CT - combines x-ray images taken from different angles + processes them using computer algorithms to create cross-sectional images of the body ​ Detects tumors, internal bleeding, injuries + diseases of organs like lung, liver + brain Pros Cons Good quality Radiation exposure Produce 3D images Limited accessibility MRI - use strong magnetic fields + radio waves to generate detailed images of the body’s internal structures (soft tissues) ​ Ideal for imagining the brain, spinal cord, muscles, soft tissues and can be used to diagnose conditions like brain tumors/spinal or joint injuries Pros Cons No radiation Time consuming High resolution Claustrophobia Implications of incorrect diagnosis Effect on patient : may lead to inappropriate treatment, delays can worsen the patient’s condition + psychological effects Effect on others : emotional/financial strain, psychological effects, misdiagnosing infectious diseases lead to outbreaks and misdirected sources