HEA1091 Immunity Inflammation V2 SP edits.pptx

MATHINSIDER1 Immunity & Inflammation OFFICI AL Describe the inflammatory process Describe the key mediators of inflammation Compare & contrast innate & adaptive immunity Describe the basic principles of the immune response Objectives OFFICI AL What defences does our body have against invasion from p...

MATHINSIDER1 Immunity & Inflammation OFFICI AL Describe the inflammatory process Describe the key mediators of inflammation Compare & contrast innate & adaptive immunity Describe the basic principles of the immune response Objectives OFFICI AL What defences does our body have against invasion from pathogens & to prevent injury to tissue? Physical barriers Chemical barriers Immune system OFFICI AL Types of defences are categorised: OFFICI AL Protection Regulation of body temp Sensory organ Absorption Excretion Manufacture of Vitamin D FUNCTIONS OFFICI AL CROSS-SECTION OF SKIN Epidermis Dermis Subcutaneous tissue OFFICI AL Functions Blood Transportation Regulation Protection 19_03 OFFICI AL OFFICI AL The process by which the body deals with an insult from physical or chemical agents & invasion by microbes. (Lydyard –Immunology) Inflammation OFFICI AL Inflammatory Process https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LaG3nKGotZs Blood vessels dilate Pai n OFFICI AL The reaction of vascularised tissues to cell injury or death Commonly seen as an “itis” Acute or Chronic Inflammation OFFICI AL Minimise the effects of injury or infection Remove damaged tissue Dilute – Destroy – Neutralise Promote regeneration – Healing Inflammation functions OFFICI AL Redness Swelling Heat Pain / Discomfort / Loss of Function Inflammation. OFFICI AL A pathogen damages the tissue of the body The cells of the tissue are damaged Which releases chemical mediators - cytokines These cause changes that protect the body Inflammatory response OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Inflammation Copyright 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. OFFICI AL Released by cells: Histamine Nitric Oxide Serotonin Prostaglandins Heparin Kinin Chemical Mediators. OFFICI AL The Immune System OFFICI AL Types of defences are categorised: OFFICI AL Self VS Non-Self Within the body a cells characteristics are displayed on the cell membrane As antigens They are used by the body as an indication of the function of the cell They can help the immune response – by indicating a body cell VS a cell that is foreign OFFICI AL OFFICI AL Immunity to Pathogens (disease causing microbes) develops with the person Innate immunity = the defences you are born with Adaptive immunity = gives you protection against specific pathogens and involves recognition & memory Immunity OFFICI AL Non-Specific immunity Physical barriers of the body Chemical barriers, e.g. stomach acid, lysozyme Inflammation Phagocytosis Innate OFFICI AL Surface membranes Skin has a keratin coating Sweat to flush away Hair, e.g. head injury – abrasions Epithelial linings – digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive tracts Mucous Cilia Physical barriers OFFICI AL Sweat contains an enzyme – lysozyme Stomach acid – acidic pH Chemical barriers OFFICI AL Proteins found in the blood & interstitial fluid Interferons interfere(!) with viral replication 20 proteins that work fast to kill & attract others – opsonisation Transferrins bind to iron which can inhibit bacterial growth Antimicrobials OFFICI AL A lymphocyte that kills a variety of microbes, nonspecifically Bind to receptors on the microbe Release perforins which induce lysis of the microbe (the cell bursts!). Known as apoptosis Natural Killer Cells OFFICI AL Keep a lookout for microbes/ cancer cells Macrophages are white blood cells that act as phagocytes Phagocytosis OFFICI AL The phagocyte binds to the microbe Engulfs it It is captured into a phagosome Lysozyme enzymes kill & digest the microbe Products of digestion may be used by the phagocyte Phagocytosis OFFICI AL OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TAqO0Mq19JQ Cytokines OFFICI AL Most abundant WBC – 70% of the WBCs in circulation 100 billion produced each day Short Lived (5 days) Attracted by cytokines released by macrophages The roll on the inside of blood vessels to where they are needed Neutrophil OFFICI AL https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B 9Qi7we0Ynk OFFICI AL A substance that the body recognises as foreign Antigen OFFICI AL Types of defences are categorised: OFFICI AL Adaptive is different from innate because: It‘s ability to defend itself against specific invading agents It memorises the antigen in order to provide future responses Adaptive OFFICI AL Result of an encounter with a foreign substance It may be divided into: Humoral response (B Lymphocytes) Cell-mediated response (T Lymphocytes) Adaptive OFFICI AL Matures in Bone Marrow Recognise an antigen, on the surface of a microbe Is activated Undergoes division & then: 1. Produce a type of antibody specific to that antigen, which bind to & destroy that pathogen 2. Memory B cells produced B –Cell OFFICI AL Antibody = also known as Immunoglobin (Ig) – the proper scientific term for these molecules Different types of Ig widen the immune system net Immunoglobulin OFFICI AL Immunoglobulin OFFICI AL Ig(G) Uses opsonisation: Opsonins are released Which tag the microbe for… Destruction by phagocytosis Immunoglobin OFFICI AL Ig(M) 1st to bind to & help destroy the microbe Immunoglobin OFFICI AL Ig(A) Found on mucosal surfaces Mucosal surfaces covers an area of approx. 400m2 Most abundant immunoglobulin, but not many in blood When binds to the antigen on the surface of microbes, will clump many together, to be swept away by mucus Immunoglobin OFFICI AL Ig(E) Associated with anaphylaxis Binds to mast cells & when activated causes them to degranulate Immunoglobin OFFICI AL Matures in the Thymus gland Recognises a specific antigen. Circulates until identifies antigen If antigen detected: Activated Undergoes division, to produce: Memory T cells Killer (cytotoxic) T cells Helper T cells T – Cell OFFICI AL Allergic reaction https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y3bOgdvV-_M OFFICI AL Types of defences are categorised: