Health Education Preliminary Term Notes PDF

SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 1 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES...

SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 1 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Infirmity HEALTH EDUCATION Definitions of Infirmity: DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE The state of being weak in health or body (especially - Health education as a process of imparting knowledge and from old age) skills Infirmity generally refers to a state of physical or - Importance of health education in promoting well-being mental weakness that may or may not be related to a specific disease or ailment. Health Education is all about teaching people information and skills that help them take care of their health. Goals of Health Education It is important because it helps people live healthier lives 1. Health Promotion and Disease Prevention and prevents illnesses. 2. Empowering individuals to make informed decisions. 3. Enhancing community well-being. Goals of Health Education 1. Disease prevention and promotion of health. Health Promotion 2. Empowering individuals to make informed decisions. Smoking Cessation Programs 3. Enhancing community well-being. Nutrition Education Physical Activity 1. Prevent Diseases: Focus on avoiding health Create supportive environments problems before they start. Develop personal skills Addressing Preventable Diseases 2. Empower People: Help individuals make better, informed choices about their health. 3. Improve Communities: Work towards better health for the whole community. Nutrition Education Why is health education important in nursing? Health education is a fundamental part of nursing practice. It is important because it helps patients and their families make informed decisions about their health, and it helps improve community well-being. WHO Definition of Health Health is a state of complete physical, mental and Disease Prevention social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Handle & Prepare Food Safely Wash Hands Often The enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of Clean & Disinfect Commonly Used Surfaces health is one of the fundamental rights of every Cough & Sneeze, requires covering human being without distinction of race, religion, Don't Share Personal Items political belief, economic or social condition. Get Vaccinated Avoid Touching Wild Animals The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health Stay Home education as a combination of learning experiences that aim to improve health. Foundations of Health Education It's a tool to promote healthy practices and knowledge to improve a population's health and wellness. Health education is built on certain theories that help us understand why people behave the way they do regarding their health. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 2 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Theories of Health Behavior Key Components of the Health Belief Model I. Health Belief Model Perceived Susceptibility This model helps explain how people decide o Individuals assess their vulnerability to a to take care of their health based on their particular health threat or condition. beliefs. o This perception is influenced by factors II. Social Cognitive Theory such as age, genetics, lifestyle, and environmental exposures This theory looks at how people learn from others and how their environment affects their behaviors. o Susceptibility, as related to genetics, refers to the state of being predisposed to, or III. Theory of Planned Behavior sensitive to, developing a certain disease. This theory explains how people’s o Pagkamaramdamin intentions to act influence their actual behaviors. How often someone thinks they might get a disease. Perceived Severity 1. Refers to an individual's belief in the seriousness of the potential consequences or outcomes of a health issue. 2. The more severe the perceived consequences, the more likely a person is to take preventive action. DEFINITION OF THEORY o The quality or state of being severe: the An idea or set of ideas that is intended to explain condition of being very bad, serious facts or events. o Kalubhaan The meaning of THEORY is a plausible or scientifically How serious a person thinks a disease could be. acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to explain phenomena. Perceived Benefits 1. Individuals weigh the positive outcomes or I. HEALTH BELIEF MODEL benefits of adopting a particular health behavior. 2. If the perceived benefits outweigh the perceived barriers, individuals are more likely to take action. o Something that produces good or helpful results or effects or that promotes well-being o Pakinabang The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological framework that aims to explain and predict health- What good things someone believes will happen if related behaviors by examining individuals' beliefs they take care of their health. and perceptions. Developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Perceived Barriers Hochbaum, Rosenstock, and Kegels, the model has been widely used in health education and promotion 1. Represents the obstacles or challenges that to understand why people engage in certain health might hinder an individual from adopting a behaviors and what factors influence their decision- recommended health behavior. making. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 3 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES 2. The perception of barriers can impact the Application of the Health Belief Model decision-making process and the likelihood of behavior change. 1. Health Promotion Programs - HBM is frequently used to design and implement o A barrier is something such as a rule, law, or health promotion programs that aim to change policy that makes it difficult or impossible for behaviors related to preventive health measures, something to happen or be achieved such as vaccination, screening, and regular o Mga hadlang exercise. The challenges or obstacles that might stop 2. Public Health Campaigns someone from being healthy. - Governments and health organizations use HBM principles in public health campaigns to raise awareness about specific health issues and Cues to Action motivate individuals to adopt healthier behaviors. 1. External factors or events that trigger the decision-making process and prompt individuals 3. Chronic Disease Management to take action. - In the context of chronic diseases, the HBM can be applied to understand factors influencing 2. Cues to action can be informational, adherence to treatment plans and lifestyle environmental, or personal experiences that modifications. increase awareness and motivation 4. Risk Communication Things that prompt someone to act (like health - The model is employed in risk communication campaigns or reminders). strategies to effectively convey information about health risks, making individuals more aware of Self-Efficacy the consequences and encouraging preventive actions. o The belief in one's ability to successfully perform a specific health behavior. o High self-efficacy is associated with a greater II. SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY likelihood of taking action and persisting in the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), developed by Albert face of obstacles Bandura, is a comprehensive framework that emphasizes the role of social interactions, o In healthcare, efficacy is the ability of a treatment observational learning, and cognitive processes in or drug to produce a desired effect in ideal shaping human behavior. conditions This theory goes beyond traditional behaviorist approaches by highlighting the importance of o Bisa cognitive factors, such as beliefs, self-perceptions, Belief in one’s ability to do something (like and expectations, in influencing how individuals learn exercise regularly). and adopt new behaviors. Cognition is a term for the mental processes that take place in the brain, including thinking, attention, How It’s Used: language, learning, memory and perception. HBM helps design programs that encourage things like getting vaccines or exercising. Key Concepts of Social Cognitive Theory 1. Observational Learning a) Central to SCT is the idea that people can learn by observing others. Individuals can acquire new behaviors, attitudes, and skills by watching and modeling the actions of others, particularly those they perceive as role models. People learn by watching others and imitating them. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 4 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES The four stages of observational learning are: Examples of Personal Factors Attention - an observer pays attention to another Examples of personal factors in learning theory include: person's behavior Motivation, intelligence, learning style, attitude, Retention - the observer stores the behavior in their interests, memory self-efficacy, personality traits, prior knowledge, Production (or initiation) - the observer must acquire emotions, the skills needed to reproduce the behavior beliefs, values, and cognitive abilities; Motivation - the observer finds a reason to reproduce the behavior Essentially, any characteristic unique to an individual that influences their learning process. Key Points to Remember: 2. Reciprocal Determinism Motivation A person's desire or drive to a) Bandura introduced the concept of reciprocal learn, which can be intrinsic determinism, emphasizing the dynamic interplay (internal) or extrinsic between personal factors (cognitive processes), (external). environmental influences, and behavior. These factors mutually influence and shape each Intelligence Natural cognitive abilities other. and potential for learning. Reciprocal determinism is a theory that explains how Learning style How an individual best behavior, environment, and personal characteristics learns, such as visual, interact and influence each other. auditory, or kinesthetic. It was developed by psychologist Albert Bandura and Attitude A person's positive or is a central concept in his social learning theory. negative disposition towards learning. Personal factors, behaviors, and the environment all impact each other. Factors Interests Subjects or topics that a learner finds personally The three factors of reciprocal determinism are: engaging. Behavior Self-efficacy A person's belief in their Environment own ability to succeed in a task. Personal characteristics Personality traits Consistent patterns of Interaction behavior like extroversion, introversion, or These factors conscientiousness. influence each other in a continuous loop, Prior knowledge Existing information and creating a dynamic understanding a learner relationship. already possesses. Emotions Feelings like anxiety, Application excitement, or frustration that can impact learning. The theory can be used to understand how people adapt to environmental challenges, such as traumatic events or daily stressors. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 5 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES 6. Symbolic Modeling Beliefs and values Personal convictions that can influence learning a) In addition to direct observational learning, choices. symbolic modeling involves learning from fictional or symbolic representations in media, literature, or other Personal factors are distinct from environmental factors, sources. which include aspects of the learning environment like This expands the range of role models beyond the teacher, classroom immediate social interactions. setting, and social interactions. 7. Self-Regulation Different learning theories may emphasize different personal factors based on a) SCT emphasizes the role of self-regulation, which their theoretical framework. involves setting goals, monitoring progress, and adjusting behavior accordingly. Individuals with strong self-regulation skills are better Understanding a learner's is crucial for tailoring equipped to manage and modify their behavior. personal factors effective teaching strategies. The ability to set goals and monitor progress. 3. Self-Efficacy How It’s Used: a) Self-efficacy is a crucial concept in SCT, referring SCT informs health promotion and educational programs, to an individual's belief in their ability to successfully uses positive role models, and analyzes media influences on behavior. perform a specific task or behavior. High self-efficacy is associated with increased motivation, persistence, and resilience in the face of Application of Social Cognitive Theory challenges. Confidence in one's ability to do something. 1. Education and Training - SCT is applied in educational settings to enhance learning by providing positive role models and 4. Outcome Expectations fostering self-efficacy among students. It is also utilized in workplace training programs. a) People assess the potential outcomes or consequences of their actions before deciding 2. Health Promotion whether to engage in a behavior. - In health education, SCT is employed to understand how individuals learn and adopt Positive outcome expectations, where individuals health behaviors. Interventions often focus on expect favorable results from their actions, can building self-efficacy, providing positive role motivate behavior change. models, and using media to influence health- Beliefs about the results of actions influence related attitudes. decisions. 3. Media Influence - SCT has been applied to analyze the impact of media, including television, movies, and online content, on behavior. Media campaigns can be 5. Vicarious Reinforcement designed to provide positive role models and a) Observing the rewards or punishments influence social norms. experienced by others can influence an individual's likelihood of engaging in a particular behavior. 4. Behavioral Therapy - Therapeutic interventions, such as cognitive- If someone observes positive consequences for a behavioral therapy (CBT), incorporate SCT behavior, they are more likely to adopt that behavior. principles to address a range of psychological and behavioral issues. The focus is on changing Seeing others rewarded for a behavior makes it cognitive patterns and developing effective more likely you’ll do it too. coping strategies. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 6 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES III. THEORY OF PLANNED BEHAVIOR 4. Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC) The Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is a widely used social psychological model developed by Icek a) Perceived behavioral control represents the extent Ajzen. to which an individual believes they have the ability to It aims to explain and predict human behavior by perform the behavior. considering individuals' attitudes, subjective norms, It encompasses both internal and external factors and perceived behavioral control. affecting one's control over the behavior. The theory builds upon the earlier Theory of Reasoned Action and incorporates additional elements How much control someone thinks they have over to provide a more comprehensive understanding of performing a behavior. the factors influencing decision-making and behavior. Key Concepts of the Theory of Planned Behavior 5. Actual Behavior 1. Behavioral Intentions (BI) a). While TPB primarily focuses on the prediction of intentions, it recognizes that various external factors a) The central concept in TPB is the notion that may affect the translation of intentions into actual behavioral intentions are strong predictors of actual behavior. behavior. Behavioral intentions reflect an individual's readiness How It’s Used: and motivation to perform a specific behavior. TPB helps understand health behaviors (like smoking or b). Behavioral intentions serve as a direct precursor diet), consumer decisions, and even environmental actions to behavior. The stronger the intentions, the more like recycling. likely the individual is to engage in the behavior. Intentions are influenced by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior The stronger the intention, the more likely the 1. Health Behavior behavior will happen. - TPB has been extensively applied in health-related research to understand and predict behaviors such as smoking, exercise, dietary choices, and preventive 2. Attitude Toward the Behavior (A) health practices. Interventions often target attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. a) This component reflects an individual's overall evaluation or appraisal of a particular behavior. It 2. Consumer Behavior includes both affective (emotional) and cognitive - In marketing and consumer research, TPB is utilized (rational) components. to examine factors influencing purchase intentions Positive attitudes are associated with a higher and consumer decision-making. It helps businesses likelihood of engaging in the behavior. understand how attitudes, social norms, and perceived control impact consumer choices. How a person feels about a behavior affects whether they will do it. 3. Environmental Conservation - TPB has been employed to study pro-environmental behaviors, such as recycling, energy conservation, and sustainable practices. The theory helps identify 3. Subjective Norms (SN) factors that can be targeted in interventions to a) Subjective norms refer to an individual's promote environmentally friendly actions. perception of the social pressure or 4. Education approval/disapproval from significant others regarding the behavior in question. - In educational settings, TPB is used to understand and predict academic behaviors, attendance, and The influence of subjective norms is determined by study habits. It helps educators design interventions the perceived expectations of others. to enhance positive attitudes and perceived control over academic tasks. The social pressure a person feels about whether to perform a behavior. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 7 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES How is the theory used? It can help people promote positive health status outcomes The TPB has been used to design interventions to A primary motivation for the development of health promote physical activity, smoking cessation, and education in the early 20th century was to control the adherence to medical treatments. spread of infectious diseases (widespread Interventions based on the TPB might focus on epidemics). improving attitudes toward a behavior. For example, Controlling infectious diseases to promote exercise, interventions might highlight the o The main goal of public health from the late health benefits of exercise. 19th century to the mid-20th century was to control the spread of infectious diseases. Public health professionals What are the limitations of the theory? o The Rockefeller Foundation pushed for the The theory assumes that people act rationally, but creation of a new profession of public health sometimes people act emotionally. professionals after the hookworm epidemic The theory assumes that people have deliberate of 1917. control over their behavior, but sometimes people School health programs don't. o Schools in Boston and Philadelphia worked with philanthropic organizations to provide school lunches to fight malnutrition and HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY hunger. WHO Definition of Health Education HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR PATIENT EDUCATION IN → The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health HEALTH CARE education as a combination of learning experiences that aim to improve health. Patient education has been a part of health care since → It's a tool to promote healthy practices and knowledge the first healer gave the first patient about treating his to improve a population's health and wellness. or her ailments. From the mid-1800s through the turn of the 20th century, described as the formative period by Barlett What does health education aim to do? (1986) and as the first phase in the development of organized health care by Dreeben (2010), several key Improve knowledge, attitudes, and skills factors influenced the growth of patient education. Influence health behaviors In nursing, Florence Nightingale emerged as a Help people adopt and maintain healthy lifestyles resolute advocate of the educational responsibilities Advocate for environmental changes of district public health nurses. Help people make quality health decisions Dreeben describes the first four decades of the 20th century as the 2nd phase in the development of Who can benefit from health education? organized health care. The third phase in the development of organized Individuals, health care began after the World War II. Communities, In the 1960s and 1970s, patient education began to And all age groups and demographics. be seen as a specific task in which emphasis was placed on educating individual patients rather than providing general public health education. How does health education work? In the 1980s and 1990s, national health education programs once again became popular as healthcare Health education is a continuous, dynamic, and complex process trends focused on disease promotion and health prevention. It's implemented through a partnership between Thus, since the 1980s, the role of the nurse as health professionals and clients educator has undergone a paradigm shift, evolving It takes into account internal and external factors that from what was once was a disease-oriented approach influence health to a more prevention-oriented approach. It aims to improve knowledge, skills, attitudes, and In 1916, the U.S. Public Health Service officially beliefs recognized health education as a critical component of public health. Why is health education important? It can help people recognize future risks and prevent THE EVOLUTION OF THE TEACHING ROLE OF NURSES diseases Nursing is unique among the health professions in It can help people develop life skills that are that patient education has long been considered a conducive to health major component of standard care given by nurses. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 8 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing, Participatory Lecture Begins with learners was the ultimate educator. brainstorming ideas on the Nightingale emphasized the importance of teaching lecture topic on what they patients the need for adequate nutrition, fresh air, have read in preparation exercise, and personal hygiene to improve their well being. Feedback Lecture Consists with mini lectures with 10-minute small group The common focus of health education programs in the discussion early 20th century? Opportunity to manipulate The main purpose of education is to provide the the lecture content opportunity for acquiring knowledge and skills that will enable people to develop their full potential, and become successful members of society. Mediated Lecture Use of media such as films, In the early 20th century, health education programs slides, web-based images focused on health principles, health services, and along with traditional lecture creating healthful environments. The goal was to improve students' health knowledge and behaviors. WHO played a significant role in promoting health Purposes of Lecturing education Stimulate thinking The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes Develop concentration health education through initiatives like the Global Develop problem solving School Health Initiative and the Global Standards for Achieve high order of cognitive objectives Health-promoting Schools. Inculcate the habits of learning & listening The WHO defines health education as a way to Correlate subject with other subjects improve health and wellness by teaching people about healthy practices and increasing their knowledge. Domains of Lecture Method The key method used in health education during the early Objectives Cognitive & affect 20th century? In the early 20th century, health education in schools Activities Knowing & telling and public health programs emphasized health instruction, health services, and creating healthy Nature of content Facts, rules & environments. creativity TEACHING STRATEGIES Components of Lecture LECTURE METHOD Introduction Body of Lecture Conclusion → Oldest method → Autocratic style First component Organized way Helps to → Teacher is active; students are passive summarize the → Centered on presentation of content content → Does not consider learner’s ability, interest and personality → Achieve cognitive and affective objectives Last 3-5 minutes Greatest amount Get feedback → An oral presentation intended (planned) to present of time should be from the students information or teach people about a particular subject allotted (20 – 30 → It is the teaching procedure comprising the minutes) presentation of content, clarification, of doubts & explanation of facts, principles & relationships Capture student’s Question & Ask questions attention & answer (teacher-student Types of Lectures stimulate their techniques to vice versa) interest make the students attentive Traditional Oral Essay The teacher is an orator and the only speaker. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 9 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES (professional, societal or Good rapport with Use examples & Clarify their students situations to make doubts ethical issues) student understand the Change in attitudes and teachings values Generate interest Discussion Techniques Make Expectations Clear Friendly Set ground rules communication Arrange Physical Space Facilitate discussion Encourage quiet members to participate Do not allow monopolies Tips on How to do Lecture Direct the discussion among group members Control your anxiety Keep the discussion on track Manage spontaneity Clarify when confusion reigns Maintain good voice quality Tolerate some silence Demonstrate a good posture Summarize when appropriate Be aware of speed of delivery QUESTIONING Discussions → Can be a teaching strategy → Discussion is important to learning in all disciplines → Ask questions for higher order thinking because it helps students process information rather than simply receive it. → The action or process of talking about something in Functions of Questions order to reach a decision or to exchange ideas. Places the learners in an active role Assesses baseline knowledge retention Types of Discussion Helps review content Motivate students Formal discussions - Announced topic Guides learner’s thought process - Reading, watching movie – done in advance Levels of Questions – WINK Classification Convergent questions Specific, usually short & has unexpected answers; to Informal discussions - Spontaneous recall & integrate information Divergent questions Generate new ideas, draws Advantages Disadvantages implication, formulates new perspective Learns problem solving Takes a lot of time methods Opportunity to apply One person or few According to Barden principles, concepts & participants theories Lower order questions Higher Order Questions Clarifies information & Gathering of uninformed Recall information Factual questions concepts opinions Read Probing questions Assists to evaluate beliefs/positions Memorize Open-ended questions HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 10 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Discussion-stimulating Done in traditional Can be used in Surveys/focus questions class or distance any setting groups learning groups Rhetorical questions Individual or Helps the Applied easily to group members to new staff accountability understand and orientation or Questioning Techniques clarify preceptor misconceptions programs Prepare some questions ahead of time as well as to State questions clearly & specifically share experiences Tolerate some silence Use the beam, force & build Most useful in Provide feedback group setting Handle wrong answers carefully USING VISUAL AIDES Advantages Disadvantages → Can enhance teaching Promotes critical thinking Does not cover all → Can add interest to the classroom thru varied positions and content/topics in syllabus discussions Factors on Selecting Media Enhances social skills Learning objectives opt for variety Availability of materials/technical assistance Helps address learning needs & styles Level, ability & number of students Members learn to function as a team Types of Traditional Audiovisuals Handouts Chalkboards/whiteboards SIMULATIONS Overhead transparencies Slides → Exercises that learners engage in to learn in the real Videotapes world INTERACTIVE LEARNING Purposes & Uses of Simulations → Combine variety of techniques → Change tactics every 15 to 20 minutes to recapture Enhances skills student’s interest Enhances interaction abilities Helps student learn psychomotor skills in a safe and controlled setting Activity Based Teaching Strategies Chance to apply theories & principles in practice Achieves learning objectives – communication skills COOPERATIVE LEARNING Ensures attitudinal change Helps in mastery of skills → Small groups of learners that work together Helps evaluate learning (simulation tests) toward achieving shared learning goal → Learners are aware that they are responsible not only for their own learning but also for that of the Role of Educator in Simulation Learning others in the group Planner – read carefully, assign reading Facilitator – introduce activity, moderator Types of Cooperative Learning Groups Debriefer – summarize what happened, let learners explain what they did and why, point out principles Formal Informal Base and theories applied HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 11 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Types of Simulations Many problems are so complex that they have a variety of resolutions rather than a solution. Simulation Exercise Simulation Games Focuses on process learning Focuses on CONTENT / PROBLEM BASED LEARNING PROCESS learning > Earthquake drills, fire drills → Involves confronting students w/ real life situations → IDENTIFY THEIR OWN NEEDS CONTENT LEARNING → SOLVE PROBLEMS. → Students will become GOOD PROBLEM SOLVERS in PROCESS LEARNING their future work → Students become LIFE LONG LEARNERS Simulation Games SELF-LEARNING MODULES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES → A self-contained unit or package of study materials for use by an individual Teaches facts & application Waste of time → Audience where this WORKS BEST: Adult learners of information → Also known as: o SELF-DIRECTED LEARNING MODULES Stimulates learning – makes Unprofessional o SELF-PACED LEARNING MODULES learning fun o SELF-LEARNING PACKETS o INDIVIDUALIZED LEARNING ACTIVITY Helps to evaluate learning Teachers dislike competition PACKAGES which games promote Principles in handling adult learners Increases interaction among learners Adults are self- motivated to learn (relevant) Adult’s prior experience is a resource for further learning Adults are problem focused and readily learn material Role Playing they can use to solve problems Form of drama – spontaneous acting out of roles Components of Self-Learning Modules (interaction) Lasts for 3 to 5 minutes (illustrates one aspect of Introduction and instructions human relationship) Behavioral objectives Expression of non-verbal and verbal behavior, Pretest response patterns and implementation of principles Learning activity Self- evaluation CASE STUDIES ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES → An analysis of an incident or situation on which characteristics and relationships are described, factual Very flexible – do it at your Miss interactions with or hypothetical events transpire, and problems need own pacing, done people to resolved or solved Independently Individualized approach – May lead to further Steps to follow in Case Studies helps students procrastination – lack of Develop objectives – What do you want learners to structures and deadlines learn? Select a situation – Choose a topic & a scenario that Sparks interest in teaching – Promotes dishonesty fits the objectives & concept you want to apply creativity Develop the characters Develop the discussion questions Standardized Takes many hours to design Lead the group discussion and test There is NO ONE RIGHT ANSWER to a case. Reduces travel time HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 12 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES → EX. LIST SERVS – a group of people who have similar Reduces costs interests and want to share information and experience regarding their interest in a type of discussion groups COMPUTER TEACHING STRATEGIES → Computer Aided Instruction World Wide Web A collection of “documents” found on Web → Computer Managed Instruction pages → Internet A place to find specialized knowledge and multimedia presentations LEVELS OF Computer Aided Instruction o Ex. MEDLINE – for National Library of Medicine Drill and Practice Recognition and application Criteria to choose WWW site of information Ex. Drugs Purpose – audience? names and actions Currency Credibility Content accuracy Tutorial Useful teaching material at Design the rule/concept level; Forces teachers from learning some basic material ADVANTAGES IN HOSPITAL USE Games Provides home-based care support for the chronically ill Simulation Game mode can Provides off real world Tool for patient care management – part of hospital teach experiences & chances to information system learn how to solve clinical Provides patient teaching problems Supports mastery learning Maximizes time on task and helps develop Multimedia presentations Older form: Interactive overlearning (beyond mastery, responses becomes Also called hypermedia videodisc (IVD) program automatic) Provides instant feedback > Develops cognitive residues (skills in researching skills in managing information) Evaluating Software: Criteria Promotes interactivity, institutional consistency, individualized instruction, time efficiency and cost- Accuracy – Up to date? effectiveness (savings) Easy to use – computer friendly? Design – Interactive? Appearance – Graphics? Animation & sound? DISADVANTAGES Feedback – rationale? Cost-effectiveness – price? Discounts? High-cost - initial outlay for hardware and software Negative effect - personal and professional communication Computer-Managed Instruction Any system of record keeping PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING Use of authoring systems – RELATED TO HEALTH pre-developed software packages that guide the educator t process of development of computer adaptive intelligence Teaching and learning in the context of health education require careful consideration of principles that promote THE INTERNET effective communication, engagement, and retention of information. → A mammoth complex of computer connections across continents, connecting many millions of Here are key principles related to teaching and learning in computers the field of health: → Greater collaboration between teachers vs. students 1. Active Learning and between students vs. students → Source of peer support Encourage active participation and engagement of → Means to seek referrals, for consultation and for post- learners in the learning process. Activities such as discharge follow-up discussions, case studies, role-playing, and hands-on HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 13 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES experiences enhance understanding and retention of 10. Promotion of Critical Thinking health-related information. Encourage learners to think critically about health 2. Relevance information. Pose open-ended questions, engage in discussions, and present scenarios that require Make the content relevant to the learners' lives and analysis and problem-solving, fostering the experiences. Link health concepts to real-world development of critical thinking skills. scenarios, personal stories, or community issues to increase interest and applicability. 11. Repetition and Reinforcement 3. Cultural Sensitivity Reinforce key health concepts through repetition and periodic reviews. Regularly revisit and reinforce Recognize and respect the diversity of learners, essential information to enhance retention and including cultural backgrounds, beliefs, and values. understanding. Tailor the teaching approach to be inclusive and culturally sensitive to ensure that health information is 12. Holistic Approach accessible and relatable Take a holistic approach to health education by 4. Clear Objectives addressing physical, mental, emotional, and social aspects of well-being. Recognize the Establish clear and measurable learning objectives for interconnectedness of these dimensions and their each session or course. Clearly communicate what impact on overall health. students are expected to learn and achieve, fostering a sense of purpose and direction 13. Reflection 5. Interactive Teaching Strategies Incorporate reflective practices into the learning process. Encourage students to reflect on their own Utilize a variety of teaching methods to cater to attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to health, different learning styles. Incorporate group fostering self-awareness and personal growth. discussions, debates, multimedia presentations, and interactive activities to keep learners engaged and 14. Lifelong Learning promote a dynamic learning environment. Instill the value of lifelong learning in health 6. Application of Knowledge education. Emphasize that health is an evolving field, and staying informed is essential for maintaining well- Emphasize the practical application of health being throughout life. knowledge. Provide opportunities for learners to apply what they have learned in real-life situations, promoting the development of practical skills and By incorporating these principles into health education, critical thinking. educators can create a supportive and effective learning environment that empowers individuals to make informed 7. Assessment and Feedback decisions and take positive actions for their health. Implement regular assessments to gauge learners' understanding and progress. Provide constructive LEARNING THEORIES feedback to guide improvement and reinforce positive behaviors. Assessments can take the form of quizzes, projects, presentations, or practical demonstrations. Primary focus of Behaviorism as a Learning Theory → The primary focus of behaviorism as a learning theory 8. Inclusivity and Accessibility is on understanding how observable behaviors are shaped by environmental stimuli and reinforcement, Ensure that educational materials, resources, and essentially studying how people learn through activities are accessible to all learners, including those interactions with their environment by associating with diverse abilities or learning styles. Provide actions with consequences, rather than internal alternative formats and accommodations when mental processes. necessary. 9. Collaborative Learning BURRHUS FREDERIC (B.F.) SKINNER’S THEORY OF BEHAVIORISM Foster a collaborative learning environment where students can work together, share ideas, and learn Key points about behaviorism: from each other. Collaborative activities promote teamwork, communication skills, and a sense of Observable behaviors: share responsibility for learning. o Behaviorists only focus on behaviors that can be directly observed and measured, not internal thoughts or feelings. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 14 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES Stimulus response: Variety of Constructivist Approaches o Learning is seen as a process of associating a stimulus (environmental cue) with a Jean Piaget, considered the founder of response (behavior). constructivism, proposed that knowledge is not Conditioning: something that can emerge from a single experience. o Behaviors are learned through conditioning, Rather, cognitive mental growth is achieved by which involves reinforcement (rewarding integrating simpler concepts of knowledge into desired behaviors) and punishment higher-level concepts. This theory is known as (discouraging undesired behaviors). cognitive constructivism. Environmental influence: John Dewey's cognitive constructivism teaches that o The environment plays a significant role in education should be student-centered rather than shaping behavior. subject-centered. His method of 'directed living' promotes critical thinking and problem-solving skills to be applied in a variety of contexts. Behaviorism in Education Lev Vygotsky was a prominent social constructivist theorist, believing that social interaction within the Behaviorism in education, or behavioral learning learning process and the influence of culture on theory is a branch of psychology that focuses on how developing cognitive ability are paramount. Vygotsky people learn through their interactions with the believed in the importance of scaffolding, or providing environment. support to students as they learn. It is based on the idea that all behaviors are acquired Jerome Bruner's constructivist learning theory is through conditioning, which is a process of based on the belief that social interaction is at the reinforcement and punishment. heart of education. He suggested that education should involve tasks that are stimulating and relevant to students' lives. Bruner also advocated for teaching Founders of Behavioral Learning Theory through discovery, encouraging students to uncover Behavioral learning theory is deeply rooted in the information through exploration and experimentation contributions of several pioneering psychologists, with Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner being two of the The constructivist theory of learning emphasizes the most notable figures. importance of social interaction in the learning process, as Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist, introduced the learners absorb information in two ways: concept of classical conditioning through his famous experiments with dogs. Assimilation: Learners take in information from their environment and integrate it into what they already know. The Constructivist Learning Theory Accommodation: Learners adjust their existing What is constructivist learning theory? understanding to incorporate new knowledge or experiences. The constructivist learning theory refers to the method of learning that allows learners to “construct” their knowledge and skills through meaningful Principles of Constructivism interactions and empowers them through their own 1. Learners construct meaning. Learning is an active self-directed learning. process where students build upon their existing This educational theory leans into the idea that each knowledge to make sense of new information. individual learner develops their own understanding Through constructivism, learners formulate and through experience and reflection. Rather than modify their opinions regularly. memorizing facts from a teacher or external source, 2. Learning is inherently social. Social interaction plays learners actively construct meaning for themselves. an essential role in helping learners understand, evaluate, and internalize ideas and concepts. Learners Constructivism are far more likely to encounter new information when they interact with others and their environment. Constructivism is a theory of learning that states that 3. Knowledge is situated. Meaningful learning takes knowledge is constructed through interaction and place when knowledge can be applied to real-world or experience with the environment. relevant contexts. You don’t just learn for the sake of learning—your education is meant to assist you. There are a variety of constructivist approaches, with 4. Reflection plays a key role. Constructivism also the most prominent theorists being Jean Piaget, John stresses the importance of reflecting on one’s Dewey, Lev Vygotsky, and Jerome Bruner. learning process and understanding. Through reflection, learners can assess their current level of knowledge and identify areas where they need to improve or gain further insight. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.  SECOND SEMESTER│PRELIMINARY TERM 2024 – 2025 │HEALTH EDUCATION, HEALTH EDUCATION IN THE 20TH CENTURY, 15 TEACHING STRATEGIES, PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING AND LEARNING RELATED TO HEALTH, AND LEARNING THEORIES 5. Mistakes are part of the process. Making mistakes is an important aspect of learning, as it allows for opportunities for growth and development. Experimentation with different strategies often leads to successful outcomes later on down the line. 3 Main Types of Constructivism 1. Social constructivism This type of constructivism emphasizes the importance of social interaction in learning. It suggests that learners understand and internalize new concepts and ideas through collaboration, dialogue, and discourse with other people. 2. Cognitive constructivism This type of constructivism focuses on the individual learner’s ability to form meaning from their experiences. It views learning as an active process where knowledge is constructed by each individual through reflection, exploration, experimentation, problem-solving, and critical thinking. 3. Radical constructivism This type of constructivism stresses the idea that knowledge is subjective and personal. Knowledge cannot be shared or transferred between individuals because their unique perspective will cause them to interpret information differently. HEALTH EDUCATION│NUR C104 ALOSA, D.